Advances in concrete construction

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Simulating the performance of the reinforced concrete beam using artificial intelligence

  • Yong Cao (School of Rail Transit, Chengdu Vocational & Technical College of Industry) ;
  • Ruizhe Qiu (School of Civil Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University) ;
  • Wei Qi (School of Rail Transit, Chengdu Vocational & Technical College of Industry)
  • Received : 2021.06.13
  • Accepted : 2023.04.03
  • Published : 2023.04.25
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Abstract

In the present study, we aim to utilize the numerical solution frequency results of functionally graded beam under thermal and dynamic loadings to train and test an artificial neural network. In this regard, shear deformable functionally-graded beam structure is considered for obtaining the natural frequency in different conditions of boundary and material grading indices. In this regard, both analytical and numerical solutions based on Navier's approach and differential quadrature method are presented to obtain effects of different parameters on the natural frequency of the structure. Further, the numerical results are utilized to train an artificial neural network (ANN) using AdaGrad optimization algorithm. Finally, the results of the ANN and other solution procedure are presented and comprehensive parametric study is presented to observe effects of geometrical, material and boundary conditions of the free oscillation frequency of the functionally graded beam structure.

Keywords

References

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  158. Razavian, L., Naghipour, M., Shariati, M. and Safa, M. (2020), "Experimental study of the behavior of composite timber columns confined with hollow rectangular steel sections under compression", Struct. Eng. Mech., Int. J., 74(1), 145-156. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2020.74.1.145 
  159. Sabzevari, F., Amelirad, O., Moradi, Z. and Habibi, M. (2023), "Artificial intelligence evaluation of COVID-19 restrictions and speech therapy effects on the autistic children's behavior", Scientific Reports, 13(1), 4312. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-25902-y 
  160. Sadeghipour Chahnasir, E., Zandi, Y., Shariati, M., Dehghani, E., Toghroli, A., Mohamed, E.T., Shariati, A., Safa, M., Wakil, K. and Khorami, M. (2018), "Application of support vector machine with firefly algorithm for investigation of the factors affecting the shear strength of angle shear connectors", Smart Struct. Syst., Int. J., 22(4), 413-424. http://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2018.22.4.413 
  161. Safa, M., Shariati, M., Ibrahim, Z., Toghroli, A., Bin Baharom, S., Nor, N.M. and Petkovic, D. (2016), "Potential of adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system for evaluating the factors affecting steel-concrete composite beam's shear strength", Steel Compos. Struct., Int. J., 21(3), 679-688. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2016.21.3.679 
  162. Safa, M., Sari, P.A., Shariati, M., Suhatril, M., Trung, N.T., Wakil, K. and Khorami, M. (2020), "Development of neuro-fuzzy and neuro-bee predictive models for prediction of the safety factor of eco-protection slopes", Phys. a-Statist. Mech. Applicat., 550, 124046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2019.124046 
  163. Safarpour, H., Ghanizadeh, S.A. and Habibi, M. (2018), "Wave propagation characteristics of a cylindrical laminated composite nanoshell in thermal environment based on the nonlocal strain gradient theory", Eur. Phys. J. Plus, 133(12), 532. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/i2018-12385-2 
  164. Safarpour, H., Hajilak, Z.E. and Habibi, M. (2019a), "A size-dependent exact theory for thermal buckling, free and forced vibration analysis of temperature dependent FG multilayer GPLRC composite nanostructures restring on elastic foundation", Int. J. Mech Mater. Des., 15(3), 569-583. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10999-018-9431-8 
  165. Safarpour, H., Pourghader, J. and Habibi, M. (2019b), "Influence of spring-mass systems on frequency behavior and critical voltage of a high-speed rotating cantilever cylindrical three-dimensional shell coupled with piezoelectric actuator", J. Vib. Control, 25(9), 1543-1557. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077546319828465 
