Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles (한국의류학회지)

The Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles (한국의류학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

How Do International Students Idealize Beauty Standards? A Study of Vietnamese Students Living in Korea

  • Woo Bin Kim (Dept. of Human Centered Design, Cornell University) ;
  • Ha Kyung Lee (Dept. of Clothing & Textiles, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Yeonghoon Kang (Dept. of Fashion & Textiles, Seoul National University)
  • Received : 2023.11.16
  • Accepted : 2024.02.15
  • Published : 2024.04.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

In the last decade, Korean culture has progressively facilitated the assimilation of appearance-related norms established by modern Korean society among young generations in Vietnam. Of note, Vietnamese consumers residing in Korea, under the influence of diverse sociocultural factors, are aligning themselves with an ideal standard of Korean beauty through cultural adaptation. This study explores how Vietnamese students internalize Korean beauty standards and the resultant negative behavioral reactions. We investigated the effects of sociocultural pressures (media, in-group, and out-group pressure) on risky appearance management and irrational purchase behavior by mediating sociocultural internalization toward appearance. We tested how the mechanism underlying these variables differs based on how long one has resided in Korea. A total of 213 female participants were surveyed online. The research model was tested using structural equation modeling through AMOS 22.0. The findings show that media and out-group pressure significantly increased sociocultural internalization, which led to consumer behavior in the form of risky appearance management and irrational purchases. The influence of internalization on consumption behavior was stronger for short-term residents of Korea. This study contributes to the literature on acculturation by investigating how foreign consumers accept the host country's ideal beauty standards.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (Ministry of Education; Grant No. 2020S1A5A2A03).

