DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Assessment of the effect of sulfate attack on cement stabilized montmorillonite

  • Received : 2015.06.28
  • Accepted : 2016.03.07
  • Published : 2016.06.25

Abstract

In this study, aiming to investigate the effects of sulfate attack on cement stabilized highly plastic clay; an experimental study was carried out considering the effects of cement type, sulfate type and its concentration, cement content and curing period. Unconfined compressive strength and chloride-ion penetration tests were performed to obtain strength and permeability characteristics of specimens cured under different conditions. Test results were evaluated along with microstructural investigations including SEM and EDS analyses. Results revealed that use of sulfate resistance cement instead of normal portland cement is more plausible for soils under the threat of sulfate attack. Besides, it was verified that sulfate concentration is responsible for strength loss and permeability increase in cement stabilized montmorillonite. Finally, empirical equations were proposed to estimate the unconfined compressive strength of cement stabilized montmorillonite, which was exposed to sulfate attack for 28 days.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

Supported by : Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK), Ege University Science and Technology Centre - Technology Transfer Office (EBILTEM)

References

  1. AlZubaidi, M.R., AlRawi, K.H. and AlFalahi, A.J. (2013), "Using cement dust to reduce swelling of expansive soil", Geomech. Eng., Int. J., 5(6), 565-574. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2013.5.6.565
  2. Chew, S.H., Kamruzzaman, A.H.M. and Lee, F.H. (2004), "Physicochemical and engineering behavior of cement treated clays", ASCE J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 130(7), 696-706. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2004)130:7(696)
  3. Chittoori, B.S. and Puppala, A.J. (2011), "Quantitative estimation of clay mineralogy in fine-grained soils", ASCE J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 137(11), 997-1008. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000521
  4. Chittoori, B.C.S., Puppala, A.J., Wejrungsikul, T. and Hoyos, L.R. (2013), "Experimental studies on stabilized clays at various leaching cycles", ASCE J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 139(10), 1665-1675. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000920
  5. Chrysochoou, M., Grubb, D. and Malasavage, N. (2012), "Assessment of sulfate-induced swell in stabilized dredged material: Is ettringite always a problem?", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 138(3), 407-414. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000584
  6. Cokca, E. (2001), "Use of class C fly ashes for the stabilization of an expansive soil", ASCE J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 127(7), 568-573. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:7(568)
  7. Du, Y.J., Jiang, N.J., Shen, S.L. and Jin, F. (2012), "Experimental investigation of influence of acid rain on leaching and hydraulic characteristics of cement based solidified/stabilized lead contaminated clay", J. Hazard. Mater., 225-226, 195-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.04.072
  8. Du, Y.J., Jiang, N.J., Liu, S.Y., Jin, F., Singh, D.N. and Puppala, A.J. (2014), "Engineering properties and microstructural characteristics of cement-stabilized zinc-contaminated kaolin", Can. Geotech. J., 51(3), 289-302. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2013-0177
  9. Emidio, G. and Flores, R. (2012), "Monitoring the impact of sulfate attack on a cement-clay mix", GeoCongress, Oakland, CA, USA, March.
  10. Havlica, J. and Sahu, S. (1992), "Mechanism of ettringite and monosulfate formation", Cement Concrete Res., 22(4), 671-677. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(92)90019-R
  11. Haykin, S. (2005), Neural Networks, A Comprehensive Foundation, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA.
  12. Hunter, D. (1988), "Lime-induced heave in sulfate-bearing clay soils", ASCE J. Geotech. Eng., 114(2), 150-167. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1988)114:2(150)
  13. Huntington, G.S. (1995), "Sulfate expansion in cement-treated bases", M.Sc. Thesis, University of Wyoming at Laramie, WY, USA.
  14. Kamon, M. (1992), "Case studies of reinforced ground with micropiling and other improvement techniques", Proceedings of the Symposium on Prediction versus Performance in Geotechnical Engineering, Bangkok, Thailand, November-December.
  15. Kamruzzaman, A.H.M. (2002), "Physico-chemical and engineering behavior of cement treated Singapore marine clay", Ph.D. Dissertation; National University of Singapore, Singapore.
  16. Kezdi, A. (1979), Stabilized Earth Roads, Elsevier Scientific, Netherlands.
  17. Klein, K. and Simon, D. (2006), "Effect of specimen composition on the strength development in cemented paste backfill", Can. Geotech. J., 43(3), 310-324. https://doi.org/10.1139/t06-005
  18. Kukko, H. (2000), "Stabilization of clay with inorganic by-products", ASCE J. Mater. Civil Eng., 12(4), 307-309. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2000)12:4(307)
  19. Lorenzo, G.A. and Bergado, D.T. (2006), "Fundamental characteristics of cement-admixed clay in deep mixing", J. Mater. Civil Eng., 18(2), 161-174. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2006)18:2(161)
  20. Ladd, C.C., Moh, Z.C. and Lambe, T.W. (1960), "Recent soil-lime research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology", Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting Highway Research Board 1960, Washington D.C., USA, January.
  21. Lambe, T.W., Michaels, A.S. and Moh, Z.C. (1960), "Improvement of soil-cement with alkali metal compounds", Highway Res. Record, 241, 67-103.
  22. Lee, S.L. and Yong, K.Y. (1991), "Grouting in substructure construction", Proceedings of the 9th Asian Regional Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Bangkok, Thailand, December.