  166. Safarpour, M., Ebrahimi, F., Habibi, M. and Safarpour, H. (2020), "On the nonlinear dynamics of a multi-scale hybrid nanocomposite disk", Eng. Comput., 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00366-020-00949-5 
  167. Sajedi, F. and Shariati, M. (2019), "Behavior study of NC and HSC RCCs confined by GRP casing and CFRP wrapping", Steel Compos. Struct., Int. J., 30(5), 417-432. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2019.30.5.417 
  168. Sedghi, Y., Zandi, Y., Shariati, M., Ahmadi, E., Azar, V.M., Toghroli, A., Safa, M., Mohamad, E.T., Khorami, M. and Wakil, K. (2018), "Application of ANFIS technique on performance of C and L shaped angle shear connectors", Smart Struct. Syst., Int. J., 22(3), 335-340. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2018.22.3.335 
  169. Shah, S.N.R., Sulong, N.H.R., Shariati, M. and Jumaat, M.Z. (2015), "Steel Rack Connections: Identification of Most Influential Factors and a Comparison of Stiffness Design Methods", Plos One, 10(10), e0139422. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0139422 
  170. Shah, S.N.R., Sulong, N.H.R., Jumaat, M.Z. and Shariati, M. (2016a), "State-of-the-art review on the design and performance of steel pallet rack connections", Eng. Fail. Anal., 66, 240-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2016.04.017 
  171. Shah, S.N.R., Sulong, N.H.R., Khan, R., Jumaat, M.Z. and Shariati, M. (2016b), "Behavior of Industrial Steel Rack Connections", Mech. Syst. Signal Process., 70-71, 725-740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2015.08.026 
  172. Shah, S.N.R., Sulong, N.H.R., Shariati, M., Khan, R. and Jumaat, M.Z. (2016c), "Behavior of steel pallet rack beam-to-column connections at elevated temperatures", Thin-Wall. Struct., 106, 471-483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2016.05.021 
  173. Shahabi, S.E.M., Sulong, N.H.R., Shariati, M., Mohammadhassani, M. and Shah, S.N.R. (2016a), "Numerical analysis of channel connectors under fire and a comparison of performance with different types of shear connectors subjected to fire", Steel Compos. Struct., Int. J., 20(3), 651-669. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2016.20.3.651 
  174. Shahabi, S.E.M., Sulong, N.H.R., Shariati, M. and Shah, S.N.R. (2016b), "Performance of shear connectors at elevated temperatures-A review", Steel Compos. Struct., Int. J., 20(1), 185-203. DOI 10.12989/scs.2016.20.1.185 
  175. Shao, Y., Zhao, Y., Gao, J. and Habibi, M. (2021), "Energy absorption of the strengthened viscoelastic multi-curved composite panel under friction force", Arch. Civil Mech. Eng., 21(4), 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43452-021-00279-3 
  176. Shariat, M., Shariati, M., Madadi, A. and Wakil, K. (2018), "Computational Lagrangian Multiplier Method by using for optimization and sensitivity analysis of rectangular reinforced concrete beams", Steel Compos. Struct., Int. J., 29(2), 243-256. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2018.29.2.243 
  177. Shariati, M. (2008), Assessment Building Using None-destructive Test Techniques (ultra Sonic Pulse Velocity and Schmidt Rebound Hammer), Universiti Putra Malaysia 
  178. Shariati, M. (2013), Behaviour of C-shaped Shear Connectors in Stell Concrete Composite Beams, Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam, Fakulti Kejuruteraan, Universiti Malaya. 
  179. Shariati, M., Ramli Sulong, N.H. and Arabnejad Khanouki, M.M. (2010), "Experimental and analytical study on channel shear connectors in light weight aggregate concrete", Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Steel & Composite Structures, Sydney, Australia, July. 
  180. Shariati, M., Ramli-Sulong, N.H., Arabnejad, K.H.M.M., Shafigh, P. and Sinaei, H. (2011a), "Assessing the strength of reinforced concrete structures through Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity and Schmidt Rebound Hammer tests", Scientif. Res. Essays, 6(1), 213-220. https://doi.org/10.5897/SRE10.879 
  181. Shariati, M., Ramli Sulong, N.H., Arabnejad Khanouki, M.M. and Mahoutian, M. (2011b), "Shear resistance of channel shear connectors in plain, reinforced and lightweight concrete", Scientif. Res. Essays, 6(4), 977-983. 
  182. Shariati, M., Ramli Sulong, N.H., Arabnejad Khanouki, M.M. and Shariati, A. (2011c), "Experimental and numerical investigations of channel shear connectors in high strength concrete", Proceedings of the 2011 World Congress on Advances in Structural Engineering and Mechanics (ASEM'11+). 