References

  1. Ahmadpanah, M., Arji, M., Arji, J., Haghighi, M., Jahangard, L., Sadeghi Bahmani, D., & Brand, S. (2019). Sociocultural attitudes towards appearance, self-esteem and symptoms of body-dysmorphic disorders among young adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(21), 4236. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214236
  2. Anic, P., Pokrajac-Bulian, A., & Mohoric, T. (2022). Role of sociocultural pressures and internalization of appearance ideals in the motivation for exercise. Psychological Reports, 125(3), 1628-1647. https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941211000659
  3. Anschutz, D. J., Engels, R. C., & Van Strien, T. (2008). Susceptibility for thin ideal media and eating styles. Body Image, 5(1), 70-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2007.06.008
  4. Ashikari, M. (2005). Cultivating Japanese whiteness: The 'whitening'cosmetics boom and the Japanese identity. Journal of Material Culture, 10(1), 73-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359183505050095
  5. Aune, R. K., & Aune, K. S. (1994). The influence of culture, gender, and relational status on appearance management. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 25(2), 258-272. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022194252006
  6. Baek, E., & Oh, G. E. G. (2021). Diverse values of fashion rental service and contamination concern of consumers. Journal of Business Research, 123, 165-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.09.061
  7. Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74-94. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02723327
  8. Baolian Qin, D. (2009). Being "good" or being "popular" gender and ethnic identity negotiations of Chinese immigrant adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Research, 24(1), 37-66. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558408326912
  9. Beatty, S. E., & Ferrell, M. E. (1998). Impulse buying: Modeling its precursors. Journal of Retailing, 74, 169-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4359(99)80092-X
  10. Ben-Ner, A., McCall, B. P., Stephane, M., & Wang, H. (2009). Identity and in-group/out-group differentiation in work and giving behaviors: Experimental evidence. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 72(1), 153-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2009.05.007
  11. Cafri, G., Yamamiya, Y., Brannick, M., & Thompson, J. K. (2005). The influence of sociocultural factors on body image: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 12(4), 421-433. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bpi053
  12. Chaker, Z., Chang, F. M., & Hakim-Larson, J. (2015). Body satisfaction, thin-ideal internalization, and perceived pressure to be thin among Canadian women: The role of acculturation and religiosity. Body Image, 14, 85-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.04.003
  13. Chang, H. S. (2009). Developing standards for measuring consumer's impulse purchasing in internet shopping mall and analysis of characteristics. Journal of Korean Home Management Association, 27(4), 127-139.
  14. Cheng, P. H. (2014). Examining a sociocultural model: Racial identity, internalization of the dominant white beauty standards, and body images among Asian American women [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Columbia University.
  15. Cho, H. R. (2017). The efficient way of attracting the Vietnamese students into Korea. The Language and Culture, 13(4), 219-246. https://doi.org/10.18842/klaces.2017.13.4.9
  16. Choo, H. J., Lee, H. K., & Xie, J. (2023). Consumers' cultural identity under glocalization: Vietnamese consumers' global and national identities and their cross-cultural consumption. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 35(5), 1052-1074. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-10-2021-0740
  17. Choo, H. J., Jang, J. Y., Baek, E., Lee, H. K., & Kim, H. (2022). A study on the multidimensional consumption value of vietnamese MZ generation: Focusing on the relationship between consumption value factors, demographic characteristics, and global consumption Propensity-. Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles, 46(5), 848-867. https://doi.org/10.5850/JKSCT.2022.46.5.848
  18. Choo, H. J., Nam, Y. J., Kim S. Y., & Son, J. A. (2019). Internalization of ideal beauty among Chinese immigrant women. The Journal of Image and Cultural Contents, 17, 375-396. https://doi.org/10.24174/jicc.2019.06.17.375
  19. Cleveland, M., & Laroche, M. (2007). Acculturation to the global consumer culture: Scale development and research paradigm. Journal of Business Research, 60(3), 249-259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2006.11.006
  20. Cleveland, M. (2018). Acculturation to the global consumer culture: Ten years after and agenda for the next decade. Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science, 28(3), 257-271. https://doi.org/10.1080/21639159.2018.1466656
  21. Craig, M. L. (2006). Race, beauty, and the tangled knot of a guilty pleasure. Feminist Theory, 7(2), 159-177. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464700106064414
  22. Davies, G., & Han, G. S. (2011). Korean cosmetic surgery and digital publicity: Beauty by Korean design. Media International Australia, 141(1), 146-156. https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878X1114100117
  23. Davila, J. F., Casabayo, M., & Rayburn, S. W. (2018). Religious or secular? School type matters as a moderator between media exposure and children's materialism. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 42(6), 779-791. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12484
  24. Dittmar, H., Beattie, J., & Friese, S. (1996). Object, decision and considerations and self image in men's and women's impulse purchases. Acta Psychologica, 93(1-3), 187-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6918(96)00019-4
  25. Dhandra, T. K. (2020). Does self-esteem matter? A framework depicting role of self-esteem between dispositional mindfulness and impulsive buying. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 55, 102135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102135
  26. Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S. L., Ufkes, E. G., Saguy, T., & Pearson, A. R. (2016). Included but invisible? Subtle bias, common identity, and the darker side of "we." Social Issues and Policy Review, 10(1), 6-46. https://doi.org/10.1111/sipr.12017
  27. Eckel, C. C., & Grossman, P. J. (2005). Managing diversity by creating team identity. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 58(3), 371-392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2004.01.003
  28. Ferguson, C. J., Winegard, B., & Winegard, B. M. (2011). Who is the fairest one of all? How evolution guides peer and media influences on female body dissatisfaction. Review of General Psychology, 15(1), 11-28. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022607
  29. Forbes, G. B., & Jung, J. (2008). Measures based on sociocultural theory and feminist theory as predictors of multidimensional measures of body dissatisfaction among Korean and US college women. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 27(1), 70-103. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2008.27.1.70
  30. Forney, J. C., & Park, E. J. (2009). Browsing perspectives for impulse buying behavior of college students. TAFCS Research Journal, 1(1), 1-3.
  31. Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T. (1997). Objectification theory: Toward understanding women's lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21(2), 176-206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x
