DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effect of Chromium Dietary Supplementation on the Immune Response and Some Blood Biochemical Parameters of Transport-stressed Lambs

  • Al-Mufarrej, S.I. (Department of Animal production, College of Food Science and Agriculture, King Saud University) ;
  • Al-Haidary, I.A. (Department of Animal production, College of Food Science and Agriculture, King Saud University) ;
  • Al-Kraidees, M.S. (Department of Animal production, College of Food Science and Agriculture, King Saud University) ;
  • Hussein, M.F. (Department of Animal production, College of Food Science and Agriculture, King Saud University) ;
  • Metwally, H.M. (Department of Animal production, College of Food Science and Agriculture, King Saud University)
  • Received : 2007.03.07
  • Accepted : 2007.06.08
  • Published : 2008.05.01

Abstract

Forty-eight Naemi lambs (avg. BW 31.7 kg) were transported by truck for a distance of 1,450 km from Al-Jouf to Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. On arrival day, the lambs were randomly allocated to four groups receiving diets supplemented with 0.0, 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 ppm organic chromium (Cr). Each group consisted of four separately housed replicates of three lambs each. The animals were fed ad libitum on a grower diet for 84 days. Blood samples were obtained shortly before transportation, upon arrival and at weekly intervals thereafter from all lambs for analysis of plasma and serum. Plasma glucose and serum cortisol, total protein, albumin, urea-N and total cholesterol concentrations were determined. A cursory clinical examination of the lambs, along with rectal temperature, was undertaken at different intervals during the experiment. The lambs were inoculated each with 2 ml i.v. chicken red blood cells (CRBC) on days 0, 21, and 42. Serum total, IgG and IgM antibody titers were determined at weekly intervals post-immunization. An in vivo intradermal hypersensitivity test was carried out on 6 lambs from each group on days 10 and 70. Transportation of the lambs resulted in a significant (p<0.001) elevation of serum cortisol, total protein and albumin levels, as well as increased plasma glucose concentration, with corresponding decrease in total cholesterol, while blood urea-N remained largely unchanged. These constituents returned to normal levels during subsequent weeks, with no significant differences in their concentrations being observed between the Cr-supplemented groups and controls. Rise in rectal temperature after transportation was reduced to a greater extent (p<0.05) in Cr-supplemented versus control lambs. Total, IgG and IgM antibody titers against CRBC rose significantly (p<0.05) during immunizations in all groups, with significantly and linearly higher (p<0.05) total and IgG titers in Cr-supplemented versus control lambs. By contrast, no significant effect due to Cr supplementation was recorded in IgG titers, which increased equally in Cr-fed and control groups. Skin thickness in response to intradermal inoculation of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) was also significantly (p<0.01) increased as a result of Cr supplementation. These results indicate that dietary Cr supplementation might be useful during stress especially for enhancing immune responses in transport-stressed lambs.

