Geomechanics and Engineering

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Numerical FEM assessment of soil-pile system in liquefiable soil under earthquake loading including soil-pile interaction

  • Ebadi-Jamkhaneh, Mehdi (Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Damghan University) ;
  • Homaioon-Ebrahimi, Amir (Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Birmingham) ;
  • Kontoni, Denise-Penelope N. (Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, University of the Peloponnese) ;
  • Shokri-Amiri, Maedeh (School of Literature, Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University)
  • Received : 2021.05.28
  • Accepted : 2021.11.10
  • Published : 2021.12.10
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

One of the important causes of building and infrastructure failure, such as bridges on pile foundations, is the placement of the piles in liquefiable soil that can become unstable under seismic loads. Therefore, the overarching aim of this study is to investigate the seismic behavior of a soil-pile system in liquefiable soil using three-dimensional numerical FEM analysis, including soil-pile interaction. Effective parameters on concrete pile response, involving the pile diameter, pile length, soil type, and base acceleration, were considered in the framework of finite element non-linear dynamic analysis. The constitutive model of soil was considered as elasto-plastic kinematic-isotropic hardening. First, the finite element model was verified by comparing the variations on the pile response with the measured data from the centrifuge tests, and there was a strong agreement between the numerical and experimental results. Totally 64 non-linear time-history analyses were conducted, and the responses were investigated in terms of the lateral displacement of the pile, the effect of the base acceleration in the pile behavior, the bending moment distribution in the pile body, and the pore pressure. The numerical analysis results demonstrated that the relationship between the pile lateral displacement and the maximum base acceleration is non-linear. Furthermore, increasing the pile diameter results in an increase in the passive pressure of the soil. Also, piles with small and big diameters are subjected to yielding under bending and shear states, respectively. It is concluded that an effective stress-based ground response analysis should be conducted when there is a liquefaction condition in order to determine the maximum bending moment and shear force generated within the pile.

Keywords

References

  1. ABAQUS, Version 6.14 (2014), Documentation, Dassault Systemes Simulia Corporation; Providence, RI, USA. http://130.149.89.49:2080/v6.14.
  2. Abate, G., Caruso, C., Massimino, M.R. and Maugeri, M. (2008), "Evaluation of shallow foundation settlements by an elastoplastic kinematic-isotropic hardening numerical model for granular soil", Geomech. Geoeng., 3(1), 27-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/17486020701862174.
  3. Abdoun, T. and Dobry, R. (2002), "Evaluation of pile foundation response to lateral spreading", Soil Dynam. Earthq. Eng., 22(9-12), 1051-1058. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0267-7261(02)00130-6.
  4. Abdoun, T., Dobry, R., and O'Rouke, T.D. (1997), "Centrifuge and numerical modeling of soil-pile interaction during earthquake induced soil liquefaction and lateral spreading", Geotech. Special Publication, 64, 76-82.
  5. Bagheri, M., Ebadi-Jamkhaneh, M. and Samali, B. (2018), "Effect of seismic soil-pile-structure interaction on mid- and high-rise steel buildings resting on a group of pile foundations", J. Geomech., 18(9), 04018103. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001222
  6. Bahrami, M., Khodakarami, M.I. and Kontoni, D.-P.N. (2015), "Analysis of the dynamic soil-pile interaction during the passage of Rayleigh waves using Fourier transform", Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Experiments/ Process/ System Modeling/ Simulation/ Optimization (6th IC-EpsMsO), Athens, July.
  7. Been, K. and Jefferies, M.G. (1985), "A state parameter for sands", Geotechnique, 35(1), 99-112. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1985.35.2.99.
  8. Canou, J., Bahloul, A., Attar, A. and Piffer, L. (1992), "Evaluation of a liquefaction criterion of a loose sand", Proceedings of the 10th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, 3, 1367-1372, Madrid, July.
  9. Chang, G.S. and Kutter, B.L. (1989), "Centrifugal modeling of soil-pile-structure interaction", Engineering Geology and Geotechnical Engineering: Proceedings of the 25th Symposium, 327-336, A.A. Balkema, Netherlands.
