DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effects of the vertical component of ground motion on the seismic performance of Bhakra Gravity Dam

  • Sevim, Baris (Department of Civil Engineering, Yildiz Technical University) ;
  • Altunisik, Ahmet Can (Department of Civil Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University) ;
  • Gunaydin, Murat (Department of Civil Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University)
  • 투고 : 2020.09.27
  • 심사 : 2021.07.28
  • 발행 : 2021.09.25

초록

In this paper, the earthquake component effects on the seismic performance of Bhakra Gravity Dam in India are investigated. For the purpose, Bhakra Dam is modeled two-dimensionally considering dam-reservoir-foundation interaction. In the finite element modeling, dam and foundation are represented by PLANE182 elements in ANSYS with different material properties, and fluid is considered with FLUID29 elements. This type of element provides translation and pressure degrees of freedom. Linear time history analyses on the dam are performed by considering components of the 1991 Uttarkashi and 1999 Chamoli (NW Himalaya) Earthquakes in India. During the analyses firstly the horizontal component of earthquakes are applied to system and results are obtained, and then both of horizontal and vertical components are applied to the systems together. In the analyses, element matrices are computed using the Gauss numerical integration technique. The Newmark method is used in the solution of the equation of motions. Also, Rayleigh damping is considered. The seismic performance of Bhakra Dam is examined and presented by dynamic characteristics, displacements, principal stresses, and demand-capacity ratios. The results showed that the vertical components of the earthquake significantly affect the response of the dam. The results show that the vertical component with the horizontal component cause biggest tensile stresses compared to only the horizontal component for both earthquakes. However, displacement response is changed depending on the ground motion. As a conclusion of this study it can be said that the vertical component changes the structural response of the dam on both of the good and bad behaviors.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Akpinar, U., Binici, B. and Arici, Y. (2014), "Earthquake stresses and effective damping in concrete gravity dams", Earthq. Struct., 6(3), 251-266. https://doi.org/10.12989/EAS.2014.6.3.251.
  2. Alembagheri, M. (2016), "Earthquake damage estimation of concrete gravity dams using linear analysis and empirical failure criteria", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 90, 327-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2016.09.005.
  3. Ali, M.H., Alam, M.R., Haque, M.N. and Alam, M.J. (2012), "Comparison of design and analysis of concrete gravity dam", Nat. Res., 3(1), 18-28. https://doi.org/10.4236/nr.2012.31004.
  4. Altunisik, A.C. and Sesli, H. (2015), "Dynamic response of concrete gravity dams using different water modelling approaches: Westergaard, Lagrange and Euler", Comput. Concrete, 16(3), 429-448. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2015.16.3.429.
  5. ANSYS (2017), Swanson Analysis System, USA.
  6. Arabshahi, H. and Lotfi, V. (2008), "Earthquake response of concrete gravity dams including dam-foundation interface nonlinearities", Eng. Struct., 30(11), 3065-3073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2008.04.018
  7. Ardebili, M.A.H., Kolbadi, S.M.S. and Mirzabozorg, A. (2013), "Smeared crack model for seismic failure analysis of concrete gravity dams considering fracture energy effects", Struct. Eng. Mech., 48(1), 17-39. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2013.48.1.017.
  8. Bernier, C., Padgett, J.E., Proulx, J. and Paultre, P. (2016), "Seismic fragility of concrete gravity dams with spatial variation of angle of friction: case study", J. Struct. Eng., 142(5), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001441.
  9. Bhattacharjee, S.S. and Leger, P. (1992), "Concrete constitutive models for nonlinear seismic analysis of gravity dams-state-ofthe-art", Can. J. Civil Eng., 19(3), 492-509. https://doi.org/10.1139/l92-059.
  10. Bilici, Y. and Bayraktar, A. (2012), "Site-response effects on the transient stochastic seismic response of concrete dam-reservoir-foundation systems by the Lagrangian approach", Arab. J. Sci. Eng., 37(7), 1787-1800. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-011-0036-x.
