Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention (아시아태평양암예방학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Compliance with Smoke-Free Policies in Korean Bars and Restaurants in California: a Descriptive Analysis

  • Irvin, Veronica L. (School of Social and Behavioral Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University) ;
  • Hofstetter, C. Richard (Department of Political Science, San Diego State University, Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health, Graduate School of Public Health) ;
  • Nichols, Jeanne F. (School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University) ;
  • Chambers, Christina D. (School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences) ;
  • Usita, Paula M. (Department of Pediatrics, University of California) ;
  • Norman, Gregory J. (Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California) ;
  • Kang, Sunny (Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University) ;
  • Hovell, Melbourne F. (Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University)
  • Published : 2015.03.04
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Background: Compliance with California's smoke-free restaurant and bar policies may be more a function of social contingencies and less a function of legal contingencies. The aims of this study were: 1) to report indications of compliance with smoke-free legislation in Korean bars and restaurants in California; 2) to examine the demographic, smoking status, and acculturation factors of who smoked indoors; and 3) to report social cues in opposition to smoking among a sample of Koreans in California. Materials and Methods: Data were collected by telephone surveys administered by bilingual interviewers between 2007-2009, and included California adults of Korean descent who visited a Korean bar or restaurant in a typical month (N=2,173, 55% female). Results: 1% of restaurant-going participants smoked inside while 7% observed someone else smoke inside a Korean restaurant. Some 23% of bar-going participants smoked inside and 65% observed someone else smoke inside a Korean bar. Presence of ashtrays was related to indoor smoking in bars and restaurants. Among participants who observed smoking, a higher percentage observed someone ask a smoker to stop (17.6%) or gesture to a smoker (27.0%) inside Korean restaurants (N=169) than inside Korean bars (n=141, 17.0% observed verbal cue and 22.7% observed gesture). Participants who smoked inside were significantly younger and more acculturated than participants who did not. Less acculturated participants were significantly more to likely to be told to stop smoking. Conclusions: Ten years after implementation of ordinances, smoking appears to be common in Korean bars in California.

