DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The New Social Contract and the Digital Bill of Rights : Focusing on Political and Social Context and Institutionalization

새로운 사회계약과 디지털 권리장전: 정치·사회적 맥락과 제도화를 중심으로

  • Jo, Gye-Won (Institute for Political Research, Korea University)
  • Received : 2024.02.02
  • Accepted : 2024.03.05
  • Published : 2024.03.31

Abstract

Digital transformation calls for a new social contract that must transform the existing norms and paradigms of our society. Digital constitutionalism is a way of building new order through a new social contract and is an ideology that aims to establish and ensure a normative framework for the protection of fundamental rights and balance of power in the digital environment. The Internet/Digital Bill of Rights is a representative example of constitutionalization based on this ideology. Initially, it took the form of an informal, non-binding declaration led by civil society organizations or various stakeholders, setting forth normative principles adapted to the changing nature of digital society. More recently, they have taken the form of formal charters, declarations, or laws containing principles at the national or regional level. The "Digital Bill of Rights" proposed by the Korean government can be seen as an example of this trend, but it does not fully reflect the recent trend of Internet/Digital Bills of Rights in terms of substantive and procedural legitimacy. Even if the government provides a certain normative direction, it needs to be combined with a concrete action plan in each area to create a balance of norms with digital technologies and industries instead of simply being a "declaration".

디지털 전환은 우리 사회의 기존 규범과 패러다임을 전환시켜야 할 새로운 사회계약을 요청하고 있다. 디지털 헌정주의는 새로운 사회계약을 통해 신질서를 구축하려는 하나의 방식이라고 할 수 있으며, 디지털 환경에서 기본권 보호와 권력 균형을 위한 규범틀을 확립하고 보장하는 것을 목적으로 하는 이념이다. 인터넷/디지털 권리장전은 이러한 이념에 기초해 헌정주의화를 실천하려는 대표적인 사례라고 할 수 있다. 초기에는 시민단체나 다양한 이해관계자가 주도하여 비공식적이고 구속력 없는 선언의 형태로 디지털 사회의 변화된 특성에 맞는 규범적 원칙을 제시하는 형태를 띠었지만. 최근에는 국가나 지역 차원에서 원칙을 담은 공식 헌장·선언문이나 법의 형태로 구체화되고 있다. 한국 정부가 제시한 「디지털 권리장전」도 이러한 흐름의 연장선상에 있다고 볼 수 있지만 실질적, 절차적 정당성이라는 측면에서 보면 인터넷/디지털 권리장전의 최근 경향을 충분히 반영하지 못하고 있다. 정부가 일정한 규범적 방향을 제시한다 하더라도, 각각의 영역에서 구체적인 실행 계획과 결합되어야 '선언적' 수준에 그치지 않고 디지털 기술 및 산업과 규범의 균형을 만들어낼 수 있을 것이다.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This paper is a revised version of Chapter 8 of the the final report of the Korea Information Society Development Institute (KISDI)'s 2023 policy research project, "Changing Global Norms and Expanding Social Solidarity in the Age of Virtual Convergence". The author thanks the reviewers for their helpful comments.

