Computers and Concrete

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effects of the location and size of web openings on shear behavior of clamped-clamped reinforced concrete beams

  • Ceyhun Aksoylu (Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Konya Technical University) ;
  • Yasin Onuralp Ozkilic (Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Necmettin Erbakan University) ;
  • Ibrahim Y. Hakeem (Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Najran University) ;
  • Ilker Kalkan (Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kirikkale University)
  • Received : 2023.03.06
  • Accepted : 2023.09.14
  • Published : 2024.03.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The present study pertains to the effects of variations in the location and size of drilled web openings on the behavior of fixed-fixed reinforced concrete (RC) beams. For this purpose, a reference bending beam with a transverse opening in each half span was tested to failure. Later, the same beam was modeled and analyzed with the help of finite element software using ABAQUS. Upon achieving close agreement between the experimental and numerical results, the location and size of the web opening were altered to uncover the effects of these factors on the shear strength and load-deflection behavior of RC beams. The experimental failure mode of the tested beam and the numerical results were also verified by theoretical calculations. In numerical analysis, when compared to the reference (D0) specimen, if the distance of the opening center from the support is 0 or h or 2h, reduction in load-bearing capacity of 1.5%-22.8% or 2.0%-11.3% or is 4.1%-40.7%. In other words, both the numerical analyses and theoretical calculations indicated that the beam behavior shifted from shear-controlled to flexure-controlled as the openings approached the supports. Furthermore, the deformation capacities, energy absorption values, and the ductilities of the beams with different opening diameters also increased with the decreasing distance of the opening from supports. Web compression failure was shown to be the predominant mode of failure of beams with large diameters due to the lack of sufficient material in the diagonal compression strut of the beam. The present study indicated that transverse openings with diameters, not exceeding about 1/3 of the entire beam depth, do not cause the premature shear failure of RC beams. Finally, shear damage should be prevented by placing special reinforcements in the areas where such gaps are opened.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

The authors thank the Deanship of Scientific Research at Najran University for funding this work under the Research Groups Funding program grant code (NU/RG/SERC/12/11).

References

  1. Abdel-Kareem, A.H. (2014), "Shear strengthening of reinforced concrete beams with rectangular web openings by FRP composites", Adv. Concrete Constr., 2(4), 281. https://doi.org/10.12989/acc.2014.2.4.281.
  2. Abedini, M. and Zhang, C. (2022), "Residual capacity assessment of post-damaged RC columns exposed to high strain rate loading", Steel Compos. Struct., 45(3), 389-408. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2022.45.3.389.
  3. ABAQUS manual (2012), ABAQUS Version 6.12-1 Documentation, Dassault Systemes SIMULIA Corporation, Providence, RI, USA.
  4. AIJ (1988), Standard for the Structural Calculation of Reinforced Concrete Structures, Architectural Institute of Japan, Tokyo, Japan.
  5. Aksoylu, C. and Kara, N. (2019), "Guclendirme teknigi olarak yeni nesil on uretimli beton panel uygulamasinin arastirilmasi", Selcuk univ. J. Eng. Sci. Technol., 7(2), 346-361. https://doi.org/10.15317/Scitech.2019.204.
  6. Aksoylu, C. and Kara, N. (2020), "Strengthening of RC frames by using high strength diagonal precast panels", J. Build. Eng., 31, 101338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101338.
  7. Aksoylu, C., Ozkilic, Y.O., Yazman, S., Lokman, G. and Arslan, M. (2021), "Inceltilmis uclu onuretimli asik kirislerinin yuk tasima kapasitelerinin deneysel ve numerik olarak irdelenmesi ve cozum onerileri", Turkish J. Civil Eng., 32(3), 10823-10858. https://doi.org/10.18400/tekderg.667066.
  8. Aksoylu, C. and Sezer, R. (2018), "Investigation of precast new diagonal concrete panels in strengthened the infilled reinforced concrete frames", KSCE J. Civil Eng., 22(1), 236-246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-017-1290-6.
