Effect of the Electroacupuncture at ST36 in TMT-induced Memory Deficit Rats

  • Shim, Hyun-Soo (Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University) ;
  • Park, Hyun-Jung (Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University) ;
  • Lee, Hye-Jung (Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University) ;
  • Shim, In-Sop (Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University)
  • 투고 : 2011.07.13
  • 심사 : 2011.08.10
  • 발행 : 2011.08.25

초록

In order to the neuroprotective effect of electroacupuncture (EA), the present study examined the effects of electroacupuncture inacupoint ST36 (Stomach 36) on trimethyltin chloride (TMT)-induced cognitive impairments rat using the Morris water maze (MWM) task and immunohistochemistry staining. The rats were randomly divided into the following groups: naive rat (Normal), TMT injection rat (Control), TMT injection + EA treated rat inacupoint ST36 (ST36) and TMT injection + EA treated rat in non-acupoint, base of tail (Non-AC). Electroacupuncture (2Hz, 2mA, and 10 minutes)was applied either to the acupuncture point ST36 or the nonacupuncture point in the tail for the last 14 days. In the water maze test, the animals were trained to find a platform in a fixed position during 4d and then received 60s probe trial on the $5^{th}$ day following removal of platform from the pool. Rats with TMT injection showed impaired learning and memory of the tasks and treatment with EA in acupoint ST36 (P<0.05) produced a significant improvement in escape latency to find the platform after $2^{nd}$ day and retention trial in the Morris water maze. Consistent with behavioral data, treatment with EA in acupoint ST36 also significantly increased expression of Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) immunoreactive neurons in the hippocampus compared to the Control group. These results demonstrated that EA in acupoint ST36 has a protective effect against TMT-induced neuronal and cognitive impairments. The present study suggests that EA in acupoint ST36 might be useful in the treatment of TMT-induced learning and memory deficit.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Balaban, C.D., O'callaghan, J.P., Billingsley, M.L. Trimethyltin-induced neuronal damage in the rat brain: comparative studies using silver degeneration strains, immunocytochemistry and immune-assay for neuronotypic and gliotypic proteins: Neuroscience 26: 337-361, 1988. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(88)90150-9
  2. Brown, A.W., Aldrige, W.N., Street, B.W., Verchoyle, R.D. The behavioral and neuropathologic sequelae of intoxication by trimethyltin compounds in the rat: Am J Pathol 97: 59-82, 1979.
  3. Chang, L.W., Dyer, R.S. A time-course study of trimethyltin induced neuropathology in rats: Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol 5: 43-49, 1983.
  4. Chang, L.W., Dyer, R.S. Septotemporal gradients of trimethyltin-induced hippocampal lesions: Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol 7: 43-49, 1985.
  5. Chang, L.W., Dyer, R.S. Trimethyltin induced pathology in sensory neurons: Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol 5: 673-696, 1985.
  6. Chang, L.W., Dyer, R.S. Species and strain comparison of acute neurotoxic effects of trimethyltin in mice and rats: Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol 5: 337-350, 1985.
  7. Chang, L.W., Dyer, R.S. Neuropathology of trimethyltin intoxication .III. Changes in the brain stem neurons: C30: 399-411, 1985.
  8. Dyer, R.S. Physiological methods for assessment of Trimethyltin exposure: Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol 4: 659-664, 1982.
  9. Ishida, N., Akaike, M., Tsutsumi, S., Kanai, H., Masui, A., Sadamatsu, M., Kuroda, Y., Watanabe, Y., Mxewen, B.S., Kato, N. Trimethyltin syndrome as a hippocampal degeneration medel: temporal changes and neurochemical features of seizure susceptibility and learning impairment: Neuroscience 81: 1181-1191, 1997.
  10. O'connell, A., Earley, B., Leonard, B.E. The neuroprotective effect of tacrine on trimethyltin induced memory and muscarinic receptor dysfunction in the rat: Neurochem Int 25: 555-566, 1994. https://doi.org/10.1016/0197-0186(94)90154-6
  11. O'connell, A., Earley, B., Leonard, B.E. Changes in muscarinic (M1 and M2 subtypes) and phencyclidine receptor density in the rat brain following trimethyltin intoxication: Neurochem Int 25: 243-252, 1994. https://doi.org/10.1016/0197-0186(94)90068-X
  12. O'connell, A., Earley, B., Leonard, B.E. The sigma ligand JO 1784 prevents trimethyltin-induced behavioral and sigma-receptor dysfunction in the rat: Pharmacol Toxicol 78: 296-302, 1996. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0773.1996.tb01378.x
  13. Walsh, T.J., Gallagher, M., Bostock, E., Dyer, R.S. Trimethyltin impairs retention of a passive avoidance task: Neurobahav Toxicol Teratol 4: 163-167, 1982.
  14. Walsh, T.J., Miller, D.B., Dyer, R.S. Trimethyltin, a selective limbic system neurotoxicant, impairs radical-arm maze performance: Neurobahav Toxicol Teratol 4: 177-183, 1982.
