DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effects of Dietary Heat Extruded Soybean Meal and Protected Fat Supplement on the Production, Blood and Ruminal Characteristics of Holstein Cows

  • Chen, Kuen-Jaw (Taiwan Livestock Research Institute, Council of Agriculture) ;
  • Jan, Der-Fang (Department of Animal Science, National Chung-Hsing University) ;
  • Chiou, Peter Wen-Shyg (Department of Animal Science, National Chung-Hsing University) ;
  • Yang, Der-Wei (Taiwan Livestock Research Institute, Council of Agriculture)
  • Received : 2001.07.05
  • Accepted : 2002.01.18
  • Published : 2002.06.01

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of protected fat and heat-extruded soybean meal on the lactation performance of Holstein cows. Twenty-four cows, consisting of 20 lactating cows and 4 rumen-fistulated dry cows, were randomly allocated into four groups with 5 lactating cows and 1 fistulated cow in each group. A replicated 4${\times}$4 Latin square design with four 21 day periods, including 14 days of adaptation and 7 collection days within each period was employed. The experiment was a 2${\times}$2 arrangement, with or without heat-extruded soybean meal and protected fat inclusion. The dietary treatments consisted of supplements of (a) soybean meal (the control), (b) heat-extruded soybean meal, (c) protected fat, and (d) heat-extruded soybean meal and protected fat. The results showed that there were no significant differences in feed intake, milk yield, milk protein content, milk lactose content and body weight change between the dietary treatments. However, cows supplemented with protected fat showed a significantly increased (p<0.05) milk fat yield, 3.5% FCM and total solid yield. The increase in undegradable intake protein (UIP) via heat extruded soybean meal supplement significantly decreased the urea nitrogen concentration in the blood (p<0.05). Dietary fat inclusion significantly increased the blood cholesterol concentration (p<0.01) and decreased the ruminal pH value (p<0.01). Increased dietary UIP significantly decreased the ammonia nitrogen concentration in the rumen (p<0.01), but did not significantly influence the pH and VFA molar percentage in the rumen. It appears that dietary protected fat inclusion could improve milk fat and solid content. Increased dietary undegradable intake protein through heat extruded soybean meal did not improve milk yield. But it could alleviate the adverse effect of decreased milk protein due to dietary fat supplementation. Increased UIP could also decrease the ammonia nitrogen concentration in the rumen and plasma urea nitrogen concentration in the blood.

