Animal Bioscience

Asian Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies (아세아태평양축산학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effects of different levels of dietary crude protein on growth performance, blood profiles, diarrhea incidence, nutrient digestibility, and odor emission in weaning pigs

  • Hongjun Kim (Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University) ;
  • Haewon Shin (Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University) ;
  • Yoo Yong Kim (Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University)
  • Received : 2022.11.21
  • Accepted : 2023.02.02
  • Published : 2023.08.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Objective: This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of dietary crude protein (CP) on growth performance, blood profiles, diarrhea incidence, nutrient digestibility, and odor emission in weaning pigs. Methods: A total of 240 weaning ([Yorkshire×Landrace]×Duroc) pigs (8.25±0.050 kg body weight [BW]) were assigned to six treatments based on sex and initial BW, with five replicates of eight pigs per pen in a randomized complete block design. Experimental diets with different crude protein levels for early and late weaning phases were as follows: i) CP16, corn-soybean-based diet containing 16%/15% CP; ii) CP17, corn-soybean-based diet containing 17%/16% CP; iii) CP18, corn-soybean-based diet containing 18%/17% CP; iv) CP19, corn-soybean-based diet containing 19%/18% CP; v) CP20, corn-soybean-based diet containing 20%/19% CP; and vi) CP21, corn-soybean-based diet containing 21%/20% CP. Results: In the early weaning period, average daily feed intake increased when the dietary CP level decreased (linear, p<0.05). During the entire experimental period, average daily gain and the gain to feed ratio decreased when the dietary CP level increased (linear, p<0.01). Additionally, a decrease in dietary CP level resulted in a linear increase in final BW (linear, p<0.05). In the early and late weaning periods, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) decreased when the dietary CP level decreased (linear, p<0.01). There were no significant differences in creatinine, glucose, total protein, triglyceride or insulin-like factor-1 levels over the experimental period. The concentrations of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG were not significantly affected by dietary CP levels during the experimental period. In the early weaning period, fecal and urine N decreased when the dietary CP level decreased (linear, p<0.01). No differences in nutrient digestibility among the treatments during the early weaning period were found. Throughout the whole experimental period, when the dietary CP level decreased in the weaning pig diet, the diarrhea incidence decreased linearly (linear, p<0.01). Throughout the whole experimental period, when the dietary CP level decreased in the weaning pig diet, ammonia, amines and hydrogen sulfide decreased linearly (linear, p<0.01). Conclusion: Reducing dietary CP could decrease diarrhea incidence, the concentration of BUN in serum and odor emission in manure. Furthermore, it could improve N excretion in feces and urine and growth performance in weaning pigs.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by the Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (IPET) through the Livestock Industrialization Technology Development Program, funded by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA) (project no. 321080-3).

References

  1. Heo JM. Opapeju FO, Pluske JR, Kim JC, Hampson DJ, Nyachoti CM. Gastrointestinal health and function in weaned pigs: a review of feeding strategies to control post-weaning diarrhoea without using in-feed antimicrobial compounds. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 2013;97:207-37. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.2012.01284.x
  2. Lynegaard JC, Kjeldsen NJ, Bache JK, et al. Low protein diets without medicinal zinc oxide for weaned pigs reduced diarrhoea treatments and average daily gain. Animal 2021;15:100075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2020.100075
  3. Callesen J, Halas D, Thorup F, et al. The effects of weaning age, diet composition, and categorisation of creep feed intake by piglets on diarrhoea and performance after weaning. Livest Sci 2007;108:120-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2007.01.014
  4. Pluske JR. Gut development: interactions between nutrition, gut health and immunity in young pigs. Gut efficiency; the key ingredient in pig and poultry production. Wageningen, The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers; 2008. pp. 39-56.
  5. Heo JM, Kim JC, Hansen CF, Mullan BP, Hampson DJ, Pluske JR. Feeding a diet with decreased protein content reduces indices of protein fermentation and the incidence of postweaning diarrhea in weaned pigs challenged with an enterotoxigenic strain of Escherichia coli. J Anim Sci 2009;87:2833-43. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2008-1274
  6. Gaskins HR. Intestinal bacteria and their influence on swine growth. Swine nutrition. CRC Press; 2000. pp. 605-28.
  7. Steinfeld H, Wassenaar T, Jutzi S. Livestock production systems in developing countries: status, drivers, trends. Rev Sci Tech 2006;25:505-16.
