DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Rabies in a Wildebeest (Connochaetes gnou): A Case Study at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Safari Park, Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh

  • Biswas, Dibyendu (Department of Meidine, Surgery and Obstetrics, Patuakhali Science and Technology University) ;
  • Rahman, Zahed Md.Malekur (Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Safari Park)
  • Received : 2017.09.13
  • Accepted : 2017.12.10
  • Published : 2018.02.28

Abstract

Rabies causes the highest mortality of all viral diseases in the world unless the victim has been protected either by active immunization or post-exposure immunoprophylaxis. Infected stray dogs, raccoons, skunks, foxes and bats are the demonstrated carriers of most cases of rabies. It is difficult to diagnose a rabid animal in the field unless characteristic clinical signs are evident. However, this study used a commercial fast check kit comprised of immunochromatographic test (ICT) strips (ICTS) to diagnose rabies infection in clinically suspected samples obtained from a wildebeest. A 10-year old male wildebeest (approximate weight, 150 kg) died at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Safari (BSMS) Park, Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh with a clinical history of severe excitation and abundant oral secretions. A gross pathological examination revealed no specific lesions indicating any fatal diseases. The entire brain was collected within 6 hours of death, and the brain sample was tested using the ICT strips following the manufacturer's directions. The rabies viral antibody was detected within the brain stem and medulla of the brain tissue of the dead wildebeest.