Keywords

References

  1. Abidin EZ, Hashim Z, Semple S (2013). Second-hand smoke in public spaces: how effective has partial smoke-free legislation been in Malaysia? Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 14, 6845-50. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2013.14.11.6845
  2. Alamar BC, Glantz SA (2004). Smoke-free ordinances increase restaurant profit and value. Contemp Econ Policy, 22, 520-5. https://doi.org/10.1093/cep/byh038
  3. Al-Delaimy WK, Edland S, Pierce JP, White MM (2009) Technical Report on Analytic Methods and Approaches Used in the 2008 California Tobacco Survey Analysis. Volume 2: Statistical Methodology, Public Use Data File Documentation, Individual Item Responses. La Jolla, CA: University of California, San Diego.
  4. Allem JP, Ayers JW, Unger JB, at al (2012). Smoking trajectories among Koreans in Seoul and California: Exemplifying a common error in age parameterization. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 13, 1851-6 https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2012.13.5.1851
  5. An N, Cochran SD, Mays VM, McCarthy WJ (2008). Influence of American acculturation on cigarette smoking behaviors among Asian American subpopulations in California. Nicotine Tobacco Research, 10, 579-87. https://doi.org/10.1080/14622200801979126
  6. Antin TMJ, Moore RS, Lee JP, Satterlund TD (2010). Law in practice: obstacles to a smoke free workplace policy in bars serving Asian patrons. J Immigrant Minority Health, 12, 221-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-008-9174-y
  7. Bannon F, Devlin A, McElwee G, Gavin A (2009). Greater gains from smoke-free legislation for non-smoking bar staff in Belfast. Eur J Public Health, 19, 638-43. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckp087
  8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Questionnaire (or Examination Protocol, or Laboratory Protocol). Hyattsville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers Disease Control Prev, 2007-2008. Accessed October 7, 2014 from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/nhanes2007-2008/questexam07_08.htm
  9. Connolly GN, Carpenter CM, Travers MJ, et al (2009). How smoke-free laws improve air quality: a global study of Irish pubs. Nicotine Tobacco Res, 11, 600-5. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntp038
  10. Dinno A, Glantz S (2009). Tobacco control policies are egalitarian: A vulnerabilities perspective on clean indoor air laws, cigarette prices, and tobacco use disparities. Social Science Med, 68, 1439-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.02.003
  11. Hahn EJ, Rayens MK, York N, et al (2006). Effects of a smoke-free law on hair nicotine and respiratory symptoms of restaurant and bar workers. J Occup Environ Med, 48, 906-13. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.jom.0000215709.09305.01
  12. Hofstetter CR, Hovell MF, Lee J, et al. (2004). Tobacco use and acculturation among Californians of Korean descent: A behavioral epidemiological analysis. Nicotine Tobacco Res, 6, 481-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/14622200410001696646
  13. Hofstetter CR, Ayers JW, Irvin VL, et al (2009). Does church participation facilitate tobacco control? A report on Korean immigrants. J Immigrant Minority Health, 12, 187-97.
  14. Hofstetter CR, Hovell MF, Irvin VL, et al (2010). It's Others, Not the Police: Smoking, reprimand, and fines among adults of Korean descent in California. Health Psychology, 29, 255-61. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018166
  15. Hovell MF, Hughes SC (2009). The behavioral ecology of secondhand smoke exposure: A pathway to complete tobacco control. Nic Tob Res, 11, 1254-64. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntp133
  16. Hughes SC, Corcos IA, Hofstetter CR, et al (2008). Secondhand smoke exposure among nonsmoking adults in Seoul, Korea. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 9, 247-52.
  17. Hughes SC, Corcos IA, Hofstetter CR, Hovell MF, Irvin VL (2009). Longitudinal study of household smoking ban adoption among Korean Americans. Am J Prev Med, 37, 437-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2009.06.015
  18. Hughes SC, Usita PM, Hovell MF, Hofstetter CR (2011). Reactions to secondhand smoke by nonsmokers of Korean descent: Clash of culture? J Immigrant Minority Health, 13, 766-71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-010-9351-7
  19. Huh J, Sami M, Abramova ZS, Spruijt-Metz D, Pentz MA (2013). Cigarettes, culture and Korean American emerging adults: An exploratory qualitative study. West J Nurs Res 35, 1205-21 https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945913490840
  20. Jee SH, Samet JM, Ohrr H, Kim JH, Kim IS (2004). Smoking and cancer risk in Korean men and women. Cancer Causes Control, 15, 341-8. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CACO.0000027481.48153.97
  21. Johnson HH, Becker C, Inman L, Webb K, Brady C (2010). Why be smoke-free? A qualitative study of smoker-free restaurant owner and manager opinions. Health Promotion Practice, 11, 89-94. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839907309866
  22. Kang HG, Kwon KH, Lee IW, et al (2013). Biochemicallyverified smoking rate trends and factors associated with inaccurate self-reporting of smoking habits in Korean women. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 14, 6807-12. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2013.14.11.6807