  23. Mardani-Aghabaglou, A., İnan Sezer, G. and Ramyar, K. (2014), "Comparison of fly ash, silica fume and metakaolin from mechanical properties, and durability performance of mortar mixtures view point", Construct. Build. Mater., 70, 17-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.07.089
  24. Mehra, S.R., Chadda, L.R. and Kapur, R.N. (1955), "Role of detrimental salts in soil stabilization with and without cement. I. The effect of sodium sulphate", Indian Concrete J., 29(9), 336-337.
  25. Murdock, L.J., Brook, K.M. and Dewar, J.D. (1991), Concrete Materials and Practice, (6th Edition), Oxford University Press, Canada.
  26. O'Rourke, T.D., MacGinn, A.J., Dewsnap, J. and Stewart, H.E. (1998), "Case history of an excavation stabilized by deep mixing methods", ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication, 83, 41-63.
  27. Petry, T.M. and Little, D.N. (1992), "Update on sulfate-induced heave in treated clays: Problematic sulfate levels", J. Transport. Res. Board, 1362, 51-55.
  28. Puppala, A.J., Intharasombat, N. and Vempati, R. (2005), "Experimental studies on ettringite-induced heaving in soils", ASCE J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 31(3), 325-337.
  29. Qiao, X.C., Poon, C.S. and Cheeseman, C.R. (2007), "Investigation into the stabilization/solidification performance of Portland cement through cement clinker phases", J. Hazard. Mater., 139 (2), 238-243 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.06.009
  30. Ramon, A. and Alonso, E.E. (2013), "Analysis of ettringite attack to stabilized railway bases and embankments", Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Paris, France, September.
  31. Schaefer, V.R., Abramson, L.W., Drumheller, J.C. and Sharp, K.D. (1997), "Ground improvement, ground reinforcement and ground treatment: Developments 1987 to 1997", ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication.
  32. Sherwood, P.T. (1958), "Effect of sulfates on cement-stabilized clay", Highway Res. Board Bull., 193, 45-54.
  33. Sherwood, P.T. (1962), "Effect of sulfates on cement and lime-stabilized soils", Highway Res. Board Bull., 353, 98-107.
  34. Shooshpasha, I. and Shirvani, R.A. (2015), "Effect of cement stabilization on geotechnical properties of sandy soils", Geomech. Eng., Int. J., 8(1), 17-31. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2015.8.1.017
  35. Tang, Y., Liu, H. and Zhu, W. (2000), "Study on engineering properties of cement-stabilized soil", Chinese J. Geotech. Eng., 22, 549-554.
  36. Tatsuoka, F., Uchida, K., Imai, K., Ouchi, T. and Kohata, Y. (1997), "Properties of cement treated soil in Trans-Tokyo Bay Highway Project", Ground Improve., 1(1), 37-57. https://doi.org/10.1680/gi.1997.010105
  37. Tosun, K. (2007), "The effects of different types of cements on delayed ettringite formation", Ph.D. Dissertation; Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey. [In Turkish]
  38. Tosun, K. and Baradan, B. (2010), "Effect of ettringite morphology on DEF-related expansion", Cement Concrete Compos., 32(4), 271-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2010.01.002
  39. Verastegui-Flores, R.D. and Di Emidio, G. (2014), "Impact of sulfate attack on mechanical properties and hydraulic conductivity of a cement-admixed clay", Appl. Clay Sci., 101,490-496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2014.09.012
  40. Voottipruex, P. and Jamsawang, P. (2014), "Characteristics of expansive soils improved with cement and fly ash in Northern Thailand", Geomech. Eng., Int. J., 6(5), 437-453. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2014.6.5.437
  41. Wang, L. (2002), "Cementitious stabilization of soils in the presence of sulfate", Ph.D. Dissertation; Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
  42. Wang, D., Abriak, N. and Zentar, R. (2013), "Strength and deformation properties of Dunkirk marine sediments solidified with cement, lime and fly ash", Eng. Geol., 166, 90-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2013.09.007
  43. Wong, I.H. and Poh, T.Y. (2000), "Effects of jet grouting on adjacent ground and structures", ASCE J. Geotech. Geoviron. Eng., 126(3), 247-256. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2000)126:3(247)
  44. Zhang, T.W., Yue, X.B., Deng, Y.F., Zhang, D.W. and Liu, S.Y. (2014), "Mechanical behaviour and micro structure of cement-stabilised marine clay with a metakaolin agent", Construct. Build. Mater., 73, 51-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.09.041
  45. Zhu, W., Zhang, C., Gao, Y. and Fan, Z. (2005), "Fundamental mechanical properties of solidified dredged marine sediment", J. Zhejiang Univ., 39(10), 1561-1565.

Cited by

  1. Numerical investigation on gypsum and ettringite formation in cement pastes subjected to sulfate attack vol.19, pp.1, 2016, https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2017.19.1.019
  2. Modeling of time-varying stress in concrete under axial loading and sulfate attack vol.19, pp.2, 2016, https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2017.19.2.143
  3. Consolidation deformation of Baghmisheh marls of Tabriz, Iran vol.12, pp.4, 2016, https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2017.12.4.561
  4. Individual and combined effect of Portland cement and chemical agents on unconfined compressive strength for high plasticity clayey soils vol.16, pp.4, 2016, https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2018.16.4.375
  5. Assessment of the swelling potential of Baghmisheh marls in Tabriz, Iran vol.18, pp.3, 2016, https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2019.18.3.267
  6. Effect of salt on strength development of marine soft clay stabilized with cement-based composites vol.38, pp.6, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1080/1064119x.2019.1612971
  7. An investigation of sulfate effects on compaction characteristics and strength development of cement-treated sulfate bearing clay subgrade vol.22, pp.10, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2020.1753564
  8. Structural evolution in micro-calcite bearing Ca-montmorillonite reinforced oilwell cement during CO2 invasion vol.315, pp.None, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125744