Keywords

References

  1. AOAC. 1984. Official Methods of Analysis. 14th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Washington, DC.
  2. Armentano, L. E., S. J. Bertics and J. Riesterer. 1993. Lack of response to addition of degradable protein to a low protein diet fed to midlactation dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 76:3755-3762. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(93)77718-8
  3. Broderick, G. A., J. H. Yang and R. G. Koegel. 1993. Effect of steam heating alfalfa hay on utilization by lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 76:165-174. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(93)77335-X
  4. Cant, J. P., E. J. DePeters and R. L. Baldwin. 1993. Mammary uptake of energy metabolites in dairy cows fed fat and its relationship to milk protein depression. J. Dairy Sci. 76:2254-2265. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(93)77562-1
  5. Chandler, P. T. 1989. Achievement of optimum amino acid balance possible. Feedstuffs 61(26):24.
  6. Chiou, Peter, W. S., K. J. Chen, K. S. Kuo, J. C. Hsu and B. Yu. 1995. Studies on the application of an undegradable protein system to high yielding dairy cattle in Taiwan. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 54:93-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(95)00770-N
  7. Coppock, C. E. and D. L. Wilks. 1991. Supplemental fat in highenergy rations for lactating cows: Effects on intake, digestion, milk yield, and composition. J. Anim. Sci. 69:3826-3837. https://doi.org/10.2527/1991.6993826x
  8. De Boer, G., J. J. Murthy and J. J. Kennelly. 1987. Modified method for determination of in situ rumen degradation of feedstuffs. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 67:93-102. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjas87-011
  9. DePeters, E. J., S. J. Taylor and R. L. Baldwin. 1989. Effect of dietary fat in isocalorie rations on the nitrogen content of milk from Holstein cow. J. Dairy Sci. 72:2949-2957. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(89)79447-9
  10. DePeters, E. J. and J. P. Cant. 1992. Nutritional factors influencing the nitrogen composition of bovine milk: A review. J. Dairy Sci. 75:2043-2070. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(92)77964-8
  11. DiGiorgia, J. 1974. Non protein nitrogenous constituents. In: Clinical Chemistry. 2nd ed. by J. R. Henry, D. C. Canon and J. W. Winkdelman, Hagerstown, Harper and Row. pp. 511-514.
  12. Drackley, J. K. and J. P. Elliott. 1993. Milk composition, ruminal characteristics, and nutrient utilization in dairy cows fed partially hydrogenated tallow. J. Dairy Sci. 76:183-196. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(93)77337-3
  13. Erwin, E. S., G. J. Macro and E. M. Emery. 1961. Volatile fatty acid analysis of blood and rumen fluid by gas chromatography. J. Dairy Sci. 44:1768-1771. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(61)89956-6
  14. Gooding, L., E. and R. R. Grummer. 1998. Effects of postruminal protein on fatty acid digestibility in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 81:1624-1629. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(98)75729-7
  15. Grummer, R. R., M. L. Luck and J. A. Barmore. 1993. Rumen fermentation and lactation performance of cows fed roasted soybeans and tallow. J. Dairy Sci. 76:2674-2681. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(93)77603-1
  16. Hsu, J. T. and L. D. Satter. 1995. Procedures for measuring the quality of heat-treated soybeans. J. Dairy Sci. 78:1353-1361. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(95)76757-1
  17. Jenkins, T. C. and B. F. Jenney. 1989. Effect of hydrogenated fat on feed intake, nutrient digestion, and lactation performance of dairy cow. 72:2316-2324. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(89)79363-2
  18. Johnson, T. R., M. J. Cecava, E. B. Sheiss and K. D. Cunningham. 1994. Addition of ruminally degradable crude protein and branched-chain volatile fatty acids to diets containing hydrolyzed feather meal and blood meal for lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 77:3676-3682. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(94)77312-4
  19. Kim, Y. K., D. J. Schingoethe, D. P. Casper and F. C. Ludens. 1993. Supplemental dietary fat from extruded soybeans and calcium soaps of fatty acids for lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 76:197-204. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(93)77338-5
  20. Klusmeyer, T. H., G. L. Lynch, J. H. Clark and D. R. Nelson. 1991. Effects of calcium salts of fatty acids and protein source on ruminal fermentation and nutrient flow to duodenum of cows. J. Dairy Sci. 74:2206-2219. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78394-X
  21. Knapp, D. M. and R. R. Grummer. 1991. Response of lactating dairy cows to fat supplementation during heat stress. J. Dairy Sci. 74:2573-2579. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78435-X
  22. Maiga, H. A., D. J. Schingoethe and F. C. Ludens. 1995. Evaluation of diets containing supplemental fat with different sources of carbohydrates for lactating dairy cow. J. Dairy Sci. 78:1122-1130. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(95)76729-7
  23. Maiga, H. A. and D. J. Schingoethe. 1997. Optimizing the utilization of animal fat and ruminal bypass proteins in the diets of lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 80:343-352. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(97)75944-7
  24. Nakamura, T., T. J. Klopfenstein, F. G. Owen, R. A. Britton, R. J. Grant and T. S. Winowiski. 1992. Nonenzymatically browned soybean meal for lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 75:3519-3523. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(92)78127-2
  25. National Research Council. 1989. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle.6th rev. ed. Natl. Acad. Sci., Washington, DC.
  26. Orskov, E. R. and I. McDonald. 1979. The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighed according to rate passage. J. Agric. Sci., Camb. 92: 499-508. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600063048
  27. Palmquist, D. L. and H. R. Conrad. 1978. High fat rations for dairy cows. Effects of feed intake, milk and fat production, and plasma metabolites. J. Dairy Sci. 61:890-901. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(78)83667-4
  28. Palmquist, D. L. and W. P. Weiss. 1994. Blood and hydrolyzed feather meals as sources of undegradable protein in high fat diets for cows in early lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 77:1630-1643. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(94)77105-8
  29. Refsdal, A.O., L. Baever and R. Bruflot. 1985. Urea concentration in bulk milk as indicator of the protein supply at the herd level. Acta. Vet. Scand. 26:153-162.
  30. Robinson, P. H. and J. J. Kennelly. 1988. Influence of intake of rumen undegradable protein on milk production of late lactation Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 71:2135-2142. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(88)79786-6
  31. Rodriguez, L. A., C. C. Stallings, J. H. Herbein and M. L. McGilliard. 1997. Effect of degradability of dietary protein and fat on ruminal, blood, and milk components of Jersey and Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 80:353-363. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(97)75945-9
  32. Roseler, D. K., J. D. Ferguson, C. J. Sniffen and J. Herrema. 1993. Dietary protein degradability effects in plasma urea nitrogen and milk urea nitrogen in Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 76:525-534. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(93)77372-5
  33. SAS. 1996. SAS User Guide: Statistics. SAS Inst., Inc. Cary, NC.
  34. Schingoethe, D. J., D. P. Casper, C. Yang, D. J. Illg, J. L. Sommerfeldt and C. R. Mueller. 1988. Lactational response to soybean meal, heated soybean meal, and extruded soybeans with ruminally protected methionine. J. Dairy Sci. 71:173-180. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(88)79539-9
  35. Schingoethe, D. J. 1996. Dietary influence on protein level in milk and milk yield in dairy cows. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 60:181-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(96)00975-3
  36. Smith, N. E., W. L. Dunkley and A. A. Franke. 1978. Effects of feeding protected tallow to dairy cows in early lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 61:747-754. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(78)83643-1
  37. Steel, R. G. D. and J. H. Torrie. 1980. Principles and Procedures of Statistics: A Biometrical Approach. 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
  38. Tomlinson, A. P., H. H. Van Horn, C. J. Wilcox and B. Harris, Jr. 1994. Effects of undergradable protein and supplemental fat on milk yield and composition and physiological responses of cows. J. Dairy Sci. 77:145-156. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(94)76937-X
  39. Van Soest, P. J. 1982. Lipids. In: Nutritional Ecology of The Ruminant. O & B Book, Corvallis, Oregon, USA. pp. 260-275.
  40. Van Soest, P. J., J. B. Robertson and B. A. Lewis. 1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74:3583-3597. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2