  23. Katz SK, Lavack AM (2002).Tobacco related bar promotions: insights from tobacco industry documents. Tobacco Control, 11, 92-101. https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.11.2.92
  24. Katanoda K, Jiang Y, Park S, et al (2014). Tobacco control challenges in East Asia: proposals for change in the world's largest epidemic region. Tob Control, 23, 359-68. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050852
  25. Kim SS, Son H, Nam KA (2005). The sociocultural context of Korean American men's smoking behavior. Western J Nursing Res, 27, 604-23. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945905276258
  26. Klein EG, Forster JL, Collins NM, Erickson DJ, Toomey TL (2010). Employment change for bars and restaurants following a statewide clearn indoor air policy. Am J Prev Med, 39, 16-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2010.08.015
  27. Lazuras L, Zlatev M, Rodafinos A, Eiser JR (2012). Smokers' compliance with smoke-free policies and non-smokers' assertiveness for smoke-free air in the workplace: a study from the Balkans. Int J Pub Health, 57, 769-75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-012-0338-0
  28. Lee JP, Antin TMJ, Moore RS (2008). Social organization in bars: Implications for tobacco control policy. Contemporary Drug Problems, 35, 59-98.
  29. Levy DT, Cho SI, Kim YM, et al (2010). SimSmoke model evaluation of the effect of tobacco control policies in Korea: the unknown success story. AJPH, 100, 1267-73. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.166900
  30. Long N, Moore MA, Chen W, et al. (2010). Cancer epidemiology and control in north-East Asia-past, present and future. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 11, 107-48.
  31. Moore RS, Lee JP, Martin SE, Todd M, Chu BC (2009). Correlates of persistent smoking in bars subject to smokefree workplace policy. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 6, 1341-57. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph6041341
  32. Myers MG, Doran NM, Trinidad DR, Wall TL, Klonoff EA (2009). A prospective study of cigarette smoking initiation during college: Chinese and Korean American students. Health Psychol, 28, 448-56. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014466
  33. Nebot M, Lopez MJ, Ariza C, et al (2009). Impact of the Spanish smoking law on exposure to secondhand smoke in offices and hospitality venues: before-and-after study. Environmental Health Perspectives, 117, 344-7. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.11845
  34. Park S, Bae J, Nam BH, Yoo KY (2008). Aetiology of cancer in Asia. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 9, 371-80.
  35. Park EY, Lim KM, Yang W, et al (2013). Policy effects of secondhand smoke exposure in public places in the Republic of Korea: Evidence from PM2.5 levels and air nicotine concentrations. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 14, 7725-30. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2013.14.12.7725
  36. Satterlund TD, Lee JP, Moore RS, Antin TM (2009). Challenges to implementing and enforcing California's smoke-free workplace act in bars. Drugs: Educat Prevent Policy, 16, 422-35. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687630802302872
  37. Schoj V, Alderete M, Ruiz E, et al (2010). The impact of a 100% smoke-free law on the health of hospitality workers from the city of Neuquen, Argentina.Tobacco Control, 19, 134-7. https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2009.032862
  38. Stolzenberg L, D'Alessio SJ (2007). Is nonsmoking dangerous to the health of restaurants? The effect of the California's indoor smoking an on restaurant revenues. Eval Rev, 31, 75-92. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193841X06284814
  39. Suinn RM, Ahuna C, Khoo G (1992). The Suinn-Lew Asian Self-Identity Acculturation Scale: Concurrent and factorial validation. Educational Psychological Measurement, 52, 1041-6. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164492052004028
  40. Tang H, Cowling DW, Lloyd JC, et al (2003). Changes of Attitudes and Patronage Behaviors in Response to a Smoke- Free Bar Law. Am J Public Health, 93, 611-7. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.93.4.611
  41. Tang H, Cowling DW, Lloyd JC, et al (2003). Changes of Attitudes and Patronage Behaviors in Response to a Smoke- Free Bar Law. Am J Public Health, 93, 611-7. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.93.4.611
  42. Tong EK, Tang H, Tsoh J, Wong C, Chen MS Jr (2009). Smokefree policies among Asian-American women: comparisons by education status. Am J Prev Med, 37, 144-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2009.05.001
  43. Verdonk-KleinjanWM, Rijswijk PC, Candel MJ, et al (2012). Agreement between self-reports and on-site inspections of compliance with a workplace smoking ban. Nic Tob Res, 14, 1121-5. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntr295

Cited by

  1. Facilitators and Barriers of Smokers’ Compliance with Smoking Bans in Public Places: A Systematic Review of Quantitative and Qualitative Literature vol.13, pp.12, 2016, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13121228
  2. Workplace secondhand smoke exposure: a lingering hazard for young adults in California vol.26, pp.e1, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-052921
  3. Non-smoker assertive behaviour against smoke exposure: Chinese and Korean American non-smokers vol.36, pp.6, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12557