Keywords

References

  1. Anderson, R. A. 1987. Chromium in Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition. Vol. 15th Ed., (Ed. W. Mertz). pp. 225-244. New York: Academic Press, Inc.
  2. Anderson, R. A. 1994. Stress effects on chromium nutrition of humans and farm animals. Biotechnology in the Feed Industry. Proceedings of Alltech's Tenth Annual Symposium (Ed. T. P. Lyons and K. A. Jacques). pp. 267-274. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK.
  3. Anderson, R. A. 1998. Recent advances in the clinical and biochemical manifestation of chromium deficiency in human and animal nutrition. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 11:241-250. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-670X(1998)11:2/3<241::AID-JTRA14>3.0.CO;2-R
  4. Bennett, B. W., R. P. Kerschen and C. F. Nockels. 1989. Stress induced hematological changes in feedlot cattle. Agri-Practice. 10:16-28.
  5. Borgs, P. and B. A. Mallard. 1998. Immune endocrine interactions in agricultural species: chromium and its effects on health and performance. Domestic Anim. Endocrinol. 15(4):431-438. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0739-7240(98)00018-6
  6. Burton, J. L., B. A. Mallard and D. N. Mowat. 1993. Effect of supplemental chromium on immune response of pre-parturient and early lactation dairy cows. J. Anim. Sci. 71:1532-1539. https://doi.org/10.2527/1993.7161532x
  7. Chang, X. and D. N. Mowat. 1992. Supplemental chromium for stressed and growing feeder calves. J. Anim. Sci. 70:559-565. https://doi.org/10.2527/1992.702559x
  8. Chang, X., B. A. Mallard and D. N. Mowat. 1994. Proliferation of peripheral blood lymphocytes of feeder calves in response to chromium. Nutr. Res. 14:851-864. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0271-5317(05)80486-5
  9. Chang, X., D. N. Mowat and B. A. Mallard. 1995. Supplemental chromium and niacin for stressed feeder calves. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 75:351-358. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjas95-054
  10. Cole, N. A., T. H. Camp, L. D. Rowe Jr., D. G. Stevens and D. P. Hutcheson. 1988. Effect of transport on feeder calves. Am. J. Vet. Res. 49:178-183.
  11. Cole, N. A., J. B. McLaren and D. P. Hutcheson. 1982. Influence of preweaning and B-vitamin supplementation of the feedlot receiving diet on calves subjected to marketing and transit stress. J. Anim. Sci. 54:911-917. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1982.545911x
  12. Cole, N. A., W. A. Phillips and D. P. Hutcheson. 1986. The effect of pre-fast diet and transport on nitrogen metabolism of calves. J. Anim. Sci. 62:1719-1731. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1986.6261719x
  13. Fordham, D. P., G. A. Lincoln, A. Ssewannyana and R. G. Rodway. 1989. Plasma $\beta$-Endorphin and cortisol concentrations in lambs after handling, transport and slaughter. Anim. Prod. 49:103-107. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000335610000430X
  14. Galyean, M. L., R. W. Lee and M. E. Hubbert. 1981. Influence of fasting and transit on ruminal blood metabolites in beef steers. J. Anim. Sci. 53:7-18. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1981.5317
  15. Gentry, L. R., J. M. Fernandez, T. L. Ward, T. W. White, L. L. Southern, T. D. Bidner, D. L. Thompson, D. W. Jr., Horohov, A. M. Chapa and T. Sahlu. 1999. Dietary protein and chromium tripicolinate in suffolk wether lambs: effects on production characteristics, metabolic and hormonal responses, and immune status. J. Anim. Sci. 77:1284-1294. https://doi.org/10.2527/1999.7751284x
  16. Hutcheson, D. P., N. A. Cole and J. B. McLaren. 1984. Effects of pretransit diets and post-transit potassium levels for feeder calves. J. Anim. Sci. 58:700-707. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1984.583700x
  17. Hutcheson, D. P. 1990. Nutrition critical in getting calves started right. Feedstuffs. 62(11):14.
  18. Hutcheson, D. P. and N. A. Cole. 1986. Management of transitstress syndrome in Cattle: Nutritional and environmental effects. J. Anim. Sci. 62:555-560. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1986.622555x
  19. Kegley, E. B., J. W. Spears and T. T. Brown, Jr. 1997a. Effect of shipping and chromium supplementation on performance, immune responses, and disease resistance of steers. J. Anim. Sci. 75:1956-1964. https://doi.org/10.2527/1997.7571956x
  20. Kegley, E. B., J. W. Spears and Eisemann. 1997b. Performance and glucose metabolism in calves fed a chromium-nicotinic acid complex or chromium chloride. J. Dairy Sci. 80:1744-1750. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(97)76107-1
  21. Kent, J. E. and R. Ewbank. 1986. The effect of road transportation on the blood constituents and behaviour of calves. III. Three months old. Br. Vet. J. 142:326-335. https://doi.org/10.1016/0007-1935(86)90028-X
  22. Lindemann, M. D., C. M. Wood, A. F. Harper, E. T. Kornegay and R. A. Anderson. 1995. Dietary chromium picolinate additions improve gain: feed and carcass characteristics in growingfinishing pigs and increase litter size in reproducing sows. J. Anim. Sci. 73:457-465. https://doi.org/10.2527/1995.732457x
  23. Mertz, W. 1993. Chromium in human nutrition: A review. J. Nutr. 123:626-633. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/123.4.626
  24. Moonsie-Shageer, S. and D. N. Mowat. 1993. Effect of level of supplemental chromium on performance, serum constituents, and immune status of stressed feeder calves. J. Anim. Sci. 71:232-238. https://doi.org/10.2527/1993.711232x
  25. Mowat, D. N., X. Chang and W. Z. Yang. 1993. Chelated chromium for stressed feeder calves. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 73:49-55. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjas93-004
  26. Nielson, F. 1994. Chromium. In Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 8th ed. Lea & Febiger, Phil. 264-268.
  27. Nockels, C. F. 1994. Understanding stress in cattle. Biotechnolongy in the feed industry: Proceeding of Alltech's 10th. pp. 255-265. Annual Symposium. Leicester shiro UK.
  28. Nockels, C. F. 1990. Effect of stress on mineral requirements. Western Nutr. Conf. p. 27. Calgary, AB, Canada.
  29. NRC. 1985. Nutrient Requirements of sheep (6th Ed.). National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
  30. Okada, S., H. Tsukade and M. Tezuka. 1989. Effect of chromium (III) on nuclear RNA synthesis. Biol. Trace. Elem. Res. 21:35-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02917234
  31. SAS Institute. 1998. SAS User's Guide. Version 6.12. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC.
  32. Selye, H. 1956. The stress of life. McGraw Hill Book Co., New York.
  33. Solomon and Delhanty 1966. The nature of antibodies to goat erythrocytes in the developing chicken. Immunology. 1966 Aug; 11(2):103-113.
  34. Thiel, R. J. 1996. Serious Nutrition for Health Care Professionals, 2nd ed. Center for Natural Health Research, Arroyo Grande (CA).
  35. Van Heugten, E. and J. W. Spears. 1997. Immune response and growth of stressed weanling pigs fed diets supplemented with organic or inorganic forms of chromium. J. Anim. Sci. 75:409-416. https://doi.org/10.2527/1997.752409x
  36. Vinson, J. A. and P. Bose. 1984. The effect of high chromium yeast on the blood glucose control and blood lipids of normal and diabetic human subjects. Nutr. Reports Intl, 30(4):911-918.
  37. Ward, T. L., L. L. Southern and T. D. Bidner. 1997. Interactive effects of dietary chromium tripicolinate and crude protein level in growing-finishing pigs provided inadequate and adquate pen space. J. Anim. Sci. 75:1001-1008. https://doi.org/10.2527/1997.7541001x
  38. Weser, U. and J. Koolman. 1969. Reactivity of some transition metals on nuclear protein biosynthesis in rat liver. Experientia 26:246-247.
  39. Witlin, B. 1967. Detection of antibodies by microtitration techniques. Mycopath. Mycol. App. 33:241-257. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02088916
  40. Wright, A. J., D. N. Mowat and B. A. Mallard. 1994. Supplemental chromium and bovine respiratory disease vaccines for stressed feeder calves. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 74:287-295. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjas94-040

Cited by

  1. Effect of Supplemental Chromium Levels on Performance, Digestibility and Carcass Characteristics of Transport-stressed Lambs vol.22, pp.8, 2008, https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2009.80385