Applied Microscopy

  • Volume 52
  • /
  • Pages.4.1-4.11
  • /
  • 2022
  • /
  • 2287-5123(pISSN)
  • /
  • 2287-4445(eISSN)
Korean Society of Microscopy (한국현미경학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Biological applications of the NanoSuit for electron imaging and X-microanalysis of insulating specimens

  • Ki Woo Kim (Department of Ecology and Environmental System, Kyungpook National University)
  • Received : 2022.03.14
  • Accepted : 2022.04.21
  • Published : 2022.12.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) is an essential tool for observing surface details of specimens in a high vacuum. A series of specimen procedures precludes the observations of living organisms, resulting in artifacts. To overcome these problems, Takahiko Hariyama and his colleagues proposed the concept of the "nanosuit" later referred to as "NanoSuit", describing a thin polymer layer placed on organisms to protect them in a high vacuum in 2013. The NanoSuit is formed rapidly by (i) electron beam irradiation, (ii) plasma irradiation, (iii) Tween 20 solution immersion, and (iv) surface shield enhancer (SSE) solution immersion. Without chemical fixation and metal coating, the NanoSuit-formed specimens allowed structural preservation and accurate element detection of insulating, wet specimens at high spatial resolution. NanoSuit-formed larvae were able to resume normal growth following FESEM observation. The method has been employed to observe unfixed and uncoated bacteria, multicellular organisms, and paraffin sections. These results suggest that the NanoSuit can be applied to prolong life in vacuo and overcome the limit of dead imaging of electron microscopy.