References

  1. Calzati, S. & Van Loenen, B. (2023). "A Fourth Way to the Digital Transformation: The Data Republic as a Fair Data Ecosystem." Data & Policy, 5, e21.
  2. Celeste, E. (2019). "Digital Constitutionalism: A New Systematic Theorisation." International Review of Law, Computers & Technology, 33(1), 76-99.
  3. Celeste, E. (2023). Digital Constitutionalism: The Role of Internet Bills of Rights. London and New York: Routledge.
  4. Chae, E. (2023). "EU Artificial Intelligence Legislation Progress and Implications." NIA Issue Report, 2023-03, 1-20.
  5. Cho, H. (2016). Human Rights Horizons: A Sketch for a New Human Rights Theory. Seoul: Humanitas.
  6. De Gregorio, G. (2022). Digital Constitutionalism in Europe: Reframing Rights and Powers in the Algorithmic Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  7. Gardels, N. & Berggruen, N. (2019). Renovating Democracy: Governing in the Age of Globalization and Digital Capitalism. California: University of California Press.
  8. Han, I. & Sin, D. (2020). "The Issues and Assignments of Future Legislative Policy on the Platform Labor." Labor Law Forum, 29, 241-268.
  9. Hong, S. (2023). "Study on the U.S. 'Algorithmic Accountability Act of 2022'." Study on The American Constitution, 34(1), 73-107.
  10. Huh, T. (2021). "Digital and Green Coexist: Toward Sustainable Development." Monthly Software Oriented Society, 86, 22-31.
  11. Hwang, S. & Lee, S. (2023). "Declarations and Charters for Digital Rights: The EU, Spain, Portugal Case." GDX Report, 2023-01, 1-31.
  12. Jang, J. (2020). "Rise of Platform Capitalism and its Problems." Sungshin Humanities Research, 42, 161-193. https://doi.org/10.24185/SSWUHR.2020.08.42.161
  13. Jung, H. & Lee, J. (2022). "A Study on Privacy Attitude and Protection Intent of MyData Users: The Effect of Privacy Cynicism." Informatization Policy, 29(2), 37-65.
  14. Jung, I., Lee, K. & Mok, E. (2020). "Analyzing and Responding to Stakeholder-based Regulatory Issues in the Data Industry." STEPI Insight, 248, 1-34.
  15. Jung, W. (2020). "Discrimination and Bias of Artificial Intelligence." Human Beings, Environment and Their Future, 25, 55-73.
  16. Kim, D. & Hong, C. (2020). "Legal Research on the Protection of My Data after the Data 3 Act." Wonkwang Law Review, 36(2), 63-91.
  17. Kim, E. (2023). "A Study on the Improvement of the Legal System for the Promotion of Opening and Utilization of Open Government Data: Focusing on Cases of Refusal to Provide." Informatization Policy, 30(2), 46-67. https://doi.org/10.22693/NIAIP.2023.30.2.046
  18. Kim, J. (2020). "Issues for Invigorating the Data Economy." Monthly Software Oriented Society, 77, 10-21.
  19. Koo, B. (2022). "A Study on Risk Issues and Response Strategies Related to Digital Transformation: Focusing on Negative Effects of Artificial Intelligence." KISTEP Issue Paper, 325, 1-23.
  20. Kyoung, J. (2023). "A Study on International Trends for the Personal Information Protection Law." Yonsei Law Journal, 41, 539-568.
  21. Lee, H. (2023). Digital Trade Norms and Our Digital Economy Diplomacy Strategy from an Economic Security Perspective. Seoul: The Institute of Foreign Affairs and National Security.
  22. Lee, H., Lee, H., Moon, A., Kim, S., Koo, K., Kwon, S., Choi, J. & Seo, S. (2021). Digital Transformation by 2030: Four Scenarios. Sejong: Ministry of Science and ICT.
  23. Lee, I. (2022). "The State and Future of Digital Carbon Neutrality." TTA Journal, 200, 112-119.
  24. Lee, J. (2020). "France's Digital Republic Law Evolves to Institutionalize Digital Democracy: Exploring New Political Processes that Drive Technological Progress." Monthly Software Oriented Society, 71, 64-71.
  25. Lee, K. (2020). "Global Digital Standards Cooperation and Data Governance: Human Rights and Development in the Digital Age." International Area Studies Review, 24(3), 177-199.
  26. Maeng, S., Lee, S. & Kim, S. (2020). Analyzing the Reality of the Sharing and Platform Economy and Researching Comprehensive Solutions. Seoul: The Presidential Commision of Policy Planning.
  27. Mass, J. (2022). "A Neo-Republican Critique of AI Ethics." Journal of Responsible Technology, 9, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrt.2021.100022
  28. Megiddo, T. (2020). "Online Activism, Digital Domination, and the Rule of Trolls." Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, 58, 394-442.