  8. Pierce KM, Callan JJ, McCarthy P, O'Doherty JV. The interaction between lactose level and crude protein concentration on piglet post-weaning performance, nitrogen metabolism, selected faecal microbial populations and faecal volatile fatty acid concentrations. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2007;132:267-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.02.010
  9. Crocker AW, Robison OW. Genetic and nutritional effects on swine excreta. J Anim Sci 2002;80:2809-16. https://doi.org/10.2527/2002.80112809x
  10. Portejoie S, Dourmad JY, Martinez J, Lebreton Y. Effect of lowering dietary crude protein on nitrogen excretion, manure composition and ammonia emission from fattening pigs. Livest Prod Sci 2004;91:45-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livprodsci.2004.06.013
  11. Toledo JB, Furlan AC, Pozza PC, et al. Reduction of the crude protein content of diets supplemented with essential amino acids for piglets weighing 15 to 30 kilograms. R Bras Zootec 2014;43:301-9. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982014000600004
  12. Philippe FX, Laitat M, Canart B, Vandenheede M, Nicks B. Comparison of ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions during the fattening of pigs, kept either on fully slatted floor or on deep litter. Livest Sci 2007;111:144-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2006.12.012
  13. Le PD, Aarnink AJA, Jongbloed AW, Vander Peet-Schwering CMC, Ogink NWM, Verstegen MWA. Effects of dietary crude protein level on odour from pig manure. Animal 2007;1:734-44. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731107710303
  14. Kim BG, Lindemann MD. A new spreadsheet method for the experimental animal allotment. J Anim Sci 2007;85:112.
  15. Committee on Nutrient Requirements of Swine, National Research Council. Nutrient requirements of swine. 11th ed. Washington, DC, USA: National Academy Press; 2012.
  16. AOAC. Official methods of analysis. 16th Edition. Washing-tons, DC, USA: Association of Official Analytical Chemists; 1995.
  17. Kim YJ, Cho SB, Song MH, et al. Effects of different Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis ratios on nutrient digestibility, fecal microflora, and gas emissions of growing pigs. J Anim Sci Technol 2022;64:291-301. https://doi.org/10.5187/jast.2022.e12
  18. SAS. SAS user's guide: Statistics (Version 7 Ed.). Cary, NC, USA: SAS Inst. Inc.; 2004.
  19. Luo J, Lei H, Shen L, et al. Estimation of growth curves and suitable slaughter weight of the Liangshan pig. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2015;28:1252-8. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.15.0010
  20. Nyachoti CM, Omogbenigun FO, Rademacher M, Blank G. Performance responses and indicators of gastrointestinal health in early-weaned pigs fed low-protein amino acid-supplemented diets. J Anim Sci 2006;84:125-34. https://doi.org/10.2527/2006.841125x
  21. Yue LY, Qiao SY. Effects of low-protein diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids on performance and intestinal development in piglets over the first 2 weeks after weaning. Livest Sci 2008;115:144-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2007.06.018
  22. Cui Z, Wang X, Hou Z, et al. Low-protein diet supplemented with medium-chain fatty acid glycerides improves the growth performance and intestinal function in post-weaning piglets. Animals 2020;10:1852. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101852
  23. Peng X, Hu L, Liu Y, et al. Effects of low-protein diets supplemented with indispensable amino acids on growth performance, intestinal morphology and immunological parameters in 13 to 35 kg pigs. Animal 2016;10:1812-20. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731116000999
  24. Zhou H, Chen D, Mao X, et al. Evaluation of standardized ileal digestible lysine requirement for 8-20 kg pigs fed low crude protein diets. Anim Sci J 2019;90:237-46. https://doi.org/10.1111/asj.13142
  25. Heo JM, Kim JC, Hansen F, Mullan BP, Hampson DJ, Pluske JR. Effects of feeding low protein diets to piglets on plasma urea nitrogen, faecal ammonia nitrogen, the incidence of diarrhoea and performance after weaning. Arch Anim Nutr 2008;62:343-58. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450390802327811
  26. Opapeju FO, Rademacher M, Blank G, Nyachoti CM. Effect of low-protein amino acid-supplemented diets on the growth performance, gut morphology, organ weights and digesta characteristics of weaned pigs. Animal 2008;2:1457-64. https://doi.org/10.1017/S175173110800270X
  27. Yu DF, Zhu XF, Feng JY, et al. Effect of low-protein diet on hormones associated with growth and on gut microbiota in weaned piglets, Acta Microbiologica Sinica 2019;58:1695-704.
  28. Baxmann AC, Ahmed MS, Marques NC. Influence of muscle mass and physical activity on serum and urinary creatinine and serum cystatin C. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008;3:348-54. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.02870707
  29. Huo Y, Zhan J, Yu T, Zhu J, Zhao G. The effect of diet with different crude protein levels on growth performance, meat quality and serum parameters in Huai pigs. Acta Prataculturae Sinica 2015;24:133-41.