  183. Shariati, M., Ramli Sulong, N.H., Sinaei, H., Arabnejad Khanouki, M.M. and Shafigh, P. (2011d), "Behavior of Channel Shear Connectors in Normal and Light Weight Aggregate Concrete (Experimental and Analytical Study)", Adv. Mater. Res., 168, 2303-2307. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.168-170.2303 
  184. Shariati, A., Ramli Sulong, N.H., Suhatril, M. and Shariati, M. (2012a), "Various types of shear connectors in composite structures: A review", Int. J. Phys. Sci., 7(22), 2876-2890. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJPSx11.004 
  185. Shariati, M., Ramli Sulong, N.H., Suhatril, M., Shariati, A., Arabnejad Khanouki, M.M. and Sinaei, H. (2012b), "Fatigue energy dissipation and failure analysis of channel shear connector embedded in the lightweight aggregate concrete in composite bridge girders", Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Engineering Failure Analysis, The Hague, The Netherlands, July. 
  186. Shariati, M., Sulong, N.H.R. and Khanouki, M.M.A. (2012c), "Experimental assessment of channel shear connectors under monotonic and fully reversed cyclic loading in high strength concrete", Mater. Des., 34, 325-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2011.08.008 
  187. Shariati, M., Sulong, N.H.R., Suhatril, M., Shariati, A., Khanouki, M.M.A. and Sinaei, H. (2012d), "Behaviour of C-shaped angle shear connectors under monotonic and fully reversed cyclic loading: An experimental study", Mater. Des., 41, 67-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.04.039 
  188. Shariati, M., Sulong, N.H.R., Suhatril, M., Shariati, A., Khanouki, M.M.A. and Sinaei, H. (2013), "Comparison of behaviour between channel and angle shear connectors under monotonic and fully reversed cyclic loading", Constr. Build. Mater., 38, 582-593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.07.050 
  189. Shariati, A., Shariati, M., Sulong, N.H.R., Suhatril, M., Khanouki, M.M.A. and Mahoutian, M. (2014a), "Experimental assessment of angle shear connectors under monotonic and fully reversed cyclic loading in high strength concrete", Constr. Build. Mater., 52(0), 276-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.11.036 
  190. Shariati, M., Shariati, A., Sulong, N.H.R., Suhatril, M. and Khanouki, M.M.A. (2014b), "Fatigue energy dissipation and failure analysis of angle shear connectors embedded in high strength concrete", Eng. Fail. Anal., 41, 124-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2014.02.017 
  191. Shariati, M., Ramli Sulong, N.H., Shariati, A. and Khanouki, M.A. (2015), "Behavior of V-shaped angle shear connectors: experimental and parametric study", Mater. Struct., 49(9), 3909-3926. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-015-0762-8 
  192. Shariati, M., Sulong, N.H.R., Shariati, A. and Kueh, A.B.H. (2016), "Comparative performance of channel and angle shear connectors in high strength concrete composites: An experimental study", Constr. Build. Mater., 120, 382-392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.05.102 
  193. Shariati, M., Toghroli, A., Jalali, A. and Ibrahim, Z. (2017), "Assessment of stiffened angle shear connector under monotonic and fully reversed cyclic loading", Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Advances in Civil, Structural and Mechanical Engineering-CSM 2017. 
