DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Evolution of Tall Building Structures with Perimeter Diagonals for Sustainable Vertical Built Environments

  • 발행 : 2023.12.29

초록

Tall buildings are built with an abundant amount of materials, including structural materials, coming from our limited natural resources. Tall buildings that began from about 10-story tall office towers have evolved to over 150-story tall mixed-use megastructures. As a building becomes taller, structural material requirement to resist lateral wind loads becomes exponentially larger. Therefore, it is crucial to employ efficient structural systems and optimize their design, which will contribute to sustainable vertical built environments through preservation of resources. Tube type structures with large perimeter diagonals are among the most efficient structural systems for tall buildings. Developments of braced tube, braced megatube, diagrid structures, and their optimal design strategies are reviewed. Superframed conjoined towers, produced by interconnecting multiple clustered braced tubes, are presented as a new design direction to achieve not only structural but also architectural and social sustainable design goals.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Abalos, I and Herreros, J., 2003. Tower and Office: From Modernist Theory to Contemporary Practice. Cambridge: MIT Press.
  2. Ali, M.M. 2001. Art of the Skyscraper: The Genius of Fazlur Khan. New York: Rizzoli.
  3. Ali, M.M. and Moon, K., 2007. "Structural Developments in Tall Buildings: Currents Trends and Future Prospects," Architectural Science Review, 50(3), 205-223. https://doi.org/10.3763/asre.2007.5027
  4. Ali, M.M. and Moon, K., 2018. "Advances in Structural Systems for Tall Buildings: Emerging Developments for Contemporary Urban Giants," Buildings, 2018, 8(8), 104; doi: 10.3390/buildings8080104.
  5. Baker, W., Besjak, C., McElhatten, B., and Biswas, P., 2009. "555 m Tall Lotte Super Tower, Seoul, South Korea," Proceedings of Structures Congress, Austin, TX, April 30 - May 2.
  6. Billington, D.P. 1983. The Tower and the Bridge: The New Art of Structural Engineering. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  7. Condit, C. The Rise of the Skyscraper. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1952.
  8. Condit, C. American Building Art: The 19th Century. New York: Oxford University Press, 1961.
  9. Condit, C. American Building Art: The 20th Century. New York: Oxford University Press, 1961.
  10. Connor, J.J., 2003. Introduction to Structural Motion Control. New York: Prentice Hall.
  11. Jenney, W.L.B. "The Construction of a Heavy Fire-Proof Building on a Compressive Soil," Sanitary Engineer XIII Dec. 10, 1885.
  12. Jenney, W.L.B. "Chicago Construction or Steel Skeleton Construction," 1889. (from Burnham Library-University of Illinois Project to Microfilm Architectural Documentation Records, 1950-1952.
  13. Jenney, W.L.B. "Chicago Construction, or Tall Buildings on Compressive Soil," Sanitary Engineering Record XXIV Nov. 14, 1891.
  14. Khan, F.R., 1970. "Recent Structural Systems in Steel for High-Rise Buildings," Proceedings of the Conference on Steel in Architecture (London, 1969). London: British Constructional Steelwork Association.
  15. Khan, F.R., 1972. "Influence of Design Criteria on Selection of Structural Systems for Tall Buildings," Proceedings of the Canadian Structural Engineering Conference. Toronto: Canadian Steel Industries Construction Council.
  16. Khan, F.R., 1973. "Evolution of Structural Systems for High-Rise Buildings in Steel and Concrete," Proceedings of the Regional Conference on Tall Buildings, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia.
  17. Khan, F.R., 1974. "New Structural Systems for Tall Buildings and Their Scale Effect on Cities," Proceedings of the Symposium on Tall Buildings: Planning, Design & Construction, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, November.
  18. Khan, Y.S., 2004. Engineering Architecture: the Vision of Fazlur R. Khan, W.W.Norton & Company, New York and London.
