DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

A Study on Standardization of Soapsuds Alternative Material for Slip Resistance Testing of Bathroom, Shower Room, and Bathtub Floors

욕실·샤워실 및 욕조 바닥의 미끄럼 시험을 위한 비눗물 대체물질의 표준화에 관한 연구

  • 최수경 (한서대 인프라시스템학과 공항건축전공) ;
  • 지석원 (인덕대 건축학과)
  • Received : 2020.05.10
  • Accepted : 2020.09.09
  • Published : 2020.09.30

Abstract

Slip and fall accidents in bathroom and bathtub have several causes, but they are especially common when there is soapsuds on the floor during a shower. Despite this situation, it can be said that there is a insufficient of standards on surface contamination materials used in bathroom floor slip resistance testing. In this study, as the surface contaminating substance which is alternative to the soapsuds in bathroom, the aqueous solution of SLS was experimentally derived using the proper concentrations. As the research method, first, the questionnaires were used to standardize the soapsuds, the consumption of the body wash and then the concentration of soapsuds used during the actual time of shower was analyzed. Second, a slippery test on 10 floor-covering samples were conducted using 9 types of soapsuds to get the C.S.R·B, the coefficient of slip resistance when taking action barefoot. Third, C.S.R.B were measured using 6 concentrations (0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%) of SLS aqueous solutions, and the concentration of SLS aqueous solution which is well harmonized with the C.S.R.B of body washes was obtained. The study conducted with the processes described above showed that 0.1% SLS aqueous solution was the surface contaminating substance which is similar to the soapsuds generated during a shower.

Keywords

References

  1. Andres, R.O., & Chaffin, D.B. (1985). Ergonomic analysis of slip-resistance measurement devices. Applied Ergonomics, 28(7), 1065-1079. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140138508963228
  2. Barnett, R.L. (2002). "Slip and Fall" Theory-Extreme Order Statistics. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 8(2), 135-158. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2002.11076521
  3. Brungraber, R.J. (1976). An overview of floor slip-resistance research with annotated bibliography. NBS Technical Note 895. Washington D.C: National Bureau of Standards.
  4. Chang, W.R., & Matz, S. (2001). The slip resistance of common footwear materials measured with two slipmeters. Applied Ergonomics, 32(6), 549-558. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-6870(01)00031-X
  5. Choi, S.K., Seo, C.H., Lee, K.G., & Choi, Soo. (2004). KS standard research on test methods and performance criteria for polymeric floor-coverings. Seoul: Architectural Institute of Korea.
  6. Choi, S.K., Kudoh, R., Koga, J., Mikami, T., Yokoyama, Y., Takahashi, H., & Ono, H. (2015). A comparative evaluation of floor slip resistance test methods. Construction and Building Materials, 94(0), 737-745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.07.152
  7. Courtney, T.K., Chang, W.R., Gronqvist, R., & Redfern, M.S. (2001). The measurement of slipperiness-an international scientific symposium. Ergonomics, 44(13), 1097-1101. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140130110085510
  8. Floor performance evaluation guidelines study subcommittee. (2015). Recommendation for evaluation index about safety and comfort performance of the daily use floors. Tokyo: Architectural Institute of Japan.
  9. Grieser, B.C., & Frantz, J.P. (2016). Comparison of floor surface slip test results from the English XL and BOT-3000E Tribometers. The XXVIIIth Annual Occupational Ergonomics and Safety Conference, 72-77.
  10. Gronqvist, R., Abeysekera, J., Gard, G., Simon, M.H., Lemon, T.B., Newman, D.J., Perczak, K.G., Lockhart, T.E., & Pai, C.Y.C. (2001). Human centered approaches in slipperiness measurement. Ergonomics, 44(13), 1167-1199. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140130110085556
  11. Gronqvist, R., Hirvonen, M., & Tohv, A. (2000). Evaluation of three portable floor slipperiness testers. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 25(1), 85-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-8141(98)00101-2
  12. Harper, F.C., Warlow, W.J., & Clarke, B.L. (1961). The forces applied to the floor by the foot in walking: I. walking on a level surface. National Building Studies: Research Paper 32.
  13. Kudou, R., & Ono, H. (2008). Development of abrasion accelerating machine of the floor for reproducing change of the slip resistance from abrasion in walking. Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering (Transactions of AIJ), 73(631), 1483-1487. https://doi.org/10.3130/aijs.73.1483
  14. Kuge, H., & Kokubu, K. (2000). Relationship between surface properties and skid resistance of walkway pavement materials. Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, 641(46), 15-28. https://doi.org/10.2208/jscej.2000.641_15
  15. Leclercq, S., Tisserand, M., & Saulnier, H. (1994). Assessment of the slip-resistance of floors in the laboratory and in the field: Two complementary methods for two applications. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 13(4), 297-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-8141(94)90087-6
  16. Leclercq, S. (1999). The prevention of slipping accidents: A review and discussion of work related to the methodology of measuring slip resistance. Safety Science, 31(2), 95-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-7535(98)00064-2
  17. Li, K.W., Chang, W.R., & Chang, C.C. (2009). Evaluation of two models of a slipmeter. Safety Science, 47(10), 1434-1439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2009.04.006
  18. Matz, S., & Gronqvist, R. (2004). Comparing two methods of data collection for walkway friction measurements with a portable slip meter and a force platform. Safety Science, 42(6), 483-492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2003.08.001
  19. Miller, J.M. (1983). "Slippery" work surfaces: Towards a performance definition and quantitative coefficient of friction criteria. Journal of Safety Research, 14(4), 145-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-4375(83)90042-7
  20. Ono, H., Sudoh, T., & Takeda, K. (1985). Study on the slipperiness of building floors and its method of evaluation: Part 4, Evaluating method of the slipperiness of building floors. Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering (Transactions of AIJ), (356), 1-8.
  21. Ono, H., Mikami, T., Ohno, R., Yokoyama, Y., Ueno, S., & Takaki, S. (1988). Study on the evaluating method of slipperiness of bathroom floors and bathtub bottoms from a viewpoint of safety: Part 2. Presentation of the evaluating indexes and the evaluating method of slipperiness of bathroom floors and bathtub bottoms. Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering (Transactions of AIJ), (387), 1-7.
  22. Ono, H., Mikami, T., Takaki, S., Yokoyama, Y., Kitayama, H., & Takahashi, H. (1993). Standardization of substances adhered to floor surfaces for evaluating slip resistance of floors. Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering (Transactions of AIJ), (450), 7-14.
  23. Perkins, P.J., & Wilson, M.P. (1983). Slip resistance testing of shoes-new developments. Ergonomics, 26(1), 73-82. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140138308963314
  24. Ricotti, R., Delucchi, M., & Cerisola, G. (2009). A comparison of results from portable and laboratory floor slipperiness testers. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 39(2), 353-357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2008.07.004
  25. Uno, H., & Ishii, K. (1964). The problems of using the slipperiness tester (JIS A 1407) for walkway surfaces. Transactions of the Architectural Institute of Japan, (103), 2-2.
  26. Yada, K., Murai, T., Tatema, Y., & Yamada, M. (1996). Study on the criteria slip-resistance for pedestrian road 19. pavement. Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, 550(33), 205-212.