  194. Shariati, M., Tahir, M.M., Wee, T.C., Shah, S.N.R., Jalali, A., Abdullahi, M.M. and Khorami, M. (2018), "Experimental investigations on monotonic and cyclic behavior of steel pallet rack connections", Eng. Fail. Anal., 85, 149-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2017.08.014 
  195. Shariati, M., Faegh, S.S., Mehrabi, P., Bahavarnia, S., Zandi, Y., Masoom, D.R., Toghroli, A., Trung, N.T. and Salih, M.N.A. (2019a), "Numerical study on the structural performance of corrugated low yield point steel plate shear walls with circular openings", Steel Compos. Struct., Int. J., 33(4), 569-581. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2019.33.4.569 
  196. Shariati, M., Heyrati, A., Zandi, Y., Laka, H., Toghroli, A., Kianmehr, P., Safa, M., Salih, M.N.A. and Poi-Ngian, S. (2019b), "Application of waste tire rubber aggregate in porous concrete", Smart Struct. Syst., Int. J., 24(4), 553-566. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2019.24.4.553 
  197. Shariati, M., Mafipour, M.S., Mehrabi, P., Bahadori, A., Zandi, Y., Salih, M.N.A., Nguyen, H., Dou, J., Song, X. and Poi-Ngian, S. (2019c), "Application of a Hybrid Artificial Neural Network-Particle Swarm Optimization (ANN-PSO) Model in Behavior Prediction of Channel Shear Connectors Embedded in Normal and High-Strength Concrete", Appl. Sci.-Basel, 9(24), 5534. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9245534 
  198. Shariati, M., Mafipour, M.S., Mehrabi, P., Zandi, Y., Dehghani, D., Bahadori, A., Shariati, A., Trung, N.T., Salih, M.N.A. and PoiNgian, S. (2019d), "Application of Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) and Genetic Programming (GP) to design steel-concrete composite floor systems at elevated temperatures", Steel Compos. Struct., Int. J., 33(3), 319-332. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2019.33.3.319 
  199. Shariati, M., Rafie, S., Zandi, Y., Fooladvand, R., Gharehaghaj, B., Mehrabi, P., Shariat, A., Trung, N.T., Salih, M.N.A. and PoiNgian, S. (2019e), "Experimental investigation on the effect of cementitious materials on fresh and mechanical properties of self-consolidating concrete", Adv. Concrete Constr., Int. J., 8(3), 225-237. https://doi.org/10.12989/acc.2019.8.3.225 
  200. Shariati, M., Trung, N.T., Wakil, K., Mehrabi, P., Safa, M. and Khorami, M. (2019f), "Moment-rotation estimation of steel rack connection using extreme learning machine", Steel Compos. Struct., Int. J., 31(5), 427-435. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2019.31.5.427 
  201. Shariati, A., Habibi, M., Tounsi, A., Safarpour, H. and Safa, M. (2020a), "Application of exact continuum size-dependent theory for stability and frequency analysis of a curved cantilevered microtubule by considering viscoelastic properties", Eng. Comput., 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00366-020-01024-9 
  202. Shariati, A., Mohammad-Sedighi, H., Zur, K.K., Habibi, M. and Safa, M. (2020b), "On the vibrations and stability of moving viscoelastic axially functionally graded nanobeams", Mater., 13(7), 1707. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13071707 
  203. Shariati, A., Mohammad-Sedighi, H., Zur, K.K., Habibi, M. and Safa, M. (2020c), "Stability and dynamics of viscoelastic moving rayleigh beams with an asymmetrical distribution of material parameters", Symmetry, 12(4), 586. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12040586 
  204. Shariati, M., Ghorbani, M., Naghipour, M., Alinejad, N. and Toghroli, A. (2020d), "The effect of RBS connection on energy absorption in tall buildings with braced tube frame system", Steel Compos. Struct., Int. J., 34(3), 393-407. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2020.34.3.393 
  205. Shariati, M., Grayeli, M., Shariati, A. and Naghipour, M. (2020e), "Performance of composite frame consisting of steel beams and concrete filled tubes under fire loading", Steel Compos. Struct., Int. J., 36(5), 587-602. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2020.36.5.587 
  206. Shariati, M., Lagzian, M., Maleki, S., Shariati, A. and Trung, N.T. (2020f), "Evaluation of seismic performance factors for tension-only braced frames", Steel Compos. Struct., Int. J., 35(4), 599-609. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2020.35.4.599 
  207. Shariati, M., Mafipour, M.S., Ghahremani, B., Azarhomayun, F., Ahmadi, M., Trung, N.T. and Shariati, A. (2020g), "A novel hybrid extreme learning machine-grey wolf optimizer (ELMGWO) model to predict compressive strength of concrete with partial replacements for cement", Eng. Comput., 38, 757-779. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00366-020-01081-0 