  10. Cheng, Z. and Jeremic, B. (2009), "Numerical modeling and simulation of pile in liquefiable soil", Soil Dynam. Earthq. Eng., 29(11-12), 1405-1416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2009.02.008
  11. Chong, S.H., Shin, H.S. and Cho, G.C. (2019), "Numerical analysis of offshore monopile during repetitive lateral loading", Geomech. Eng., 19(1), 79-91. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/gae.2019.19.1.079.
  12. Comodromos, E.M., Papadopoulou, M.C. and Rentzepris, I.K. (2009), "Pile foundation analysis and design using experimental data and 3-D numerical analysis", Comput. Geotech., 36(5), 819-836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2009.01.011
  13. Cui, C.Y., Meng, K., Wu, Y.J., Chapman, D. and Liang, Z.M. (2018), "Dynamic response of pipe pile embedded in layered visco-elastic media with radial inhomogeneity under vertical excitation", Geomech. Eng., 16(6), 609-618. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/gae.2018.16.6.609
  14. Dobry, R., Taboada, V. and Liu, L. (1995), "Centrifuge modeling of liquefaction effects during earthquakes", Proceedings of the First Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, 1291-1324, A.A. Balkema, Netherlands.
  15. Ebeido, A., Elgamal, A., Tokimatsu, K. and Abe, A. (2019), "Pile and pile-group response to liquefaction-induced lateral spreading in four large-scale shake-table experiments", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 145(10), 04019080. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002142.
  16. El Naggar, M.H. and Novak, M. (1996), "Non-linear analysis for dynamic lateral pile response", Soil Dynam. Earthq. Eng., 15(4), 233-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/0267-7261(95)00049-6
  17. Farghaly, A.A. and Kontoni, D.-P.N. (2018), "Nonlinear analysis of a riverine platform under earthquake and environmental loads", Wind Struct., 26(6), 343-354. https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2018.26.6.343
  18. Finn, W.D.L. and Gohl, W.B. (1987), "Centrifuge model studies of piles under simulated earthquake loading from dynamic response of pile foundations-experiment, analysis, and observation", Geotech. Special Publication, 11, 21-38.
  19. Finn, W.D.L. and Fujita, N. (2002), "Piles in liquefiable soils: seismic analysis and design issues", Soil Dynam. Earthq. Eng., 22(9-12), 731-742. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0267-7261(02)00094-5.
  20. Gajo, A. and Wood, M. (1999), "Severn-Trent sand: A kinematic hardening constitutive model: The q-p formulation", Geotechnique, 49(5), 595-614. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1999.49.5.595.
  21. Haeri, S.M., Kavand, A., Rahmani, I. and Torabi, H. (2012), "Response of a group of piles to liquefaction-induced lateral spreading by large scale shake table testing", Soil Dynam. Earthq. Eng., 38, 25-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2012.02.002
  22. Han, J.T., Kim, S.R., Hwang, J.I. and Kim, M.M. (2007), "Evaluation of the dynamic characteristics of soil-pile system in liquefiable ground by shaking table tests", The 4th International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, Thessaloniki, June.
  23. Horikoshi, K., Tateishi, A. and Fujiwara, T. (1998), "Centrifuge modeling of a single pile subjected to liquefaction-induced lateral spreading", Soils Foundations, 38, 193-208. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.38.Special_193
  24. Hushmand, B., Scott, R.F. and Crouse, C.B. (1998), "Centrifuge liquefaction tests in a laminar box", Geotechnique, 38(2), 253-262. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1988.38.2.253
  25. Hussein, A.F. and El Naggar, M.H. (2021), "Seismic axial behaviour of pile groups in non-liquefiable and liquefiable soils", Soil Dynam. Earthq. Eng., 149, 106853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2021.106853.
  26. Jiang, S., Du, C. and Sun, L. (2018), "Numerical analysis of sheet pile wall structure considering soil-structure interaction", Geomech. Eng., 16(3), 309-320. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/gae.2018.16.3.309.
