Effects of Gastrodiae Elata Pharmacopuncture at GB20 on Motor Control and Cognitive Function in Mild TBI Rats

중등도 외상성 뇌손상 흰쥐에서 천마약침(天麻藥鍼)이 운동조정 및 인지 기능회복에 미치는 효과

  • Published : 2009.10.25

Abstract

This study was designed to investigate the effects of Gastrodiae Elata Pharmacopuncure at GB20 on motor control and cognitive dysfunction recovery after mild traumatic brain injury in rats. Rats were divided into three groups; (1) no treatment after traumatic brain injury(experiment I), (2) Treatment with NPA after traumatic brain injury(experiment II), (3) Treatment with GEP after traumatic brain injury(experiment III). In our study, we carried out behavioral test(Rotarod, Morris water maze) and immunohistochemistry study of the change BDNF in the hippocampus(pre, $7^{th}$, $14^{th}$ day). In Rotarod test(motor control function) was significantly increased in the experimental group III as compared with experimental group I, II on $7^{th}$(p<0.01) and $14^{th}$ day(p<0.001). In Morris water maze test(cognitive function) was significantly decreased in the experimental group III as compared with experimental group I, II on $14^{th}$ day(p<0.001). In immunohistochemistric response of BDNF in the hippocampus, the experimental group III was more immune response than the other groups on $14^{th}$ day. These results imply that Gastrodiae Elata Pharmacopuncure at GB20 can play a role in facilitating recovery of motor control and cognitive function after mild traumatic brain injury in rats.