  19. Kowalczyk, R., Sinn, R., and Kilmister, M. B., 1995. Structural Systems for Tall Buildings. Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat Monograph. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  20. Landau, S. and Condit, C. Rise of the New York Skyscraper, 1865-1913. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996.
  21. Leslie, T. Chicago Skyscrapers 1871-1934. Urbana, Chicago and Springfield: University of Illinois Press, 2013.
  22. Liu, P., Luo, N., Whitlock, R., and Lei, L., 2014. "Case Study: China Zun Tower, Beijing," CTBUH Journal: International Journal on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat Journal, Issue III, 14-20.
  23. Moon, K., Connor, J. J. and Fernandez, J. E., 2007. Diagrid Structural Systems for Tall Buildings: Characteristics and Methodology for Preliminary Design, The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings, 16(2), 205-230. https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.311
  24. Moon, K., 2008. Optimal Grid Geometry of Diagrid Structures for Tall Buildings, Architectural Science Review, 51(3), 239-251. https://doi.org/10.3763/asre.2008.5129
  25. Moon. K., 2010. "Stiffness-Based Design Methodology for Steel Braced Tube Structures: A Sustainable Approach," Engineering Structures, 32, 3163-3170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.06.004
  26. Moon, K. "Sustainable Structural Engineering for Contemporary Tall Buildings of Diverse Geometries," Proceedings of Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitats 9th World Congress: Asia Ascending: Age of the Sustainable Skyscraper City, September 19-21, 2012, Shanghai.
  27. Moon, K., 2014. "Comparative Efficiency of Structural Systems for Steel Tall Buildings," International Journal of Sustainable Building Technology and Urban Development. 5-3, 230-237. https://doi.org/10.1080/2093761X.2014.948099
  28. Moon, K., 2015. Supertall Asia/Middle East: Technological Responses and Cultural Impacts, Buildings Special Issue: Eco-Towers: Technology, Sustainability, and Resilience, 5, 814-833. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings5030814
  29. Moon, K., 2018. Developments of Structural Systems Towards Mile-High Towers, International Journal of Hi-Rise Buildings. 7(3), 197-214.
  30. Moon, K., 2018. Cantilever Architecture, Routledge, London and New York.
  31. Moon, K. and Miranda, M., 2020. Conjoined Towers for Livable and Sustainable Vertical Urbanism, International Journal of Hi-Rise Buildings. 9(4), 1-10.
  32. Moon, K., 2021. Structural Performance of Superframed Conjoined Towers, The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings, DOI:10.1002/tal.1857.
  33. Mujica, F. History of the Skyscraper. New York: Archaeology and Architecture Press, 1930.
  34. Condit, C. The Chicago School of Architecture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964.
  35. Rastorfer, D., 1985. William J. LeMessurier's Super-Tall Structures: Architecture-Engineering, Architectural Record, 173(2), 150-157.
  36. Schueller, W., 1990. The Vertical Structure, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, NY.
  37. Simiu, E. and Scanlan, R.H., 1986. Wind Effects on Structures: An Introduction to Wind Engineering. New York: Wiley.
  38. Smith, B. and Coull, A., 1991. Tall Building Structures: Analysis and Design. Wiley, New York, NY.
  39. Taranath, B., 1998. Steel, Concrete, & Composite Design of Tall Buildings. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  40. Tallmadge, T.E. Report of the Committee Appointed by the Trustees of the Estate of Marshall Field for the Examination of the Structure of the Home Insurance Building. Nov. 24, 1931.
  41. Tallmadge, T.E. "Was the Home Insurance Building in Chicago the First Skyscraper or Skeleton Construction?" The Architectural Record. Aug. 1934. 113-118.
  42. Tallmadge, T.E. (Ed). The Origin of the Skyscraper: Report of the Committee Appointed by the Trustees of the Estate of Marshall Field for the Examination of the Structure of the Home Insurance Building. Chicago: Alderbrink Press, 1939.
  43. Tallmadge, T.E. Architecture in Old Chicago, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1941.
  44. Tamboli, A.R. (ed.), 2014. Tall and Supertall Buildings: Planning and Design, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.