Keywords

References

  1. S.S. Agasti, S. Rana, M.H. Park, C.K. Kim, C.C. You, V.M. Rotello, Nanoparticles for detection and diagnosis. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 62, 316-328 (2010)
  2. E. Bormashenko, Liquid marbles: properties and applications. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 16, 266-271 (2011)
  3. J. Friedrich, Mechanisms of plasma polymerization- Reviewed from a chemical point of view. Plasma Process. Polym. 8, 783-802 (2011)
  4. Y.F. Fu, C.Q. Yuan, X.Q. Bai, Marine drag reduction of shark skin inspired riblet surface. Biosurf. Biotribol. 3, 11-24 (2017)
  5. M. Fujita, A. Blanke, S. Nomura, R. Machida, Simple, artifact-free SEM observations of insect embryos: Application of the Nano-suit method to insect embryology. Proc. Arthropod. Embryol. Soc. Jpn. 50, 7-10 (2016)
  6. A.R.P. Goncalves, X. Paredes, A.F. Cristino, F.J.V. Santos, C.S.G.P. Queiros, Ionic liquids-A review of their toxicity to living organisms. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22, 5612 (2021)
  7. S.I. Haque, Y. Matsubara, Salinity tolerance and sodium localization in mycorrhizal strawberry plants. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 49, 2782-2792 (2018)
  8. T. Hariyama, Y. Takaku, C. Senoh, S. Yamada, T. Itoh, C. Suzuki, S. Takehara, S. Hirakawa, H. Kawasaki, Living organisms under an electron microscope: The NanoSuit® method aiming for medical and industrial applications. J. Photopolym. Sci. Technol. 33, 517-522 (2020)
  9. K.I. Jonsson, E. Rabbow, R.O. Schill, M. Harms-Ringdahl, P. Rettberg, Tardigrades survive exposure to space in low earth orbit. Curr. Biol. 18, R729-R731 (2008)
  10. M. Kasahara, S.I. Akimoto, T. Hariyama, Y. Takaku, S.I. Yusa, S. Okada, K. Nakajima, T. Hirai, H. Mayama, S. Okada, S. Deguchi, Y. Nakamura, S. Fujii, Liquid marbles in nature: Craft of aphids for survival. Langmuir 35, 6169-6178 (2019)
  11. H. Kawasaki, T. Itoh, Y. Takaku, H. Suzuki, I. Kosugi, S. Meguro, T. Iwashita, T. Hariyama, The NanoSuit method: A novel histological approach for examining paraffin sections in a nondestructive manner by correlative light and electron microscopy. Lab. Investig. 100, 161-173 (2020)
  12. H. Kawasaki, H. Suzuki, M. Maekawa, T. Hariyama, Combination of the NanoSuit method and gold/platinum particle-based lateral flow assay for quantitative and highly sensitive diagnosis using a desktop scanning electron microscope. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 196, 113924 (2021)
  13. H. Kikuchi, T. Matsumoto, T. Hiraide, Y. Ozaki, A. Hirotsu, T. Murakami, T. Kawabata, Y. Hiramatsu, K. Kamiya, T. Sakaguchi, Y. Takaku, I. Ohta, T. Hariyama, H. Konno, Direct observation of colorectal cancers using field-emission scanning electron microscopy with a thin polymer membrane, the NanoSuit. AACR 77: Abstract number 1862 (2017)
  14. K.W. Kim, Visualization of micromorphology of leaf epicuticular waxes of the rubber tree Ficus elastica by electron microscopy. Micron 39, 976-984 (2008)
  15. K.W. Kim, Ambient variable pressure field emission scanning electron microscopy for trichome profiling of Plectranthus tomentosa by secondary electron imaging. Appl. Microsc. 43, 34-39 (2013)
  16. K.W. Kim, Methanol fixation for scanning electron microscopy of plants. Appl. Microsc. 50, 10 (2020)
  17. S. Kuwabata, A. Kongkanand, D. Oyamatsu, T. Torimoto, Observation of ionic liquid by scanning electron microscope. Chem. Lett. 35, 600-601 (2006)
  18. Y. Mashimo, R. Machida, Embryological evidence substantiates the subcoxal theory on the origin of pleuron in insects. Sci. Rep. 7, 12597 (2017)
  19. M. Miyazaki, Y. Hirai, H. Moriya, M. Shimomura, A. Miyauchi, H. Liu, Biomimetic biblets inspired by sharkskin denticles: Digitizing, modeling and flow simulation. J. Bionic. Eng. 15, 999-1011 (2018)
  20. M. Mutoh, S. Abe, A. Hyono, H. Matsuura, K. Nakahishi, K. Kawai, M. Nakamura, S. Inoue, Y. Yoshida, J. Iida, T. Yonezawa, Electroconductive pretreatment of several types of non-conductive wet biological samples for SEM using a room temperature ionic liquid: Simple and rapid conductive preparation. Nano Biomed. 7, 72-80 (2015)
  21. I. Ohta, Y. Takaku, H. Suzuki, D. Ishii, Y. Muranaka, M. Shimomura, T. Hariyama, Dressing living organisms in a thin polymer membrane, the NanoSuit, for high-vacuum FE-SEM observation. Microscopy 63, 295-300 (2014)
  22. O.U. Ruangwong, P. Wonglom, N. Phoka, N. Suwannarach, S. Lumyong, S.I. Ito, A. Sunpapao, Biological control activity of Trichoderma asperelloides PSU-P1 against gummy stem blight in muskmelon (Cucumis melo). Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 115, 101663 (2021)
  23. K. Shinmura, H. Kawasaki, S. Baba, I. Ohta, H. Kato, H. Yasuda, S. Yamada, K. Misawa, K. Sugimoto, S. Osawa, M. Sato, T. Hariyama, H. Sugimura, Utility of scanning electron microscopy elemental analysis using the 'NanoSuit' correlative light and electron microscopy method in the diagnosis of lanthanum phosphate deposition in the esophagogastroduodenal mucosa. Diagnostics 10, 1 (2019)
  24. K. Shinmura, K. Kusafuka, H. Kawasaki, H. Kato, T. Hariyama, K. Tsuchiya, Y. Kawanishi, K. Funai, K. Misawa, H. Mineta, H. Sugimura, Identification and characterization of primary cilia-positive salivary gland tumours exhibiting basaloid/myoepithelial differentiation. J. Pathol. 254, 519-530 (2021)
  25. Y. Sun, S.M. Lee, B.J. Ku, E.A. Park, M.J. Moon, Capture silk scaffold production in the cribellar web spider. Appl. Microsc. 51, 11 (2021)
  26. H. Suzuki, Y. Takaku, I. Ohta, D. Ishii, Y. Muranaka, M. Shimomura, T. Hariyama, In situ preparation of biomimetic thin films and their surface-shielding effect for organisms in high vacuum. PLoS One 8, e78563 (2013)
  27. C. Takahashi, Y. Umemura, A. Naka, H. Yamamoto, SEM imaging of the stimulatory response of RAW264.7 cells against Porphyromonas gingivalis using a simple technique employing new conductive materials. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 106, 1280-1285 (2018)
  28. Y. Takaku, H. Suzuki, I. Ohta, D. Ishii, Y. Muranaka, M. Shimomura, T. Hariyama, A thin polymer membrane, nano-suit, enhancing survival across the continuum between air and high vacuum. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 110, 7631-7635 (2013)
  29. Y. Takaku, H. Suzuki, I. Ohta, T. Tsutsui, H. Matsumoto, M. Shimomura, T. Hariyama, A 'NanoSuit' surface shield successfully protects organisms in high vacuum: Observations on living organisms in an FE-SEM. Proc. R. Soc. B 282, 20142857 (2015)
  30. Y. Takaku, H. Suzuki, H. Kawasaki, I. Ohta, D. Ishii, S. Hirakawa, T. Tsutsui, H. Matsumoto, S. Takehara, C. Nakane, K. Sakaida, C. Suzuki, Y. Muranaka, H. Kikuchi, H. Konno, M. Shimomura, T. Hariyama, A modifed 'NanoSuit® ' preserves wet samples in high vacuum: Direct observations on cells and tissues in field-emission scanning electron microscopy. R. Soc. Open Sci. 4, 160887 (2017)
  31. Y. Takaku, S. Takehara, C. Suzuki, H. Suzuki, M. Shimomura, T. Hariyama, In situ elemental analyses of living biological specimens using 'NanoSuit' and EDS methods in FE-SEM. Sci. Rep. 10, 14574 (2020)
  32. S. Takehara, Y. Takaku, H. Suzuki, I. Ohta, M. Shimomura, T. Hariyama, A 'NanoSuit' successfully protects petals of cherry blossoms in high vacuum: Examination of living plants in an FE-SEM. Sci. Rep. 8, 1685 (2018)
  33. S. Takehara, Y. Takaku, M. Shimomura, T. Hariyama, Imaging dataset of fresh hydrous plants obtained by field-emission scanning electron microscopy conducted using a protective NanoSuit. PLoS One 15, e0232992 (2020)
  34. G. Wheway, L. Nazlamova, J.T. Hancock, Signaling through the primary cilium. Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 6, 8 (2018)