  11. Calayir, Y. and Karaton, M. (2005), "A continuum damage concrete model for earthquake analysis of concrete gravity damreservoir systems", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 25(11), 857-869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2005.05.003.
  12. Chakrabarti, P. and Chopra, A.K. (1972), "Hydrodynamic pressures and response of gravity dams to vertical earthquake component", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 1(4), 325-335. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290010403.
  13. Chopra, A.K. (1988), Earthquake Response Analysis of Concrete Dams, Chapter 15 Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction and Rehabilitation, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
  14. Dungar, R. (1978), "An efficient method of fluid-structure coupling in the dynamic analysis of structures", Int. J. Numer. Meth. Eng., 13, 93-107. https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620130107.
  15. El-Aidi, B. and Hall, J.F. (1989), "Non-linear earthquake response of concrete gravity dams part 1: Modelling", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 18(6), 837-851. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290180607.
  16. Gazetas, G. (1987), "Seismic response of earth dams: some recent developments", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 6(1), 1-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/0267-7261(87)90008-X.
  17. Ghaemian, M. and Ghobarah, A. (1999). "Nonlinear seismic response of concrete gravity dams with dam-reservoir interaction", Eng. Struct., 21(4), 306-315. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(97)00208-3.
  18. Ghanaat, Y. (2002), "Seismic performance and damage criteria for concrete dams", Proc. 3rd US-Japan Workshop on Adv. Res. Earthq. Eng. Dams, San Diego, California, USA, June.
  19. Guanglun, W., Pekau, O.A., Chuhan, Z. and Shaomin, W. (2000), "Seismic fracture analysis of concrete gravity dams based on nonlinear fracture mechanics", Eng. Fract. Mech., 65(1), 67-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7944(99)00104-6.
  20. Khiav, M.P. (2017), "Investigation of seismic performance of concrete gravity dams using probabilistic analysis", Gradevinar, 69(1), 21-29. https://doi.org/10.14256/JCE.1454.2015.
  21. Khosravi, S., Salajegheh, J. and Heydari, M.M. (2012), "Simulating of each concrete gravity dam with any geometric shape including dam-water foundation rock interaction using APDL", World Appl. Sci. J., 17(3), 354-363.
  22. Lee, J. and Fenves, G.L. (1998), "A plastic-damage concrete model for earthquake analysis of dams", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 27, 937-956. https://doi.org/10.1002/.
  23. Lotfi, V. (2005), "Significance of rigorous fluid-foundation interaction in dynamic analysis of concrete gravity dams", Struct. Eng. Mech., 21(2), 137-150. http://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2005.21.2.137.
  24. Lotfi, V., Roesset, J.M. and Tassoulas, J.L. (1987). "A technique for the analysis of the response of dams to earthquakes", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 15(4), 463-490. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290150405.
  25. Millan, M.A., Young, Y. L. and Prevost, J.H. (2007), "The effect of reservoir geometry on the seismic response of gravity dams", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 36, 1441-1459. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.688.
  26. Mohsin, A.Z., Omran, H.A. and Al-Shukur, A.H.K. (2015), "Optimum design of low concrete gravity dam on random soil subjected to earthquake excitation", Int. J. Innov. Res. Sci., Eng. Tech., 4(9), 8961-8973. https://doi.org/10.15680/IJIRSET.2015.0409095.
  27. Phansri, B., Charoenwongmit, S., Warnitchai, P., Shin, D.H. and Park, K.H. (2010), "Numerical simulation of shaking table test on concrete gravity dam using plastic damage model", Struct. Eng. Mech., 36(4), 481-497. http://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2010.36.4.481.
  28. Proulx, J. and Paultre, P. (1997), "Experimental and numerical investigation of dam-reservoir-foundation interaction for a large gravity dam", Can. J. Civil Eng., 24(1), 90-105. https://doi.org/10.1139/l96-086.