  208. Shariati, M., Mafipour, M.S., Haido, J.H., Yousif, S.T., Toghroli, A., Trung, N.T. and Shariati, A. (2020h), "Identification of the most influencing parameters on the properties of corroded concrete beams using an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS)", Steel Compos. Struct., Int. J., 34(1), 155-170. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2020.34.1.155 
  209. Shariati, M., Mafipour, M.S., Mehrabi, P., Ahmadi, M., Wakil, K., Trung, N.T. and Toghroli, A. (2020i), "Prediction of concrete strength in presence of furnace slag and fly ash using Hybrid ANN-GA (Artificial Neural Network-Genetic Algorithm)", Smart Struct. Syst., Int. J., 25(2), 183-195. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2020.25.2.183 
  210. Shariati, M., Mafipour, M.S., Mehrabi, P., Shariati, A., Toghroli, A., Trung, N.T. and Salih, M.N. (2020j), "A novel approach to predict shear strength of tilted angle connectors using artificial intelligence techniques", Eng. Comput., 37, 2109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00366-019-00930-x 
  211. Shariati, M., Naghipour, M., Yousofizinsaz, G., Toghroli, A. and Tabarestani, N.P. (2020k), "Numerical study on the axial compressive behavior of built-up CFT columns considering different welding lines", Steel Compos. Struct., Int. J., 34(3), 377-391. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2020.34.3.377 
  212. Shariati, M., Tahmasbi, F., Mehrabi, P., Bahadori, A. and Toghroli, A. (2020l), "Monotonic behavior of C and L shaped angle shear connectors within steel-concrete composite beams: an experimental investigation", Steel Compos. Struct., Int. J., 35(2), 237-247. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2020.35.2.237 
  213. Shariati, M., Davoodnabi, S.M., Toghroli, A., Kong, Z.Y. and Shariati, A. (2021), "Hybridization of metaheuristic algorithms with adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system to predict load-slip behavior of angle shear connectors at elevated temperatures", Compos. Struct., 278, 114524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.114524 
  214. Shokrgozar, A., Safarpour, H. and Habibi, M. (2020), "Influence of system parameters on buckling and frequency analysis of a spinning cantilever cylindrical 3D shell coupled with piezoelectric actuator", Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: J. Mech. Eng. Sci., 234(2), 512-529. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954406219883312 
  215. Simsek, M. (2010), "Fundamental frequency analysis of functionally graded beams by using different higher-order beam theories", Nuclear Eng. Des., 240(4), 697-705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2009.12.013 
  216. Sinaei, H., Jumaat, M.Z. and Shariati, M. (2011), "Numerical investigation on exterior reinforced concrete Beam-Column joint strengthened by composite fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP)", Int. J. Phys. Sci., 6(28), 6572-6579. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJPS11.1225 
  217. Sinaei, H., Shariati, M., Abna, A.H., Aghaei, M. and Shariati, A. (2012), "Evaluation of reinforced concrete beam behaviour using finite element analysis by ABAQUS", Scientif. Res. Essays, 7(21), 2002-2009. https://doi.org/10.5897/SRE11.1393 
  218. Taati, E., Borjalilou, V., Fallah, a., Famida and Ahmadian, M.T. (2020), "On size-dependent nonlinear free vibration of carbon nanotube-reinforced beams based on the nonlocal elasticity theory: Perturbation technique", Mech. Based Des. Struct. Mach., 50(6), 2124-2146. https://doi.org/10.1080/15397734.2020.1772087 
  219. Tahmasbi, F., Maleki, S., Shariati, M., Ramli Sulong, N.H. and Tahir, M.M. (2016), "Shear Capacity of C-Shaped and L-Shaped Angle Shear Connectors", PLoS One, 11(8), e0156989. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156989 
  220. Toghroli, A., Mohammadhassani, M., Suhatril, M., Shariati, M. and Ibrahim, Z. (2014), "Prediction of shear capacity of channel shear connectors using the ANFIS model", Steel Compos. Struct., Int. J., 17(5), 623-639. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2014.17.5.623 
  221. Toghroli, A., Suhatril, M., Ibrahim, Z., Safa, M., Shariati, M. and Shamshirband, S. (2016), "Potential of soft computing approach for evaluating the factors affecting the capacity of steel-concrete composite beam", J. Intell. Manuf., 29(8), 1793-1801. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10845-016-1217-y 
  222. Toghroli, A., Shariati, M., Karim, M.R. and Ibrahim, Z. (2017), "Investigation on composite polymer and silica fume-rubber aggregate pervious concrete", Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Advances in Civil, Structural and Mechanical Engineering - CSM 2017, Zurich, Switzerland, September. 