  9. Aksoylu, C., Yazman, S., Ozkilic, Y.O., Gemi, L. and Arslan, M.H. (2020), "Experimental analysis of reinforced concrete shear deficient beams with circular web openings strengthened by CFRP composite", Compos. Struct., 249, 112561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.112561.
  10. Al-Enezi, M.S., Yousef, A.M. and Tahwia, A.M. (2023), "Shear capacity of UHPFRC deep beams with web openings", Case Stud. Constr. Mater., 18, e02105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e02105.
  11. Almusallam, T., Al-Salloum, Y., Elsanadedy, H., Alshenawy, A. and Iqbal, R. (2018), "Behavior of FRP-strengthened RC beams with large rectangular web openings in flexure zones: Experimental and numerical study", Int. J. Concrete Struct. Mater., 12(1), 47. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40069-018-0272-5.
  12. Arslan, M.H., Yazman, S., Hamad, A.A., Aksoylu, C., Ozkilic, Y.O. and Gemi, L. (2022), "Shear strengthening of reinforced concrete T-beams with anchored and non-anchored CFRP fabrics", Struct., 39, 527-542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2022.03.046.
  13. Ashour, A.F. and Rishi, G. (2000), "Tests of reinforced concrete continuous deep beams with web openings", ACI Struct. J., 97(3), 418-426. https://doi.org/10.14359/4636.
  14. Aykac, B., Aykac, S., Kalkan, I., Dundar, B. and Can, H. (2014), "Flexural behavior and strength of reinforced concrete beams with multiple transverse openings", ACI Struct. J., 111(2), 267-278.
  15. Aykac, B., Kalkan, I., Aykac, S. and Egriboz, Y.E. (2013), "Flexural behavior of RC beams with regular square or circular web openings", Eng. Struct., 56, 2165-2174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.08.043.
  16. Aykac, S. and Yilmaz, M.C. (2011), "Behaviour and strength of RC beams with regular triangular or circular web openings", J. Fac. Eng. Archit. Gazi Univ., 26(3), 711-718.
  17. Bayramoglu, G. (2012), "Reliability analysis of tested steel I-beams with web openings", Struct. Eng. Mech., 41(5), 575-589. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2012.41.5.575.
  18. Birtel, V. and Mark, P. (2006), "Parameterised finite element modelling of RC beam shear failure", ABAQUS Users' Conference, Boston, MA, USA, May.
  19. Cai, J., Pan, J., Li, G. and Elchalakani, M. (2023), "Behaviors of eccentrically loaded ECC-encased CFST columns after fire exposure", Eng. Struct., 289, 116258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.116258.
  20. Campione, G. and Minafo, G. (2012), "Behaviour of concrete deep beams with openings and low shear span-to-depth ratio", Eng. Struct., 41, 294-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.03.055.
  21. Todeschini, C.E., Bianchini, A.C. and Kesler, C.E. (1964), "Behavior of concrete columns reinforced with high strength steels", ACI J. Proc., 61(6), 701-716. https://doi.org/10.14359/7803.
  22. Dere, Y. (2017), "Assessing a retrofitting method for existing RC buildings with low seismic capacity in Turkey", J. Perform. Constr. Facil., 31(2), 04016098. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000969.
  23. Dere, Y. and Koroglu, M.A. (2017), "Nonlinear FE modeling of reinforced concrete", Int. J. Struct. Civil Eng. Res., 6(1), 71-74. https://doi.org/10.18178/ijscer.6.1.71-74
  24. Doh, J.H., Yoo, T.M., Miller, D., Guan, H. and Fragomeni, S. (2012), "Investigation into the behaviour of deep beam with web openings by finite element", Comput. Concrete, 10(6), 609-630. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2012.10.6.609.
  25. Durif, S., Bouchair, A. and Bacconnet, C. (2015), "Elastic rotational restraint of web-post in cellular beams with sinusoidal openings", Steel Compos. Struct., 18(2), 325-344. http://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2015.18.2.325.