  30. Matthews JO, Southern LL, Pontif JE, Higbie AD, Bidner TD. Interactive effects of betaine, crude protein, and net energy in finishing pigs. J Anim Sci 1998;76:2444-55. https://doi.org/10.2527/1998.7692444x
  31. Miller ER, Ullre DE, Ackerma I. Swine hematology from birth to maturity. I. Serum protein. J Anim Sci 1961;20:31-5. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1961.20131x
  32. Buzanovskii VA. Determination of proteins in blood. Part 1: Determination of total protein and albumin. Rev J Chem 2017;7:79-124. https://doi.org/10.1134/S2079978017010010
  33. Morales A, Buenabad L, Castillo G, et al. Low protein amino acid-supplemented diets for growing pigs: effect on expression of amino acid transporters, serum concentration, performance, and carcass composition. J Anim Sci 2015;93:2154-64. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2014-8834
  34. Zhang S, Chu L, Qiao S, Mao X, Zeng X. Effects of dietary leucine supplementation in low crude protein diets on performance, nitrogen balance, whole-body protein turnover, carcass characteristics and meat quality of finishing pigs. Anim Sci J 2016;87:911-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/asj.12520
  35. Tomasi Jr, TB, Bienenstock J. Secretory immunoglobulins. Adv Immunol 1968;9:1-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2776(08)60441-1
  36. Blecha F. Biology of the domestic pig. Immunoglobulins. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell University Press; 2001. pp. 688-711.
  37. Carney-Hinkle EE, Tran H, Bundy JW, Moreno R, Miller PS, Burkey TE. Effect of dam parity on litter performance, transfer of passive immunity, and progeny microbial ecology. J Anim Sci 2013;91:2885-93. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2011-4874
  38. Rooke JA, Bland IM. The acquisition of passive immunity in the new-born piglet. Livest Prod Sci 2002;78:13-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(02)00182-3
  39. Brandtzaeg P. Role of secretory antibodies in the defence against infections. Int J Med Microbiol 2003;29:3-15. https://doi.org/10.1078/1438-4221-00241
  40. Lee JH, Kim HB, Yun W, et al. Effects of reducing dietary crude protein and metabolic energy in weaned piglets. S Afr J Anim Sci 2017;47:574-81. https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v47i4.16
  41. Kim YJ, Lee JH, Kim TH, et al. Effect of low protein diets added with protease on growth performance, nutrient digestibility of weaned piglets and growing-finishing pigs. J Anim Sci Technol 2021;63:491-500. https://doi.org/10.5187/jast.2021.e49
  42. Lordelo MM, Gaspar AM, Le Bellego L, Freire JPB. Isoleucine and valine supplementation of a low-protein corn-wheat-soybean meal-based diet for piglets: growth performance and nitrogen balance. J Anim Sci 2008;86:2936-41. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2007-0222
  43. Bujnak L, Bindas L, Maskaiova I, Mihok T, Lackova PT, Nad P. Effects of low protein diets with amino acids supplementation on biochemical and faeces parameters in weaned piglets. Acta Fytotechn Zootechnol 2019;22:71-5. https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2019.22.03.71-75
  44. Ball MEE, Magowan E, McCracken KJ, et al. The effect of level of crude protein and available lysine on finishing pig performance, nitrogen balance and nutrient digestibility. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2013;26:564-72. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2012.12177
  45. Pfeiffer A, Henkel H, Verstegen MWA, Philipczyk I. The influence of protein intake on water balance, flow rate and apparent digestibilty of nutrients at the distal ileum in growing pigs. Livest Prod Sci 1995;44:179-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-6226(95)00070-4
  46. McCracken KJ, Eddie SM, Stevenson WG. Energy and protein nutrition of early-weaned pigs. 1. effect of energy intake and energy: Protein on growth, efficiency and nitrogen utilization of pigs between 8-32 d. Br J Nutr 1980;43:289-304. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN19800092
  47. Zervas S, Zijlstra RT. Effects of dietary protein and fermentable fibre on nitrogen excretion patterns and plasma urea in grower pigs. J Anim Sci 2002;80:3247-56. https://doi.org/10.2527/2002.80123247x
  48. Opapeju FO, Rodriguez-Lecompte JC, Rademacher M, Krause DO, Nyachoti CM. Low crude protein diets modulate intestinal responses in weaned pigs challenged with Escherichia coli K88. Can J Anim Sci 2015;95:71-8. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjas-2014-071
  49. Park S, Lee JJ, Yang BM, et al. Dietary protease improves growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal morphology of weaned pigs. J Anim Sci Technol 2020;62:21-30. https://doi.org/10.5187/jast.2020.62.1.21
  50. Htoo JK, Araiza BA, Sauer WC, et al. Effect of dietary protein content on ileal amino acid digestibility, growth performance, and formation of microbial metabolites in ileal and cecal digesta of early-weaned pigs. J Anim Sci 2007;85:3303-12. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2007-0105
  51. Wellock IJ, Fortomaris PD, Houdijk JGM, Kyriazakis I. Effects of dietary protein supply, weaning age and experimental enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection on newly weaned pigs: health. Animal 2008;2:834-42. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731108002048
  52. Portejoie S, Dourmad JY, Martinez J, Lebreton Y. Effect of lowering dietary crude protein on nitrogen excretion, manure composition and ammonia emission from fattening pigs. Livest Prod Sci 2004;91:45-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livprodsci.2004.06.013
  53. Leek ABG, Hayes ET, Curran TP, et al. The influence of manure composition on emissions of odour and ammonia from finishing pigs fed different concentrations of dietary crude protein. Bioresour Technol 2007;98:3431-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2006.11.003