Keywords

References

  1. Alam AN, Munir M, Hossain E. 2013. Rabies control in Bangladesh: human behaviours following dog bites. South Asia Regional One Health Symposium pp 38-39.
  2. Alexander KA, Kat PW, Munson LA, Kalake A, Appel MJG. 1996. Canine distemper-related mortality among wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) in Chobe National Park, Botswana. J Zoo Wildl Med 27: 426-427.
  3. Artois M. 2003. Wildlife infectious disease control in Europe. J Mount Ecol 7: 89-97.
  4. Berry HH. 1993. Surveillance and control of anthrax and rabies in wild herbivores and carnivores in Namibia. Rev Sci Tech 12: 137-146. https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.12.1.675
  5. Birhane MG, Cleaton JM, Monroe BP, Wadhwa A, Orciari LA, Yager P, Blanton J, Velasco-Villa A, Petersen BW, Wallace RM. 2017. Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2015. J Am Vet Med Assoc 250: 1117-1130. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.250.10.1117
  6. CDC. 2008. Human rabies prevention - United States, recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices. Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report, 57: 205-210.
  7. Daszak P, Cunningham AA. 1999. Extinction by infection. Trends Ecol Evol 14: 279. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(99)01665-1
  8. Fidler DP. 1996. Globalization, international law, and emerging infectious diseases. Emerg Infect Dis 2: 77-84. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0202.960201
  9. Ghosh S, Chowdhury S, Haider N, Bhowmik RK, Rana MS, Prue Marma AS, Hossain MB, Debnath NC, Ahmed BN. 2016. Awareness of rabies and response to dog bites in a Bangladesh community. Vet Med Sci 2: 161-169. https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.30
  10. Gongal G, Wright AE. 2011. Human rabies in the WHO southeast Asia region: forward steps for elimination. Adv Prev Med 2011: 383870. doi:10.4061/2011/383870.
  11. Hostnik P, Rihtaric Danijela, Grom J, Malovrh T, Toplak I. 2011. Maintenance and control of the vaccination belt along neighbouring Rabies infected area. Acta Veterinaria (Beograd) 61: 163-174. https://doi.org/10.2298/AVB1103163H
  12. Kait R, Sahi DN. 2012. Determination of the local, national/global status and effect of urbanization on Carnivora mammals in Jammu District and Trikuta Hills of Jandk, India. Int J Biodivers Conserv 4: 530-534.
  13. Kock R, Kebkiba B, Heinonen R, Bedane B. 2002. Wildlife and pastoral society--shifting paradigms in disease control. Ann N Y Acad Sci 969: 24-33. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04346.x
  14. Krebs JW, Mandel EJ, Swerdlow DL, Rupprecht CE. 2005. Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2004. J Am Vet Med Assoc Dec 227: 1912-1925. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.2005.227.1912
  15. Mackenzie JS. 1999. Emerging viral diseases: an Australian perspective. Emerg Infect Dis 5: 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0501.990101
  16. Macphee RD, Greenwood AD. 2013. Infectious disease, endangerment, and extinction. Int J Evol Biol 2013: 571939.
  17. Matsumoto T, Ahmed K, Wimalaratne O, Nanayakkara S, Perera D, Karunanayake D, Nishizono A. 2011. Novel sylvatic rabies virus variant in endangered golden palm civet, Sri Lanka. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 2346-2349. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1712.110811
  18. McCallum H, Dobson A. 1995. Detecting disease and parasite threats to endangered species and ecosystems. Trends Ecol Evol 10: 190-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(00)89050-3
  19. Meeusen ENT, Walker J, Peters A, Pastoret PP, Jungersen G. 2007. Current status of veterinary vaccines. Clin Microbiol Rev 20: 489-510. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00005-07
  20. Menezes R. 2008. Rabies in India. CMAJ 178: 564-566. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.071488
  21. Miller JM, Astles R, Baszler T, Chapin K, Carey R, Garcia L, Gray L, Larone D, Pentella M, Pollock A, Shapiro DS, Weirich E, Wiedbrauk D; Biosafety Blue Ribbon Panel; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2012. Guidelines for safe work practices in human and animal medical diagnostic laboratories. Recommendations of a CDC-convened, Biosafety Blue Ribbon Panel. MMWR Suppl 61: 1-102.
  22. Monath TP. 1999. Ecology of Marburg and Ebola viruses: speculations and directions for future research. J Infect Dis 179 Suppl 1: S127-S138. https://doi.org/10.1086/514281
  23. Nishizono A, Khawplod P, Ahmed K, Goto K, Shiota S, Mifune K, Yasui T, Takayama K, Kobayashi Y, Mannen K, Tepsumethanon V, Mitmoonpitak C, Inoue S, Morimoto K. 2008. A simple and rapid immunochromatographic test kit for rabies diagnosis. Microbiol Immunol 52: 243-249. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1348-0421.2008.00031.x
  24. Plotkin SA. 2000. Rabies. Clin Infect Dis 30: 4-12. https://doi.org/10.1086/313632
  25. Roelke-Parker ME, Munson L, Packer C, Kock R, Cleaveland S, Carpenter M, O'Brien SJ, Pospischil A, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Lutz H, Mwamengele GL, Mgasa MN, Machange GA, Summers BA, Appel MJ. 1996. A canine distemper virus epidemic in Serengeti lions (Panthera leo). Nature 379: 441-445. https://doi.org/10.1038/379441a0
  26. Scheftel JM, Elchos BL, Cherry B, DeBess EE, Hopkins SG, Levine JF, Williams CJ, Bell MR, Dvorak GD, Funk RH, Just SD, Samples OM, Schaefer EC, Silvia CA. 2010. Compendium of veterinary standard precautions for zoonotic disease prevention in veterinary personnel: National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians Veterinary Infection Control Committee 2010. J Am Vet Med Assoc 237: 1403-1422. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.237.12.1403
  27. Schrag SJ, Wiener P. 1995. Emerging infectious disease: what are the relative roles of ecology and evolution? Trends Ecol Evol 10: 319-324. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(00)89118-1
  28. Smith JS, Yager PA, Orciari LA. 1993. Rabies in wild and domestic carnivores of Africa: epidemiological and historical associations determined by limited sequence analysis. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 60: 307-314.
  29. Sultana S. 2016. Economic contribution of tourism industry in Bangladesh. J Tour Hosp Sports 22: 45-54.
  30. van Riper III C, van Riper SG, Goff LM, Laird M. 1986. The epizootiology and ecological significance of malaria in Hawaiian land birds. Ecol Monogr 56: 327-344. https://doi.org/10.2307/1942550
  31. Wang H, Feng N, Yang S, Wang C, Wang T, Gao Y, Su J, Zheng X, Hou X, Huang H, Yang R, Zou X, Huang G, Xia X. 2010. A rapid immunochromatographic test strip for detecting rabies virus antibody. J Virol Methods 170: 80-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.09.002
  32. Williams ES, Thorne ET, Appel MJ, Belitsky DW. 1988. Canine distemper in black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes) from Wyoming. J Wildl Dis 24: 385-398. https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-24.3.385