  26. Erfani, S., Naseri, A.B. and Akrami, V. (2012), "The beneficial effects of beam web opening in seismic behavior of steel moment frames", Steel Compos. Struct., 13(1), 35-46. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2012.13.1.035.
  27. Fang, B., Hu, Z., Shi, T., Liu, Y., Wang, X., Yang, D., Zhu, K., Zhao, X. and Zhao, Z. (2023), "Research progress on the properties and applications of magnesium phosphate cement", Ceram. Int., 49(3), 4001-4016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.11.078.
  28. Farouk, M.A., Moubarak, A.M.R., Ibrahim, A. and Elwardany, H. (2023), "New alternative techniques for strengthening deep beams with circular and rectangular openings", Case Stud. Constr. Mater., 19, e02288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e02288.
  29. Gemi, L., Aksoylu, C., Yazman, S., Ozkilic, Y.O. and Arslan, M.H. (2019), "Experimental investigation of shear capacity and damage analysis of thinned end prefabricated concrete purlins strengthened by CFRP composite", Compos. Struct., 229, 111399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.111399.
  30. Gemi, L., Alsdudi, M., Aksoylu, C., Yazman, S., Ozkilic, Y.O. and Arslan, M.H. (2022), "Optimum amount of CFRP for strengthening shear deficient reinforced concrete beams", Steel Compos. Struct., 43(6), 735-757. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2022.43.6.735.
  31. Guo, M., Huang, H., Zhang, W., Xue, C. and Huang, M. (2022), "Assessment of RC frame capacity subjected to a loss of corner column", Journal of Structural Engineering. 148(9), 04022122.
  32. Ha, M.H., Vu, Q.V. and Truong, V.H. (2020), "Optimization of nonlinear inelastic steel frames considering panel zones", Adv. Eng. Softw., 142, 102771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advengsoft.2020.102771.
  33. Hafiz, R.B., Ahmed, S., Barua, S. and Chowdhury, S.R. (2014), "Effects of opening on the behavior of reinforced concrete beam", IOSR J. Mech. Civil Eng., 11(2), 52-61.
  34. Hu, O.E. and Tan, K.H. (2007), "Large reinforced-concrete deep beams with web openings: Test and strut-and-tie results", Magaz. Concrete Res., 59(6), 423-434. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.2007.59.6.423.
  35. Huang, H., Guo, M., Zhang, W. and Huang, M. (2022), "Seismic behavior of strengthened RC columns under combined loadings", Journal of Bridge Engineering. 27(6), 05022005.
  36. Huang, H., Li, M., Zhang, W. and Yuan, Y. (2022), "Seismic behavior of a friction-type artificial plastic hinge for the precast beam-column connection", Arch. Civil Mech. Eng., 22(4), 201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43452-022-00526-1.
  37. Huang, H., Yuan, Y., Zhang, W. and Li, M. (2021), "Seismic behavior of a replaceable artificial controllable plastic hinge for precast concrete beam-column joint", Eng. Struct., 245, 112848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.112848.
  38. Kalkan, I. (2014), "Duzenli bosluklu betonarme kirislerin duzlem ici egilme davranislari", J. Fac. Eng. Archit. Gazi Univ., 29(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.17341/gummfd.94985.
  39. Karim, W., Nasser, A.A. and Daniel, H.R. (1967), "Behavior and design of large openings in reinforced concrete beams", ACI J. Proc., 64(1), 25-33. https://doi.org/10.14359/7540.
  40. Kiymaz, G., Coskun, E. and Seckin, E. (2010), "Transverse load carrying capacity of sinusoidally corrugated steel webs with web openings", Steel Compos. Struct., 10(1), 69-85. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2010.10.1.069.
  41. Li, D., Nie, J.H., Wang, H., Yan, J.B., Hu, C.X. and Shen, P. (2023), "Damage location, quantification and characterization of steel-concrete composite beams using acoustic emission", Eng. Struct., 283, 115866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.115866.