  27. Jimenez, G.A.L., Dias, D. and Jenck, O. (2019), "Effect of layered liquefiable deposits on the seismic response of soil-foundations-structure systems", Soil Dynam. Earthq. Eng., 124, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.05.026.
  28. Kavvadas, M. and Gazetas, G. (1993), "Kinematic seismic response and bending of free-head piles in layered soils", Geotechnique, 43(2), 207-222. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1993.43.2.207.
  29. Khakpour Moghaddam, H., Khodakarami, M.I. and Kontoni, D.-P.N. (2015), "Assessment of the under-ground water level effects on the nonlinear behavior of single pile subjected to static vertical loads in the presence of soil-pile interaction", Proceedings of the 8th GRACM International Congress on Computational Mechanics (8th GRACM), University of Thessaly Press, Volos, Greece.
  30. Kheradi, H., Morikawa, Y., Ye, G. and Zhang, F. (2019), "Liquefaction-induced buckling failure of group-pile foundation and countermeasure by partial ground improvement", J. Geomech., 19(5), 04019020. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001379
  31. Kim, Y.S. and Choi, J.I. (2017), "Nonlinear numerical analyses of a pile-soil system under sinusoidal bedrock loadings verifying centrifuge model test results", Geomech. Eng., 12(2), 239-255. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/gae.2017.12.2.239
  32. Klar, A., Baker, R. and Frydman, S. (2004), "Seismic soil-pile interaction in liquefiable soil", Soil Dynam. Earthq. Eng., 24(8), 551-564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2003.10.006.
  33. Kontoni, D.-P.N. and Farghaly, A.A. (2018), "3D FEM analysis of a pile-supported riverine platform under environmental loads incorporating soil-pile interaction", Computation, 6(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/computation6010008.
  34. Liu, L. and Dobry, R. (1995), "Effect of liquefaction on lateral response of piles by centrifuge model tests", NCEER Bulletin, 9(1), 7-11. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/13895.
  35. Mizuno, H. and Liba, M. (1982), "Shaking table testing of seismic building-pile-soil interaction", Proceedings of the 5th Japan Earthquake Engineering Symposium, Tokyo, Japan, 1713-1720.
  36. Mizuno, H., Sugimoto, M., Mori, T., Iiba, M. and Hirade, T. (2000), "Dynamic behavior of pile foundation in liquefaction process- Shaking table tests utilizing big shear box", Proceedings of the 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Auckland, January.
  37. Nakamura, T., Sugano, T., Oikawa, K. and Mito, M. (2000), "An experimental study on the pier damaged by 1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu earthquake", Proceedings of the 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Auckland, January.
  38. Norris, G. M. (1994), "Seismic bridge pile foundation behavior", Proceedings of the International Conference on Design and Construction of Deep Foundations, 1, 27-136.
  39. Ohtomo, K. (1996), "Effects of liquefaction induced lateral flow on a conduit with supporting piles", Proceedings of the 11th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Acapulco, June.
  40. Oka, F., Lu, C.W., Uzuoka, R. and Zhang, F. (2004), "Numerical study of structure-soil-group pile foundations using an effective stress based liquefaction analysis method", Proceedings of the 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver, August.
  41. Peck, R.B., Hanson, W.E. and Thornburn, T.H. (1974), Foundation Engineering, 2nd Ed., John Wiley and Sons, NJ, USA.
  42. PEER (2012), PEER ground motion database; Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, USA.
  43. Rahmani, A. and Pak, A. (2012), "Dynamic behavior of pile foundations under cyclic loading in liquefiable soils" Comput. Geotech., 40, 114-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2011.09.002
  44. Su, D. and Li, X.S. (2006), "Effect of shaking intensity on seismic response of single-pile foundation in liquefiable soil", Proceedings of the Ground Modification and Seismic Mitigation, GeoShanghai International Conference, Shanghai, June. 379-386. https://doi.org/10.1061/40864(196)51
  45. Tabesh, A. and Poulos, H. G. (2001), "The effect of soil yielding on seismic response of single piles", Soils Foundations, 41(3), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.41.3_1
  46. Tajirian, F.F., Tabatabaie, M. and Rao, P. (2019), "Soil-Structure interaction analysis of a large diameter tank on piled foundations in liquefiable soil", Geo-Congress 2019: Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics, 169-180. American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, USA. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784482100.018.