Keywords

References

  1. Mitchell, N.A., Watkins, M.J. Rehabilitation after traumatic brain injury: A survey of client`s needs and service provision in one English region. Br J. Neurosci Nursing 2(6):295-304, 2006 https://doi.org/10.12968/bjnn.2006.2.6.21714
  2. Thomas, K.E., Stevens, J.A., Sarmiento, K., Wald, M.M. Fall-related traumatic brain injury deaths and hospitalizations among older adults-United States, J. Safety Res. 39(3):269-272, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2008.05.001
  3. Cohen, A.S., Pfister, B.J., Schwarzbach, E., Grady, M.S., Goforth, P.B., Satin, L.S. Injury-induced alterations in CNS electrophysiology. Prog Brain Res. 161: 143-169, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6123(06)61010-8
  4. Lie, D.C., Song, H., Colamarino, S.A., Ming, G.L., Gage, F.H. Neurogenesis in the adult brain: new strategies for central nervous system disease. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 44: 399-421, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.44.101802.121631
  5. Donovan, M.H., Yamaguchi, M., Eisch, A.J. Dynamic expression of TrkB receptor protein on proliferating and maturing cells in the adult mouse dentate gyrus. Hippocampus 18: 435-439, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.20410
  6. Vaynman, S., Ying, Z., Gomez-Pinilla, F. Hippocalpal BDNF mediates the efficacy of exercise on synaptic plasticity and cognition. Eur J. Neurosci. 20(10):2580-2590, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03720.x
  7. Karege, F., Bondilfi, G., Gervasoni, N., Schwald, M., Aubry, J.M., Bertschy, G. Low brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF) levels in serum of depressed patients probably results from lowered platelet BDNF release unrelated to platelet activity. Biol Psychiatry 57: 1068-1072, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.01.008
  8. 全國韓醫科大學鍼灸 . 經穴學敎室編著. 鍼灸學(上). 서울, 集文堂, pp 632-633, 2005
  9. 辛民敎編著. 臨床本草學. 서울, 永林社, pp 628-629, 1997
  10. Kim, H.J., Moon, K.D., Oh, S.Y., Kim, S.P., Lee, S.R. Ether fraction of methanol extracts of Gastrodia elata, a traditional medicinal herb, protects against kainic acid-induced neruonal damage in the mouse hippocampus. Neurosci Lett. 314(1-2):65-68, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3940(01)02296-0
  11. 박성혜, 신미경, 한종현. 천마를 이용한 뇌혈관성 질환의 예방을 위한 양생약선의 개발을 위한 연구-(1) 천마열수 추출물이 국소 뇌혈류량과 혈압에 미치는 영향. 동아시아식생활학회지 15(3):283-291, 2005
  12. 한찬규, 이옥환, 김경임, 박정민, 김영찬, 이부용. 천마분말, 에탄올 및 열수추출물이 본태성고혈압(SHR)의 혈청지질과 혈압에 미치는 영향. 한국식품영양과학회지 32(7):1095-1101, 2003 https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2003.32.7.1095
  13. 김경임, 한찬규, 성기승, 이옥환, 박정민, 이부용. 천마분말, 에탄올 및 열수추출물이 고지방식이를 급여한 흰쥐의 혈청지질과 체지방에 미치는 영향. 한국식품과학회지 35(4):720- 725, 2003
  14. 최유선, 이은미, 손영우, 이강창, 신용일, 송명수, 최영자, 최철규, 강형원, 임창용, 류지용, 박세홍, 박승택. 생쥐의 배양 대뇌신경세포에 대한 Hydrogen Perioxide의 세포독성 및 천마의 영향. 동의병리학회지 16(5):928-931, 2002
  15. Liu, J., Mori, A. Antioxidant and pro-oxidant activities of p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol and vanillin: effects on free radicals, brain peroxidation and degradation of benzoate, deoxyribose, amino acids and DNA. Neuropharmacology 32: 659-669, 1993 https://doi.org/10.1016/0028-3908(93)90079-I
  16. Hsieh, M.T., Wu, C.R., Hsieh, C.C. Ameliorating effect of p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol on cycloheximide-induced impairment of passive avoidance response in rats: interactions with compounds acting at 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptors. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 60: 337-343, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-3057(97)00591-1
  17. Huang, J.H. Comparison studies on pharmacological properties of injectio Gastrodia elata, gastrodin-free fraction and gastrodin. Chung Kuo I Hsueh Ko Hsueh Yuan Hsueh Pao. 11: 147-150, 1989
  18. Hsieh, M.T., Wu, C.R., Chen, C.F. Gastrodin and p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol facilitate memory consolidation and retrieval but not acquisition on the passive avoidance task in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 56: 45-54, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(96)01501-2
  19. Wu, H.Q., Xie, L., Jin, X.N., Ge, Q., Jin, H., Liu, G.Q. The effect of vanillin on the fully amygdala-kindled seizures in the rat. Yao Hsueh Hsueh Pao 24: 482-486, 1989
  20. Guo, Z., Tan, T., Zhong, Y., Wu, C. Study of the mechanism of gastrodin and derivatives of gastrodigenin. Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao 22: 79-82, 1991
  21. Andersson, M., Bergendorff, O., Nielsen, M., Sterner, O., Witt, R., Ai, J., Lu, A., Wang, A.M. Inhibition of kainic acid binding to glutamate receptors by extracts of Gastrodia. Phytochemistry 38: 835-836, 1995 https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(94)00771-K
  22. Narayan, R.K., Michel, M.E., Ansell, B., Baethmann, A., Biegon, A., Bracken, M.B. Clinical trials in head injury. J. Neurotrauma 19: 503-557, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1089/089771502753754037
  23. 김정길. 홍삼투여가 흰쥐 외상성 뇌손상의 Bax 및 Bcl-2 발현에 미치는 영향. 경희대학교 동서의학대학원, 2008
  24. 조주현. 냉성어혈약침이 외상성 뇌손상 흰쥐의 신경학적 회복과 BAX, BCL-2의 발현에 미치는 영향. 동신대학교 대학원, 2009
  25. 하영준. 외상성 뇌손상 흰쥐에서 자하거의 신경세포 보호효과. 경원대학교 대학원, 2008
  26. 지용철. 흰쥐의 실험적 외상성 뇌손상에서 Ginseng Total Saponins의 신경보호작용. 중앙대학교 대학원, 2005
  27. Marmarou, A., Foda, M.A., van den Brink, W., Campbell, J., Kita, H., Demetriadou, K. A new model of diffuse brain injury in rats. Part I : Pathophysiology and biomechanics. J. Neurosurg. 80(2):291-300, 1994 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1994.80.2.0291
  28. 고형균. 흰쥐에서의 골도분촌에 의한 상응혈위. 대한침구학회지 16(3):115-122, 1999
  29. Garcia, J.H., Wagner, S., Liu, K.F., Hu, X.J. Neurological deficit and extent of neuronal necrosis attributable to middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats; Statistical validation. Stroke 26: 627-634, 1995 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.26.4.627
  30. Adam, J.H., Doyle, D., Ford, I., Gennarelli, T.A., Graham, D.I., McLellan, D.R. Diffuse axonal injury in head injury: definition, diagnosis, and grading. Histopathology 15(1):49-59, 1989 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2559.1989.tb03040.x
  31. Dunham, N.W., Miya, T.S. 'A note on a simple apparatus for detecting neurological deficit in rats and mice.' J. Am Pharm Assoc(Baltim) 46(3):208-209, 1957 https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.3030460322
  32. Hamm, R.J., Pike, B.R., O`dell, D.M., Lyeth, B.G., Jenkins, L.W. The rotarod test: an evaluation of its effectiveness in assessing motor deficits following traumatic brain injury. J. Neurotrauma 11(2):187-196, 1994 https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.1994.11.187
  33. Hamm, R.J. Neurobehavioral assessment of outcome following traumatic brain inury in rats: an evaluation of selected measures. J. Neurotrauma 18(11):1207-1216, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1089/089771501317095241
  34. Jolkkonen, N.P., Gallagher, K., Zilles, K., Sivenius, J. Behavioral deficits and recovery following transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats: glutamatergic and GABAergic receptor densities. Behav Brain Res. 138(2):187-200, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4328(02)00241-3
  35. Yamazaki, M., Matsuoka, N., Kuratani, K., Ohkubo, Y., Yamguchi, I. FR121196, a potential antidementia drug, ameliorates the impaired memory of rat in the Morris water maze. J. Pharmacol Exp Ther. 272(1):256-263, 1995
  36. Clark, A.S., Mitre, M.C., Brinck-Johnsen, T. Anabolic androgenic steroid and adrenal steroid effects on hippocampal plasticity. Brain Res. 679(1):64-71, 1995 https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(95)00202-2
  37. Shear, D.A., Tate, M.C., Archer, D.R., Hoffman, S.W., Hulce, V.D., Laplaca, M.C., Stein, D.G. Neural progenitor cell transplants promote long-term functional recovery after traumatic brain injury. Brain Res. 1026(1):11-22, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2004.07.087
  38. Johansson, B.B. Brain plasticity and stroke rehabilitation; The Willis Lecture. Stroke 31(1):223-230, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.31.1.223
  39. Vernadakis, A. Glia-neuron intercommunications and synaptic plasticity. Prog Neurobiol 49(3):185-214, 1996 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-0082(96)00012-3
  40. Cotman, C.W., Berchtold, N.C. Exercise: a behavioral intervention to enhance brain health and plasticity. Trends Neurosci. 25(6):295-301, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-2236(02)02143-4