Acta Via Serica

Academia Via Serica (계명대학교 실크로드 중앙아시아연구원)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

IN SEARCH OF PEACE ON THE SILK ROAD: FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE

  • TOKSOZ, ITIR (Department of International Relations at Dogus University)
  • Published : 2017.06.15
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Looking beyond the assumptions and arguments of commercial liberalism, which sees economic interdependence and cooperation as fostering peace, this paper demonstrates that peace as an ideal can be found in various theories of international politics. The author finds the commercial liberal perspective to peace to be too narrow to explain the opportunities and challenges posed along the Silk Road and proposes to look at the peace narrative on the Silk Road through the lens of other approaches to peace, including the more interdisciplinary field of peace studies, for a more comprehensive picture.

Keywords

References

  1. Andrea, Alfred A 2014. "The Silk Road in World History: A Review Essay." Asian Review of World Histories 2 (1): 105-127. https://doi.org/10.12773/arwh.2014.2.1.105
  2. Axtmann, Roland, and Grant, Robert. 2000. "Living in a Global World: Globalization and the Future of Politics." In Issues in International Relations, edited by Trevor C. Salmon, 25-54. New York, NY: Routledge.
  3. Azad, Shirzad. 2017. Iran and China: A New Approach to Their Bilateral Relations. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
  4. Ball, Warwick. 2016. Rome in the East: Transformation of an Empire. London: Routledge. 2nd edition.
  5. Baipakov, Karl. (n/a). The Silk Road - Road of the Dialogue: The Past and the Present. https://icaren.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/e-culture.pdf
  6. Barash, David P. 2014. Approaches to Peace: A Reader in Peace Studies. 3rd edition. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  7. Barash, David P., and Webel, Charles. 2014. Peace and Conflict Studies. Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications. 3rd edition.
  8. Santa Barbara, Jack., Dubee, Fred, and Galtung, Johan. 2009. Peace Business: Humans and Nature Above Markets and Capital. Grenzach-Whylen: Transcend University Press.
  9. Bennett, A Leroy, and Oliver, James K 2002. International Organizations: Principles and Issues. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. 7th edition.
  10. Bessler, Patrick. n/a. China's "New Silk Road": Focus on Central Asia. Eu-Asia Economic Governance Forum. Tokyo: Konrad Adenauer Stiftung - Social and Economic Governance Programme Asia/Japan Office. http://www.kas.de/wf/doc/kas_43841-1522-2-30.pdf?160401030733
  11. Bilmes, Linda J. and Stiglitz, Joseph E. 2008. The Three Trillion Dollar War: The True Cost of the Iraq Conflict. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company.
  12. Blanchard, Lynda-Ann, and Higgins-Desbiolles, Freya. 2017. Peace through Tourism: Promoting Human Security through International Citizenship. New York, NY: Routledge.
  13. Boulding, Kenneth E. 1945. The Economics of Peace. New York, NY: Prentice Hall.
  14. Breuning, Marjike. 2007. Foreign Policy Analysis: A Comparative Introduction. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
  15. Brugier, Camille. 2014. China's Way: The New Silk Road. Brief Issue 14. European Union Security Studies. http://www.iss.europa.eu/uploads/media/Brief_14_New_Silk_Road.pdf
  16. Campbell, Susanne, Chandler, David, and Sabaratnam, Meera. 2011. A Liberal Peace: The Problems and Practices of Peacebuilding. New York, NY: Zed Book.
  17. Chin, Helen, Lau, Fang, He, Winnie, and Cheung, Timothy. 2015. The Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road. Hong Kong: Fung Business Intelligence Centre.
  18. China overtakes US as the biggest importer of oil. 2013. BBC News Business. 10 October 2013. http://www.bbc.com/news/business-24475934
  19. Clemens Jr., Walter C. 1998. Dynamics of International Relations: Conflict and Mutual Gain in an Era of Global Interdependence. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.
  20. Culture of Silk Road. n/a. Travel China Guide. https://www.travelchinaguide.com/silk-road/culture.htm
  21. Doyle, Michael W. 2003 [1983]. "Kant, Liberal Legacies and Foreign Affairs." In International Politics: Enduring Concepts and Contemporary Issues, edited by Robert J. Art and Robert Jervis, 95-107. New York, NY: Longman, 6th edition.
  22. Dunn, David J. 2005. The Fifty Years of Peace Research. Hampshire: Ashgate.
  23. Dunne, Tim. 2016. "The English School." In International Relations Theories: Discipline and Diversity, edited by Tim Dunne, Milja Kurki, and Steve Smith, 127-148. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 4th edition.