  29. Sevim, B. (2011), "The effect of material properties on the seismic performance of arch dams", Nat. Hazard. Earth Sci., 11, 2253-2261. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-2253-2011.
  30. Sevim, B. (2018), "Geometrical dimensions effects on the seismic response of concrete gravity dams", Adv. Concrete Constr., 6(3) 269-283. https://doi.org/10.12989/acc.2018.6.3.269.
  31. Sevim, B. and Toy, A.T. (2020). "Structural response of concrete gravity dams under blast loads", Adv. Concrete Constr., 9(5), 503-510. http://doi.org/10.12989/acc.2020.9.5.503.
  32. Sevim, B., Altunisik, A.C. and Bayraktar, A. (2012), "Earthquake behavior of Berke arch dam using ambient vibration test results", J. Perform. Constr. Facil., ASCE, 26, 780-792. https://doi.org/10.1061/r(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000264.
  33. Sevim, B., Altunisik, A.C., Bayraktar, A., Akkose, M. and Calayir, Y. (2011a), "Water length and height effects on the earthquake behavior of arch dam-reservoir-foundation systems", KSCE J. Civil Eng., 15(2), 295-303, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-011-0815-7.
  34. Sevim, B., Bayraktar, A. and Altunisik, A.C. (2011b), "Investigation of water length effects on the modal behavior of a prototype arch dam using operational and analytical modal analyses", Struct. Eng. Mech., 37(6), 593-615. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2011.37.6.593.
  35. Tekie, P. and Ellingwood, B. (2003), "Seismic fragility assessment of concrete gravity dams", Earthq Eng Struct. Dyn., 32, 2221-2240. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.325.
  36. Url-1 (2019), https://www.thekikarlodge.com/bhakra-dam.
  37. Url-2 (2019), http://www.strongmotioncenter.org
  38. USACE (1995), Gravity Dam Design, EM-1110-2-2200, US Army Corps of Engineers USA.
  39. USACE (2003), Time-History Dynamic Analysis of Concrete Hydraulic Structures, Engineering Manual, EM 1110-2-6051, US Army Corps of Engineers, USA.
  40. USDIBR (1976), Design of Gravity Dams, Design Manual for Concrete Gravity Dams, United States Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation, Colorado, USA.
  41. Valamanesh, V., Estekanchi, H.E., Vafai, A. and Ghaemian, M. (2011), "Application of the endurance time method in seismic analysis of concrete gravity dams", Sci. Iranica, 18(3), 326-337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scient.2011.05.039.
  42. Valliappan, S., Yazdchi, M. and Khalili, N. (1996), "Earthquake analysis of gravity dams based on damage mechanics concept", Int. J. Numer. Anal. Meth. Geomech., 20(10), 725-751. https://doi.org/10.1002/.
  43. Varughese, J. and Nikithan, S. (2016), "Seismic behavior of concrete gravity dams", Adv. Comput. Des., 1(2), 195-206. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/acd.2016.1.2.195.
  44. Wang, M., Chen, J., Fan, S. and Lv, S. (2014), "Experimental study on high gravity dam strengthened with reinforcement for seismic resistance on shaking table", Struct. Eng. Mech., 51(4), 663-683. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2014.51.4.663.
  45. Wilson, E.L. and Khalvati, M. (1983), "Finite elements for the dynamic analysis of fluid-solid systems", Int. J. Numer. Meth. Eng., 19, 1657-1668. https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620191105.
  46. Zeidan, B.A. (2015), "Effect of foundation flexibility on dam-reservoir-foundation interaction", 18th Int. Water Tech. Conf. (IWTC18), Sharm ElSheikh, Egpyt, March.
  47. Ziaolhagh, S.H., Goudarzi, M. and Sani, A.A. (2016), "Free vibration analysis of gravity dam-reservoir system utilizing 21 node-33 Gauss point triangular elements", Coupl. Syst. Mech., 5(1), 59-86. https://doi.org/10.12989/csm.2016.5.1.059.