  42. Liao, D., Zhu, S.P., Keshtegar, B., Qian, G. and Wang, Q. (2020), "Probabilistic framework for fatigue life assessment of notched components under size effects", Int. J. Mech. Sci., 181, 105685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2020.105685.
  43. Lisantono, A. (2013), "Nonlinear finite element analysis of torsional R/C hybrid deep T-beam with opening", Comput. Concrete, 11(5), 399-410. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2013.11.5.399.
  44. Liu, C., Cui, J., Zhang, Z., Liu, H., Huang, X. and Zhang, C. (2021), "The role of TBM asymmetric tail-grouting on surface settlement in coarse-grained soils of urban area: Field tests and FEA modelling", Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol., 111, 103857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2021.103857.
  45. Liu, J. and Mihaylov, B. (2019), "Shear strength of RC deep beams with web openings based on two-parameter kinematic theory", Struct. Concrete, 21(1), 349-361. https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.201800356.
  46. Liu, T.J., Chen, S.W., Feng, Z.H. and Liu, H.Y. (2020), "Effect of web openings on flexural behaviour of underground metro station RC beams under static and cyclic loading", Adv. Civil Eng., 2020, 1210485. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1210485.
  47. Liu, Y., Li, J. and Lin, G. (2023), "Seismic performance of advanced three-dimensional base-isolated nuclear structures in complex-layered sites", Eng. Struct., 289, 116247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.116247.
  48. Lu, W.Y., Yu, H.W., Chen, C.L., Liu, S.L. and Chen, T.C. (2015), "High-strength concrete deep beams with web openings strengthened by carbon fiber reinforced plastics", Comput. Concrete, 15(1), 21-35. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2015.15.1.021.
  49. Madenci, E., Onuralp Ozkilic, Y. and Gemi, L. (2020), "Buckling and free vibration analyses of pultruded GFRP laminated composites: Experimental, numerical and analytical investigations", Compos. Struct., 254, 112806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.112806.
  50. Madenci, E., Ozkilic, Y.O. and Gemi, L. (2020), "Experimental and theoretical investigation on flexure performance of pultruded GFRP composite beams with damage analyses", Compos. Struct., 242, 112162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.112162.
  51. Mansur, M. (1992). "Deflections of reinforced concrete beams with web openings", ACI Struct. J., 89(4), 391-397. https://doi.org/10.14359/3019.
  52. Mansur, M.A. (1998), "Effect of openings on the behaviour and strength of R/C beams in shear", Cement Concrete Compos., 20(6), 477-486. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(98)00030-4.
  53. Mansur, M.A. (1999), "Design of reinforced concrete beams with small openings under combined loading", ACI Struct. J., 96(5), 1.
  54. Mansur, M.A., Lee, Y.F., Tan, K.H. and Lee, S.L. (1991), "Tests on RC continuous beams with openings", J. Struct. Eng., 117(6), 1593-1606. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1991)117:6(1593).
  55. Mohamed, A.R., Shoukry, M.S. and Saeed, J.M. (2014), "Prediction of the behavior of reinforced concrete deep beams with web openings using the finite element method", Alexandria Eng. J., 53(2), 329-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2014.03.001.
  56. Morkhade, S.G. and Gupta, L.M. (2017), "Experimental investigation for failure analysis of steel beams with web openings", Steel Compos. Struct., 23(6), 647-656. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2017.23.6.647.
  57. Nie, X.F., Zhang, S.S., Teng, J.G. and Chen, G.M. (2018), "Experimental study on RC T-section beams with an FRP-strengthened web opening", Compos. Struct., 185, 273-285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.11.018.
  58. Ozkilic, Y.O., Aksoylu, C. and Arslan, M.H. (2021), "Numerical evaluation of effects of shear span, stirrup spacing and angle of stirrup on reinforced concrete beam behaviour", Struct. Eng. Mech., 79(3), 309-326. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2021.79.3.309.