  29. Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2023). "The 53rd Session of the UN Human Rights Council Adopted Our Government-led Resolution on 'New Technologies and Human Rights'." https://www.mofa.go.kr/www/brd/m_4080/view.do?seq=373892&page=1. (Retrieved on January 26, 2024).
  30. Ministry of Science and ICT (2020). "MSIT Releases People-centered 'National AI Ethical Guidelines'." https://www.msit.go.kr/bbs/view.do?sCode=user&mId=113&mPid=238&bbsSeqNo=94&nttSeqNo=3179742. (Retrieved on January 26, 2024).
  31. Ministry of Science and ICT (2023). "South Korea Presents a New Digital Normative Order to the World." https://www.msit.go.kr/bbs/view.do?sCode=user&mId=113&mPid=238&pageIndex=46&bbsSeqNo=94&nttSeqNo=3183520&searchOpt=ALL&searchTxt=. (Retrieved on January 26, 2024).
  32. Muniz, M. (2019). "A New Social Contract for the Digital Age." In Work in the Age of Data. Madrid: BBVA. https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/BBVAOpenMind-Manuel-Muniz-New-socialcontract-for-digital-age.pdf (Retrieved on January 26, 2024).
  33. Nahm, J. (2020). "Platform Workers and the Reconstruction of Social Contracts." Journal of Citizen & World, 40, 1-52.
  34. Oh, S. (2021). "Artificial Intelligence and International Human Rights Law: Focusing on Issues of Freedom of Expression, Discrimination, and Privacy." Dong-A Law Review, 91, 239-281. https://doi.org/10.31839/DALR.2021.05.91.239
  35. Oh, Y. (2021). "Policy Direction for People-centric Digital Governance." IT & Future Strategy, 7, 1-64.
  36. O'Neil, C. (2016). Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy. New York: Crown.
  37. Park, M. (2018). "Necessity of Understanding Platform Functions for Online Platform Regulation." Distribution Law Review, 5(2), 111-141.
  38. Pettit, P. (1997). Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  39. Redeker, D., Gill, L. & Gasser, U. (2018). "Towards Digital Constitutionalism? Mapping Attempts to Craft an Internet Bill of Rights." International Communication Gazette, 80(4), 302-319.
  40. Rhee, G. (2023). "Directions for Green-Digital Transformation to Achieve Carbon Neutrality." GDX Report, 2023-02, 1-27.
  41. Sattarov, F. (2023). "Technology and the Distribution of Power." In Henrik S. Saetra(ed.), Technology and Sustainable Development, 203-214. New York: Routledge.
  42. Shim, W. (2023). "The Direction of AI Legislation for Human Rights: The Need for Impact Assessment in Light of the Digital Bill of Rights." Sogang Journal of Law and Business, 13(3), 37-66. https://doi.org/10.35505/sjlb.2023.12.13.3.37
  43. Shim, W., Park, Y., Kim, Y., Kang, M. & Kim, S. (2021). Researching the Current State of Social Conflicts and Responses to Digital Transformation: Focusing on Conflicts Related to Online Platforms. Seoul: National Assembly Research Service.
  44. Shim, W., Won, S. & Lee, J. (2022). "An Exploratory Study on Contactless Digital Economy: the Characteristics, Regulatory Issues and Resolutions." Informatization Policy, 29(2), 66-90. https://doi.org/10.22693/NIAIP.2022.29.2.066
  45. So, D., Park, J. & Lee, J. (2022). "Artificial Intelligence Ethics through Data Analytics: Issue Analysis and Policy Implications." KISTI Data Insight, 27, 1-42.
  46. Song, T. (2021). "Recent Key UN Digital Cooperation Agendas and Policy Implications." IFANS Focus, 2021-08K, 1-5.
  47. Sung, N. (2018). "Freedom of Expression in the Digital Age." Journal of Media and Defamation Law, 4(2), 1-45. https://doi.org/10.22837/PAC.2018.4.2.1
  48. Taylor, L. (2021). "Public Actors Without Public Values: Legitimacy, Domination and the Regulation of the Technology Sector." Philosophy & Technology, 34, 897-922.
  49. Yang, H. (2022). "Digital Transformation and Social Change in the Post-COVID-19 Era." GDX Report, 2022-01, 1-44.
  50. Yeo, Y. (2022). "Prospects and Implications of Midto Long-term Changes in Korean Economic Society by Digital Transformation Scenario." National Future Strategy, 42, 1-30.
  51. Yi, K. (2021). "Constitution as Political Orientation." The Korean Review of Political Thought, 27(1), 88-109. https://doi.org/10.37248/krpt.2021.05.27.1.88
  52. Yilma, K. M. (2022). "Bill of Rights for the 21st Century: Some Lessons from the Internet Bill of Rights Movement." The International Journal of Human Rights, 24(4), 701-716. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2021.1961752
  53. Yoo, J. (2020). "Global Issues and Strategic Implications of Cybersecurity Issues." STEPI Insight, 262, 1-32.
  54. Yoo, J., Choo, H. & Kang, S. (2021). "An European Approach to Ethics on Artificial Intelligence: From Principles to Practices." SPRi Issue Report, IS-114, 1-22.