Earthquakes and Structures

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Failure effect of earthquake in Greece: A method for determining the restoration

  • Chatziangelou, Maria A. (Department of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus)
  • Received : 2021.05.11
  • Accepted : 2021.08.12
  • Published : 2021.10.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The unexpected effect of a distant earthquake is studied in this paper, which caused a landslide at the eastern part of the hotel "Atrium" in Thassos Island, Northern Aegean Sea in Greece. The area is geologically located in the tectonic active fault damage zone of gneiss and sandstone. The movement of the fault was activated by the earthquake and accelerated the slope sliding. In order to describe the mechanism of the sliding and decide the appropriate restoration, the rock mass classification of Blastability Quality System (BQS) is used. The results are combined with those of the classical Slope Mass Rating (SMR) classification system and it is showed that both estimates are really close. Considering the presence of the active fault and the rock mass quality as it was estimated by the above classifications, the restoration can be a flexible system with gabions and benches which follow the geometry of the potential critical sliding cycle so, it can absorb the fault movement during future earthquakes. The cracked small wedges can be prevented from sliding by wire mess. In addition to all of them, a drainage system and toe ditch needs to drive the water of the rainfall out of the slope.

Keywords

References

  1. Ajoy, G.H. and Akhilesh, J. (2012), Blasting in Mining - New Trends, Taylor & Francis, CRC Press.
  2. Bieniawski, Z.T. (1989), Engineering Rock Mass Classifications, Wiley, New York.
  3. Chatziangelou, M. and Christaras, B. (2017), "A New Development of BQS (Blastability Quality System) for closely Spaced Formations", J. Geologic. Resoure Eng., David Publishing, 1, 24-37.
  4. Coppola, L. (2018), Hydrogeological Instability in Cohesive Soils: Techniques for Prediction, Prevention and Control, Springer.
  5. Deere, D. (1988), The Rock Quality Designation (RQD) Index in Practice. In Rock Classification Systems for Engineering Purposes. ASTM International.
  6. Derbal, R., Benmansour, N., Djafouw, M., Matallah, M. and Ivorra, S. (2019), "Viaduct seismic response under spatial variable ground motion considering site conditions", Earthq. Struct., 17 (6), 557-566. https://dx. doi.org/10.12989/eas.2019.17.6.557.
  7. Christaras, B. and Chatziangelou, M. (2014), "Blastability quality system (BQS) for using it, in bedrock excavation", Struct. Eng. Mech., 51(5), 823-845. http://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2014.51.5.823.
  8. Hocking, G. (1976), "A method for distinquishing between single and double plane sliding of tetrahedral wedges", Int. J. Rock Mech. Mining Sci., 13, 225-226. http://worldcat.org/issn/00207624. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(76)91697-1
  9. Hoek, E. and Brown, E.T. (2019), "The Hoek - Brown failure criterion and GSI - 2018 edition", J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng., 2, 445-463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2018.08.001
  10. Hoek, E., Carranza-Torres, C.T. and Corkum, B. (2002), "Hoek - Brown failure criterion - 2002 Edition", Proc. NARMS-TAC Conference, Toronto, 1, 267-273.
  11. Isik, E., Aydin, M.C. and Buyuksarac, A. (2020), "24 January 2020 Sivrice (Elazig) earthquake damages and determintation of earthquake parameters in the region", Earthq. Struct., 19 (2), 145-146, https://dx. doi.org/10.15989/eas.2020.19.2.145.
  12. Janin, A., Rodriguez, M., Sakellariou, D., Lykousis, V. and Gorini, C.H. (2019), "Tsunamigenic potential of a Holocene submarine landslide along the North Anatolian fault (northern Aegean Sea, off Thasos island): insights from numerical modelling", Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 121-136. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-121-2019.
  13. Kassaras, I., Kapetanidis, V., Ganas Ath., Tzanis, A., Dosma, C.H., Karakonstantis, A., Valkaniotis, S., Chailas, S., Kouskouna, V. Papadimitriou, P. (2020), "The new seismotectonic Atlas of Greece (v.10) and Its Implementation", Geosci.,10 (447), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10110447.
  14. Markland, J.T. (1972), "A useful technique for estimating the stability of rock slopes when the rigid wedge sliding type of failure is expected", Imperial College Rock Mechanics Research Report, 19, 1-10.
  15. Palmstrom, A. (2005), "Measurements of and correlations between block size and Rock Quality Designation (RQD)", Tunnels Underground Space Technol., 20, 362-377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2005.01.005.
  16. Pantelidis, L. (2009), "Rock slope stability assessment through rock mass classification systems", Int. J. Rock. Mech. Min., 46, 315-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2008.06.003.
  17. Papazachos, B.C. and Papazachou, C.C. (2002), The Earthquakes of Greece, Ziti Publications.
  18. Romana, M. Tomas, R. and Seron, J.B. (2015). "Slope mass Rating (SMR) geomechanics classification: thirty years review", Proceedings - International Symposium on Rock Mechanics, ISRM Congress, Quebec, Canada, 10.
  19. Romana, M., Seron, J.B., Montalar, E.N. (2003), "Slope mass Rating (SMR) geomechanics classification: Tirty yeras review", ISRM Congress 2015, Proceeding International Symposium on rock Mechanics, Quebec, May.
  20. Romana, N. (1985), "New adjustment ratings for application of Bieniawski classification to slopes", ISRM, Proceeding of the International Symposioum of Rock Mechanics, Excavation, Mining & Civil Works, Mexico City, 59-68.
  21. Sisman, R. and Ayvaz, Y. (2020), "Dynamic interaction effects of byried structures on seimic response of surface structures", Earthq. Struct., 19(1), 1-16, https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2020.19.1.001.
  22. Surana, M. (2020), "Seismic fragility curves using pulse-like and spectrally equivalent ground - motion records", Earthq. Struct., 19(2), 79-90, https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2020.19.2.079.
  23. Thessaloniki, Romana, M., Tomas, R. and Seron, J.B. (2015), "Slope Mass Rating (SMR) geomechanics classification: Thirty years review", Proceedings of International Symposium on Rock Mechanics, Quebec, Canada.
  24. Wu, F. and Wang, S. (2001), "Strength theory of homogeneous jointed rock mass", Geotechnique, 51(9), 815-818. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2001.51.9.815.
  25. Zhang, L. (2016), "Determination and applications of rock quality designation (RQD)", J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng., 8, 389-397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2015.11.008.