Cited by

  1. An energy-protein feed additive containing different sources of fat improves feed intake and milk performance of dairy cows in mid-lactation pp.1469-7629, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022029919000062
  2. Effects of Controlled Compensatory Growth on Mammary Gland Development and Lactation in Rats vol.15, pp.9, 2002, https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2002.1364
  3. Effects of Controlled Compensatory Growth on Mammary Gland Development and Lactation in Rats vol.15, pp.9, 2002, https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2002.1364
  4. Effects of Feeding Extruded Soybean, Ground Canola Seed and Whole Cottonseed on Ruminal Fermentation, Performance and Milk Fatty Acid Profile in Early Lactation Dairy Cows vol.21, pp.2, 2002, https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2008.70079
  5. Effects of Flaxseed Diets on Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Fatty Acid Composition of Hanwoo Steers vol.22, pp.8, 2002, https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2009.90096
  6. Effect of feeding protected fat and proteins on milk production, composition and nutrient utilization in Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) vol.171, pp.2, 2002, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.10.003
  7. Effect of rumen-protected nutrients on feed intake, body weights, milk yield, and composition in Murrah buffaloes during early lactation vol.51, pp.8, 2002, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-019-01942-x
  8. Combining Orchardgrass and Alfalfa: Effects of Forage Ratios on In Vitro Rumen Degradation and Fermentation Characteristics of Silage Compared with Hay vol.10, pp.1, 2002, https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10010059