  59. Ozkilic, Y.O., Beskopylny, A.N., Stel'makh, S.A., Shcherban, E.M., Mailyan, L.R., Meskhi, B., Chernil'nik, A., Ananova, O., Aksoylu, C. and Madenci, E. (2023), "Lightweight expanded-clay fiber concrete with improved characteristics reinforced with short natural fibers", Case Stud. Constr. Mater., 19, e02367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e02367.
  60. Ozkilic, Y.O., Karalar, M., Aksoylu, C., Beskopylny, A.N., Stel'makh, S.A., Shcherban, E.M., Qaidi, S., da Sa Pereira, I., Monteiro, S.N. and Azevedo, A.R.G. (2023), "Shear performance of reinforced expansive concrete beams utilizing aluminium waste", J. Mater. Res. Technol., 24, 5433-5448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.04.120.
  61. Pepi, C., Cavalagli, N., Gusella, V. and Gioffre, M. (2021), "An integrated approach for the numerical modeling of severely damaged historic structures: Application to a masonry bridge", Adv. Eng. Softw., 151, 102935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advengsoft.2020.102935.
  62. Revfi, S., Mikus, M., Behdinan, K. and Albers, A. (2020), "Bead optimization in long fiber reinforced polymer structures: Consideration of anisotropic material properties resulting from the manufacturing process", Adv. Eng. Softw., 149, 102891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advengsoft.2020.102891.
  63. Senthil, K., Gupta, A. and Singh, S. (2018), "Computation of stress-deformation of deep beam with openings using finite element method", Adv. Concrete Constr., 6(3), 245-268. https://doi.org/10.12989/acc.2018.6.3.245.
  64. Shaaban, I.G., Zaher, A.H., Said, M., Montaser, W., Ramadan, M. and Abd Elhameed, G.N. (2020), "Effect of partial replacement of coarse aggregate by polystyrene balls on the shear behaviour of deep beams with web openings", Case Stud. Constr. Mater., 12, e00328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2019.e00328.
  65. Tang, H., Yang, Y., Li, H., Xiao, L. and Ge, Y. "Effects of chloride salt erosion and freeze-thaw cycle on interface shear behavior between ordinary concrete and self-compacting concrete", Struct., 56, 104990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2023.104990.
  66. Tian, L.M., Li, M.H., Li, L., Li, D.Y. and Bai, C. (2023), "Novel joint for improving the collapse resistance of steel frame structures in column-loss scenarios", Thin Wall. Struct., 182, 110219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2022.110219.
  67. TS500 (2000), Requirements for the Design and Construction of Reinforced Concrete Structures, Turkish Standards Institute, Ankara, Turkiye.
  68. Velrajkumar, G. and Muthuraj, M. (2020), "Effect of position of hexagonal opening in concrete encased steel castellated beams under flexural loading", Comput. Concrete, 26(1), 95-106. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2020.26.1.095.
  69. Wang, M., Yang, X. and Wang, W. (2022), "Establishing a 3D aggregates database from X-ray CT scans of bulk concrete", Constr. Build. Mater., 315, 125740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125740.
  70. Wang, X., Yin, Z., Li, Q. and Shen, S. (2007), "Experimental study of beam-column connections with web opening in a low-rise steel frame", Struct. Eng. Mech., 26(3), 263-276. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2007.26.3.263.
  71. Yang, K.H., Eun, H.C. and Chung, H.S. (2006), "The influence of web openings on the structural behavior of reinforced high-strength concrete deep beams", Eng. Struct., 28(13), 1825-1834. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2006.03.021.
  72. Yildizel, S.A., Ozkilic, Y.O., Bahrami, A., Aksoylu, C., Basaran, B., Hakamy, A. and Arslan, M.H. (2023), "Experimental investigation and analytical prediction of flexural behaviour of reinforced concrete beams with steel fibres extracted from waste tyres", Case Stud. Constr. Mater., 19, e02227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e02227.