  24. Erdem, Cagri. 2016. "The Eurasian Corridor through the New Silk Road: Differing Geopolitical Perceptions." Acta Via Serica 1: 31-67.
  25. Fallon, Theresa. 2015. "The New Silk Road: Xi Jinping's Grand Strategy for Eurasia." American Foreign Policy Interests 37: 140-147. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803920.2015.1056682
  26. Galtung, Johan. 1969. "Violence, Peace and Peace Research." Journal of Peace Research 6(3): 167-191. https://doi.org/10.1177/002234336900600301
  27. Galtung, Johan. 1996. Peace by Peaceful Means: Peace and Conflict, Development and Civilization. Oslo: PRIO - Peace Research Institute Oslo.
  28. Galtung, Johan. 2012. A Theory of Peace: Building Direct Structural Cultural Peace. Grenzach-Whylen: Transcend University Press.
  29. Gandhi, Mahatma. 1969. All Men Are Brothers: Life and Thoughts of Mahatma Gandhi as Told in His Own Words (compiled and edited by Krishna Kripalani). Lausanne: UNESCO.
  30. Genest, Marc A. 2004. Conflict and Cooperation: Evolving Theories of International Relations. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. 2nd edition.
  31. Gilpin, Robert. 1975. The US Power and Multinational Corporations: The Political Economy of Foreign Direct Investment. New York, NY: Basic Books.
  32. Goldstein, Joshua S., and Pevehouse, Jon C. 2014. International Relations. New York, NY: Pearson.
  33. Gu, Jing. 2015. China's New Silk Road to Development Cooperation: Opportunities and Challenges. United Nations University, Centre for Policy Research, Nov. 2015. http://ssc.undp.org/content/dam/ssc/documents/news/2015/UNUCPR_ChinasNewSilkRoad_Gu_.pdf
  34. Hiebert, Fredrick T. 1999. "On the Track of the Ancient Silk Road", Expedition Magazine no:41(3): 37-41. https://www.penn.museum/documents/publications/expedition/PDFs/41-3/On%20the%20Track.pdf
  35. International Institute for Asian Studies. 2016. "Heritage Diplomacy along the One Belt One Road." The Newsletter: Memory and Commemoration in Central Asia. 74: 8-10.
  36. Jaquette, Jane S. 2001 [1997]. "Women in Power: From Tokenism to Critical Mass." In Essential Readings in World Politics, edited by Karen Mingst and Jack Synder, 217-223. New York, NY: Norton and Company.
  37. Kant, Immanuel. 2005 [1795]. Perpetual Peace. New York, NY: Cosimo Classics.
  38. Karluk, Sadik Ridvan, and Karaman, Suleyman Cem. 2014. "Bridging Civilizations from Asia to Europe: The Silk Road." Chinese Business Review 13(12): 730-739.
  39. Kaufman, Joyce P. 2013. Introduction to International Relations. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc.
  40. Keynes, John Maynard. 1920. The Economic Consequences of the Peace. New York, NY: Harcourt, Brace and Howe. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/15776/15776-h/15776-h.htm
  41. Lan, Gao. 2014. "Reconstructuring Maritime Silk Road & China's Marine Diplomacy with Neighboring Countries." History Research 2(3): 11-14. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.history.20140203.11
  42. Lenin, Vladimir Ilich. 2010. [1916]. Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism. London: Penguin Classics.
  43. Leontief, Wassily, and Duchin, Faye. 1983. Military Spending: Facts and Figures, Worldwide Implications and Future Outlook. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  44. Levy, Jack S. 1989. "Domestic Politics and War." In The Origin and Prevention of Major Wars, edited by Robert I. Rotberg and Theodore K. Rabb. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  45. Levy, Jack S. 2013. "Interstate War and Peace." In Handbook of International Relations, edited by Walter Carlsnaes, Thomas Risse and Beth A. Simmons, 581-606. London: Sage Publications, 2nd edition.
  46. Linklater, Andrew. 2013. "Marx and Marxism." In Theories of International Relations, edited by Scott Burchill, Andrew Linklater, Richard Devetak, Jack Donnelly, Terry Nardin, Matthew Paterson, Christian Reus-Smit, and Jacqui True, 113-137. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
  47. Linklater, Andrew. 2013. "The English School." In Theories of International Relations, edited by Scott Burchill, Andrew Linklater, Richard Devetak, Jack Donnelly, Terry Nardin, Matthew Paterson, Christian Reus-Smit. and Jacqui True, 113-137. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
  48. Liu, Xinru. 201. The Silk Road in World History. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  49. Minghao, Zhao. 2015. China's New Silk Road Initiative. Istituto Affari Internazionali. IAI Working Papers 15/37 October 2015.
  50. Modelski, George. 1987. Long Cycles in World Politics. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