  223. Toghroli, A., Shariati, M., Sajedi, F., Ibrahim, Z., Koting, S., Mohamad, E.T. and Khorami, M. (2018), "A review on pavement porous concrete using recycled waste materials", Smart Struct. Syst., Int. J., 22(4), 433-440. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2018.22.4.433 
  224. Toghroli, A., Mehrabi, P., Shariati, M., Trung, N.T., Jahandari, S. and Rasekh, H. (2020), "Evaluating the use of recycled concrete aggregate and pozzolanic additives in fiber-reinforced pervious concrete with industrial and recycled fibers", Constr. Build. Mater., 252, 118997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118997 
  225. Trung, N.T., Alemi, N., Haido, J.H., Shariati, M., Baradaran, S. and Yousif, S.T. (2019a), "Reduction of cement consumption by producing smart green concretes with natural zeolites", Smart Struct. Syst., Int. J., 24(3), 415-425. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2019.24.3.415 
  226. Trung, N.T., Shahgoli, A.F., Zandi, Y., Shariati, M., Wakil, K., Safa, M. and Khorami, M. (2019b), "Moment-rotation prediction of precast beam-to-column connections using extreme learning machine", Struct. Eng. Mech., Int. J., 70(5), 639-647. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2019.70.5.639 
  227. Wang, Z., Yu, S., Xiao, Z. and Habibi, M. (2020), "Frequency and buckling responses of a high-speed rotating fiber metal laminated cantilevered microdisk", Mech. Adv. Mater. Struct., 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/15376494.2020.1824284 
  228. Wang, D., Ren, B., Cui, B., Wang, J., Wang, X. and Guan, T. (2021), "Real-time monitoring for vibration quality of fresh concrete using convolutional neural networks and IoT technology", Automat. Constr., 123, 103510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2020.103510 
  229. Wang, H., Habibi, M., Marzouki, R., Majdi, A., Shariati, M., Denic, N., Zakic, A., Khorami, M., Khadimallah, M.A. and Ebid, A.A.K. (2022a), "Improving the Self-Healing of Cementitious Materials with a Hydrogel System", Gels, 8(5), 278. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels8050278 
  230. Wang, M., Yang, X. and Wang, W. (2022b), "Establishing a 3D aggregates database from X-ray CT scans of bulk concrete", Constr. Build. Mater., 315, 125740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125740 
  231. Wang, P., Gao, Z., Pan, F., Moradi, Z., Mahmoudi, T. and Khadimallah, M.A. (2022c), "A couple of GDQM and iteration techniques for the linear and nonlinear buckling of bidirectional functionally graded nanotubes based on the nonlocal strain gradient theory and high-order beam theory", Eng. Anal. Bound. Elem., 143, 124-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enganabound.2022.06.007 
  232. Wang, Y., Yang, J., Moradi, Z., Safa, M. and Khadimallah, M.A. (2022d), "Nonlinear dynamic analysis of thermally deformed beams subjected to uniform loading resting on nonlinear viscoelastic foundation", Eur. J. Mech.-A/Solids, 95, 104638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euromechsol.2022.104638 
  233. Wang, X., Wu, S., Yin, J., Moradi, Z., Safa, M. and Khadimallah, M.A. (2023), "On the electromechanical energy absorption of the reinforced composites piezoelectric MEMS via Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system and MCS theory", Compos. Struct., 303, 116246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2022.116246 
  234. Wei, X., Shariati, M., Zandi, Y., Pei, S.L., Jin, Z.B., Gharachurlu, S., Abdullahi, M.M., Tahir, M.M. and Khorami, M. (2018), "Distribution of shear force in perforated shear connectors", Steel Compos. Struct., Int. J., 27(3), 389-399. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2018.27.3.389 
  235. Wu, J. and Habibi, M. (2021), "Dynamic simulation of the ultrafast-rotating sandwich cantilever disk via finite element and semi-numerical methods", Eng. Comput., 38, 4217-4143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00366-021-01396-6 
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  243. Yazdani, M., Kabirifar, K., Frimpong, B.E., Shariati, M., Mirmozaffari, M. and Boskabadi, A. (2020), "Improving construction and demolition waste collection service in an urban area using a simheuristic approach: A case study in Sydney, Australia", J. Cleaner Product., 280, 124138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124138 
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