Computers and Concrete

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Effect of limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) on the fire safety of concrete structures

  • Gupta, Sanchit (Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore) ;
  • Singh, Dheerendra (Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore) ;
  • Gupta, Trilok (Department of Civil Engineering, College of Technology and Engineering, MPUAT) ;
  • Chaudhary, Sandeep (Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore)
  • Received : 2021.05.10
  • Accepted : 2022.04.20
  • Published : 2022.04.25
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Abstract

Limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) is a low carbon alternative to conventional cement. Literature shows that using limestone and calcined clay in LC3 increases the thermal degradation of LC3 pastes and can increase the magnitude of fire risk in LC3 concrete structures. Higher thermal degradation of LC3 paste prompts this study toward understanding the fire performance of LC3 concrete and the associated magnitude of fire risk. For fire performance, concrete prepared using ordinary Portland cement (OPC), pozzolanic Portland cement (PPC) and LC3 were exposed to 16 scenarios of different elevated temperatures (400℃, 600℃, 800℃, and 1000℃) for different durations (0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h, and 4 h). After exposure to elevated temperatures, mass loss, residual ultrasonic pulse velocity (rUPV) and residual compressive strength (rCS) were measured as the residual properties of concrete. XRD (X-ray diffraction), TGA (thermogravimetric analysis) and three-factor ANOVA (analysis of variance) are also used to compare the fire performance of LC3 with OPC and PPC. Monte Carlo simulation has been used to assess the magnitude of fire risk in LC3 structures and devise recommendations for the robust application of LC3. Results show that LC3 concrete has weaker fire performance, with average rCS being 11.06% and 1.73% lower than OPC and PPC concrete. Analysis of 106 fire scenarios, in Indian context, shows lower rCS and higher failure probability for LC3 (95.05%, 2.22%) than OPC (98.16%, 0.22%) and PPC (96.48%, 1.14%). For robust application, either LC3 can be restricted to residential and educational structures (failure probability <0.5%), or LC3 can have reserve strength (factor of safety >1.08).

Keywords

Acknowledgement

The authors acknowledge the support provided by Dr. Vinod Kumar and Sheetal Kumar Dewangan from the Indian Institute of Technology Indore for conducting the TGA of cement pastes. The authors also acknowledge the material and financial support provided by the Indian Institute of Technology Indore. The authors will also like to mention that this research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

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