  51. Murithi, Tim. 2006. "African Approaches to Building Peace and Social Solidarity." African Journal on Conflict Resolution 6(2): 9-33.
  52. "Nazarbayev Receives Silk Road Award in China." 2014. Tengri News. 20 May 2014. https://en.tengrinews.kz/politics_sub/Nazarbayev-receives-Silk-Road-award-in-China-253623/
  53. Richmond, Oliver P. 2006. "The Problem of Peace: Understanding the Liberal Peace." Conflict, Security and Development 6(3): 291-314. https://doi.org/10.1080/14678800600933480
  54. Richmond, Oliver P. and Mac Ginty, Roger. 2015. "Where Now for the Critique of Liberal Peace?". Cooperation and Conflict 50(2): 171-189. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010836714545691
  55. Rolland, Nadege. 2015. China's New Silk Road. NBR Commentary. The National Bureau of Asian Research, Feb. 12, 2015. http://www.nbr.org/downloads/pdfs/psa/rolland_commentary_021215.pdf
  56. Salikov, Alexey. 2013. "Kant's Perpetual Peace Project and the Project of the European Union." Kantian Sbornik / Kantovskij Sbornik 45(3): 24-32.
  57. Selby, Jan. 2013. "The Myth of Liberal Peace-Building." Conflict, Security and Development 13(1): 57-86. https://doi.org/10.1080/14678802.2013.770259
  58. Smith, Michael E. 2010. International Security: Politics, Policy, Prospects. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
  59. Schlichtmann, Klaus. 2016. A Peace History of India: From Ashoka Maurya to Mahatma Gandhi. New Delhi: Vij Books India.
  60. "Shiraz Declaration." 2010. Fifth Silk Road Mayors Forum Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran 19-21 May 2010. http://silkroad.unwto.org/sites/all/files/docpdf/shirazdeclaration2010.pdf
  61. Summary of Silk Road Activities 1993-2011. United Nations World Tourism Organization. The Silk Road Programme. http://silkroad.unwto.org/sites/all/files/docpdf/summaryofactivities1993-2011.pdf
  62. The Silk Road Project "Integral Study of the Silk Roads: Roads of Dialogue 1988-1997". 2008. UNESCO Document, CLT/CPD/DIA/2008/PI/68. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0015/001591/159189E.pdf
  63. True, Jacqui. 2013. "Feminism." I Theories of International Relations, edited by Scott Burchill, Andrew Linklater, Richard Devetak, Jack Donnelly, Terry Nardin, Matthew Paterson, Christian Reus-Smit, and Jacqui True, 241-265. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
  64. Van der Leer, Yeroen, and Yau, Joshua. 2016. China's New Silk Road: The Long and Winding Road. PwC's Growth Markets Center, February 2016. https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/growth-markets-center/assets/pdf/china-new-silk-route.pdf
  65. Van der Putten, Frans-Paul, Seaman, John, Huotari, Mikko, Ekman, Alice, and Otero-Iglesias, Miguel. 2016. Europe and China's Silk Roads. ETNC Report. December 2016, Clingendael: Netherlands Institute of International Relations, Elcano Royal Institute, Mercator Institute for China Studies, IFRI: French Institute of International Relations.
  66. Viotti, Paul R., and Kauppi, Mark V. 2013. International Relations and World Politics. New York, NY: Pearson. 5th edition.
  67. Wallensteen, Peter. "The Origins of Contemporary Peace Research." In Understanding Peace Research: Methods and Challenges, edited by Kristine Hoglund and Magnus Oberg, 14-32. New York, NY: Routledge.
  68. Wallerstein, Immanuel. 2004. World Systems Analysis: An Introduction. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
  69. Walt, Stephen M. 1998. "International Relations: One World, Many Theories." Foreign Policy 110, Special Edition: Frontiers of Knowledge (Spring, 1998): 29-32, 34-46.
  70. Waugh, Daniel C. 2010. "The Silk Roads in History." Expedition Magazine 52(3): 9-22. https://www.penn.museum/documents/publications/expedition/PDFs/52-3/waugh.pdf
  71. Wen, Wang, and Jinjing, Jia. 2016. "Silk Road Economic Development: Vision and Path" In China Dream: Still Coming True, edited by Alessia Amighini, 95-114. Milano, ISPI (The Italian Institute for International Political Studies).
  72. Wight, Martin. 1992. International Theory: The Three Traditions, edited by Gabriele Wight and Brian Porter. New York, NY: Holmes & Meier.
  73. Williams, Tim. 2014. The Silk Roads: An ICOMOS Thematic Study. Charenton-le-Pont: ICOMOS (International Council of Monuments and Sites).
  74. Wilson, Woodrow. 1992 [1918]. "The Coming Age of Peace." In Basic Texts of International Relations, edited by Evan Luard, 267-270. London: Macmillan.
  75. Wilson, Woodrow. 2001 [1918]. "The Fourteen Points." In Essential Readings in World Politics, edited by Karen Mingst and Jack Synder, 217-223. New York, NY: Norton and Company.
  76. Yao, Xinzhong. 2004. "Conflict, Peace and Ethical Solutions: A Confucian Perspective on War." Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies 4(2): 89-111.