  15. Miao, T., Jiang, T.S., Dong, Y.H., Jiang, N.C. Effects of auricular acupuncture on the memory and the expression of ChAT and GFAP in model rats with Alzheimer's disease. Zhongguo Zhen Jiu 29: 827-832, 2009.
  16. Cho, Z.H., Chung, S.C., Jones, J.P., Park, J.B., Park, H.J., Lee, H.J., Wong, E.K., Min, B.I. New findings of the correlation between acupoints and corresponding brain cortices using functional MRI: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95: 2670-2673, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.5.2670
  17. Kim, E.H., Kim, Y.J., Lee, H.J., Huh, Y., Chung, J.H., Seo, J.C., Kang, J.E., Lee, H.J., Yim, S.V., Kim, C.J. Acupuncture increases cell proliferation in dentate gyrus after transient global ischemia in gerbils: Neurosci Lett 297: 21-24, 2001. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3940(00)01656-6
  18. Kim, H., Park, H.J., Shim, H.S., Han, S.M., Hahm, D.H., Lee, H., Shim, I. The effects of acupuncture (PC6) on chronic mild stress-induced memory loss: Neurosci Lett 25; 488: 225-228, 2011.
  19. Wu, X., Glinn, M.A., Ostrowski, N.L., Su, Y., Ni, B., Cole, H.W., Bryant, H.U., Paul, S.M. Raloxifene and estradiol benzonate both fully restore hippocampal choline acetyltransferase activity in ovariectomized rats: Brain Res 847: 98-104, 1999. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(99)02062-4
  20. Shen, M.H., Tang, Q.Q., Li, Z.R., Ma, C. Effect of electroacupuncture on hippocampal LTP in Alzheimer' s disease rats induced by Abeta(25-35): Zhen Ci Yan Jiu 35: 3-7, 2010.
  21. Zhang, P., Guan, S.S., Jiang, G.H. Effects of electroacupuncture on expression of Abeta positive cells of the hippocampus and SOD activity in rats with streptozocin-Alzheimer's disease: Zhongguo Zhen Jiu 30: 1007-1010, 2010.
  22. Chung, J.H., Lee, E.Y., Jang, M.H., Kim, C.J., Kim, J., Ha, E., Park, H.K., Choi, S., Lee, H., Park, S.H., Leem, K.H., Kim, E.H. Acupuncture decreases ischemia-induced apoptosis and cell proliferation in dentate gyrus of gerbils: Neurol Res 29 Suppl 1: S23-27, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1179/016164107X172239
  23. Kim, E.H., Kim, Y.J., Lee, H.J., Huh, Y., Chung, J.H., Seo J.C., Kang J.E., Lee H.J., Yim S.V., Kim C.J. Acupuncture increases cell proliferation in dentate gyrus after transient global ischemia in gerbils: Neurosci Lett 297: 21-24, 2001. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3940(00)01656-6
  24. Yin, C.S., Jeong, H.S., Park, H.J., Baik, Y., Yoon, M.H., Choi, C.B., Koh, H.G. A proposed transpositional acupoint system in a mouse and rat model: Res Vet Sci 84: 159-165, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.04.004
  25. Park, H.J., Kim, H.Y., Hahm, D.H., Lee, H., Kim, K.S., Shim, I. Electroacupuncture to ST36 ameliorates behavioral and biochemical responses to restraint stress in rats: Neurol Res 32 Suppl 1: 111-115, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1179/016164109X12537002794480
  26. Paxinos, G., Watson, C., Pennisi, M., Topple, A. Bregma, lambda and the interaural midpoint in stereotaxic surgery with rats of different sex, strain and weight: J Neurosci Methods 13: 139-143, 1985. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0270(85)90026-3
  27. Fortemps, E., Amand, G., Bomboir, A., Lauwerys, R., Laterre, E.C. Trimethyltin poisoning: report of two cases: Environ Health 41: 1-6, 1978.
  28. Kreyberg, S., Torvik, A., Bjorneboe, A., Wiik-Larsen, W., Jacobsen, D. Trimethyltin poisoning: report of a case with postmortem examination: Clin. Neuropathol 11: 256-259, 1992.
  29. Andersson, H., Luthman, J., Lindqvist, E., Olson, L. Time-course of trimethyltin effects on the monoamiergic systems of the rat brain: Neurotoxicolgy 16: 201-210, 1995.
  30. Swartzwelder, H.S., Hepler, J., Holahan, W., King, S.E., Leverenz, H.A., Miller, P.A., Myers, R.D. Impaired maze performance in the rat caused by trimethyltin treatment: problem-solving deficits and preservation: Neurobahav Toxicol Teratol 4: 169-176, 1982.
  31. Hooge, R., De deyn, P.P. Applications of the Morris water maze in the study of learning and memory: Brain Res Rev 36: 60-90, 2001. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0173(01)00067-4
  32. Alessandri, B., FitzGerald, R.E., Schaeppi, U., Krinke, G.J., Classen, W. The use of an unbaited tunnel maze in neurotoxicicology: I. Trimethyltin-induced brain lesions: Neurotoxicology 15: 349-358, 1994.
  33. Earley, B., Burke, M., Leonard, B.E. Bahavioural, biochemical and histological effects of trimethyltin (TMT) induced brain damage in the rat: Neurochem Int 21: 351-366, 1992. https://doi.org/10.1016/0197-0186(92)90186-U
  34. Hagan, J.J., Jansen, J.H., Broekkamp, C.L. Selective behavioural impairment after acute intoxication with trimethyltin (TMT) in rats: Neurotoxicology 9: 53-74, 1988.
  35. Rabbani, O., Panickar, K.S., Rajakumar, G., King, M.A., Bodor, N., Meyer, E.M., Simpkins J.W. 17 beta-estradiol attenuates fimbrial lesion-induced decline of ChAT-immunoreactive neurons in the rat medial septum: Exp Neurol 146: 179-186, 1997. https://doi.org/10.1006/exnr.1997.6516
  36. Chen, X.D., Gu, Y.D., Yang, Y. Effect of electroacupuncture on mRNA expression of NGF and IGF-1 in injured nerve: Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi 14: 328-331, 2000.