  47. Tamura, S. and Tokimatsu, K. (2005), "Seismic earth pressure acting on embedded footing based on large-scale shaking table tests", Proceedings of the Workshop on Seismic Performance and Simulation of Pile Foundations in Liquefied and Laterally Spreading Ground, University of California, 83-96. https://doi.org/10.1061/40822(184)8
  48. Tamura, S., Suzuki, Y., Tsuchiya, T., Fujii, S. and Kagawa, T. (2000), "Dynamic response and failure mechanisms of a pile foundation during soil liquefaction by shaking table test with a large scale laminar shear box", Proceedings of the 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Auckland, Auckland, January.
  49. Tatsuoka, F. and Ishihara, K. (1974), "Drained deformation of sand under cyclic stresses reversing direction", Soils Foundations, 14(3), 51-65. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.14.3_51.
  50. Towhata, I. (2008), Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg, Germany.
  51. Trochanis, A., Bielak, J. and Christiano, P. (1991), "Simplified model for analysis of one or two piles", J. Geotech. Eng., 117(3), 448-466. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1991)117:3(448).
  52. Uzuoka, R., Sento, N., Kazama, M., Zhang, F., Yashima, A. and Oka, F. (2007), "Three-dimensional numerical simulation of earthquake damage to group-piles in a liquefied ground", Soil Dynam. Earthq. Eng., 27(5), 395-413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2006.10.003.
  53. Watcharasawe, K., Jongpradist, P., Kitiyodom, P., and Matsumoto, T. (2021), "Measurements and analysis of load sharing between piles and raft in a pile foundation in clay", Geomech. Eng., 24(6), 559-572. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/gae.2021.24.6.559.
  54. Wilson, D.W. (1998), "Soil-pile-superstructure interaction in liquefying sand and soft clay", Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Davis.
  55. Wilson, D.W., Boulanger, R.W. and Kutter, B.L. (1999), "Lateral resistance of piles in liquefying sand", Proceedings of the OTRC '99 Conference on Analysis, Design, Construction, and Testing of Deep Foundations, Geotech. Special Publication, 88, 165-179.
  56. Wilson, D.W., Boulanger, R.W. and Kutter, B.L. (2000), "Observed seismic lateral resistance of liquefying sand", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 126(10), 898-906. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2000)126:10(898).
  57. Yao, S., Kobayashi, K., Yoshida, N. and Matsuo, H. (2004), "Interactive behavior of soil-pile superstructure system in transient state to liquefaction by means of large shake table tests", Soil Dynam. Earthq. Eng., 24(5), 397-409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2003.12.003.
  58. Yasuda, S., Ishihara, K., Morimoto, I., Orense, R., Ikeda, M. and Tamura, S. (2000), "Large-scale shaking table tests on pile foundations in liquefied ground", Proceedings of the 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Auckland, January.
  59. Zhang, X., Tang, L., Ling, X., Chan, A. and Jinchi, L. (2018), "Using peak ground velocity to characterize the response of soil-pile system in liquefying ground", Eng. Geology, 240, 62-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.04.011.
  60. Zhang, X., Tang, L., Li, X., Ling, X. and Chan, A. (2020), "Effect of the combined action of lateral load and axial load on the pile instability in liquefiable soils", Eng. Struct., 205, 110074. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.110074.
  61. Zou, J.F., Yang, T. and Deng, D.P. (2019), "Field test of the long-term settlement for the post-grouted pile in the deep-thick soft soil", Geomech. Eng., 19(2), 115-126. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/gae.2019.19.2.115.