  32. Gibson, M. A. (2001). Immigrant adaptation and patterns of acculturation. Human Development, 44, 19-23. https://doi.org/10.1159/000057037
  33. Giddens, A. (2003). Runaway world: How globalization is reshaping our lives. Taylor & Francis.
  34. Gim, W. S., Ryu, Y. J., & Kwon, J. H. (2009). The effect of body value on appearance-management behaviors: Focusing on mediation effect of sociocultural attitude toward appearance (SATA) and appearance orientation. The Korean Journal of Consumer and Advertising Psychology, 10(3), 581-600.
  35. Graves, T. D. (1967). Acculturation, access, and alcohol in a tri-ethnic community. American Anthropologist, 69(3-4), 306-321. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1967.69.3-4.02a00030
  36. Han, G., Park, J., & Lee, J. E. (2022). The effects of attachment to Korean wave stars and cultural proximity on Chinese consumers' purchase intention of Korean products. Business Communication Research and Practice, 5(1), 4-13. https://doi.org/10.22682/bcrp.2022.5.1.4
  37. Heinberg, L. J., Thompson, J. K., & Stormer, S. (1995). Development and validation of the sociocultural attitudes towards appearance questionnaire. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 17(1), 81-89. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-108X(199501)17:1<81::AID-EAT2260170111>3.0.CO;2-Y
  38. Hong, K. H. (2006). The influence of the sociocultural attitudes toward appearance and BMI on body image and body satisfaction. The Society of Fashion & Textile Industry, 8(1), 48-54.
  39. Hunter, M. L. (2005). Race, gender, and the politics of skin tone. Routledge.
  40. Izydorczyk, B., & Sitnik-Warchulska, K. (2018). Sociocultural appearance standards and risk factors for eating disorders in adolescents and women of various ages. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(429), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00429
  41. Jang, H., Nguyen, N. T. O., & Kwon, S. H. (2021). Women's empowerment and transnational consumption of Hallyu in Vietnam. Asian Journal of Women's Studies, 27(2), 184-207. https://doi.org/10.1080/12259276.2021.1924482.
  42. Jeong, G. Y. (2020). The influence of Vietnamese consumers' interest for Korean wave on Korean brand aura. The Journal of Business Education, 34(1), 43-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.34274/krabe.2020.34.1.003
  43. Jeong, M., Jin, B. H., & Yang, H. S. (2017). The influences of Korean wave and product image on online purchase intention for Korean cosmetics in Vietnam. Journal of Consumption Culture, 20(2), 163-181. https://doi.org/10.17053/jcc.2017.20.2.007
  44. Jones, D. C., Vigfusdottir, T. H., & Lee, Y. (2004). Body image and the appearance culture among adolescent girls and boys: An examination of friend conversations, peer criticism, appearance magazines, and the internalization of appearance ideals. Journal of Adolescent Research, 19(3), 323-339. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558403258847
  45. Johnson, T. W., Francis, S. K., & Burns, L. D. (2007). Appearance management behavior and the five factor model of personality. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 25(3), 230-243. https://doi.org/10.1177/0887302X07302982
  46. Jun, J. G., Kim, S. N., Lee, H. S., Lee, H. O., & Kim, Y. M. (2016). 한류의 경제적 효과에 관한 연구 [The economic effects of Korean wave]. KOTRA. https://dl.kotra.or.kr/#/search/detail/303975?offset=2
  47. Jun, J. W., Ham, C. D., & Park, J. H. (2014). Exploring the impact of acculturation and ethnic identity on Korean US residents' consumption behaviors of utilitarian versus hedonic products. Journal of International Consumer Marketin g, 26(1), 2-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/01924788.2013.848077
  48. Kaiser, S. B. (1997). The social psychology of clothing: Symbolic appearances in context. Fairchild Books.
  49. Kang, Y., Lee, H. K., & Kim, W. B. (2020). A qualitative study on acceptance of Korean wave culture and internalization of ideal beauty among Vietnamese female students in Korea. Fashion & Textile Research Journal, 22(4), 4456-468. https://doi.org/10.5805/SFTI.2020.22.4.456
  50. Keery, H., Van den Berg, P., & Thompson, J. K. (2004). An evaluation of the tripartite influence model of body dissatisfaction and eating disturbance with adolescent girls. Body Image, 1(3), 237-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2004.03.001
  51. Kelly, N. R., Cotter, E. W., Tanofsky-Kraff, M., & Mazzeo, S. E. (2015). Racial variations in binge eating, body image concerns, and compulsive exercise among men. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 16(3), 326-336. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037585
  52. Kim, H., & Choo, H. J. (2023). How "K-Style" has influenced the younger generation through local Vietnamese influencers. Fashion and Textiles, 10(40), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40691-023-00359-3
  53. Kim, M. Y., Lee, Y., & Song, Y. J. (2018). A qualitative study on the difficulties of the college adjustment in Vietnamese students and the overcoming. Journal of Education & Culture, 24(1), 481-503. https://doi.org/10.24159/joec.2018.24.1.481
  54. Kim, S. H. (2003). A study on the sociocultural attitude toward appearance and appearance-management behavior: Focused on females in their twenties. Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association, 41(5), 99-108.
  55. Kim, S. J., & Wee, E. H. (2015). Effect of sociocultural attitude toward appearance and appearance comparison on appearance management behavior of adolescents. Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles, 39(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.5850/JKSCT.2015.39.1.1
  56. Kizgin, H., Jamal, A., & Richard, M. O. (2018). Consumption of products from heritage and host cultures: The role of acculturation attitudes and behaviors. Journal of Business Research, 82, 320-329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.09.011
  57. Korea International Trade Association. (2020). Beauty industry in Vietnam in 2020. https://www.kita.net/cmmrcInfo/rsrchReprt/ovseaMrktReprt/ovseaMrktReprtDetail.do?pageIndex=1&no=8637&classifcation=6%20&type=1&query=%EB%B2%A0%ED%8A%B8%EB%82%A8,%20%ED%99%94%EC%9E%A5%ED%92%88%EC%82%B0%EC%97%85,%20%EC%A0%84%EB%A7%9D.
  58. Kuisel, R. F. (1993). Seducing the French: The dilemma of Americanization. Univ of California Press.
  59. Lee, J.-M., & Kim, H.-J. (2019). The effect of Korean TV program familiarity on purchase intention of Korean products in Vietnam. Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology, 9(4), 575-584. https://doi.org/10.21742/AJMAHS.2019.04.55
  60. Lee, K. (2018). The diffusion of Korean wave phenomenon and diversification of Korean wave contents in Vietnam. The Vietnamese Studies Review, 16, 75-100. https://doi.org/10.31535/VS.2018.16.075
  61. Lee, M., & Lee, H. H. (2021). Social media photo activity, internalization, appearance comparison, and body satisfaction: The moderating role of photo-editing behavior. Computers in Human Behavior, 114, 106579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106579
  62. Lee, M. S. (2008). The effects of the internalization of sociocultural values relating to appearance on adolescents' body images and clothing behaviors. Journal of the Korean Society of Costume, 58(6), 96-109.
  63. Lee, O. (2019). A study on clothing purchasing behavior of the Uzbekistan students staying in Korea (1): The clothing wearing condition and factors affecting on the purchase intention for Korean fashion products. Journal of Fashion Business, 23(1), 25-36. https://doi.org/10.12940/jfb.2019.23.1.25
  64. Lin, K. L., & Raval, V. V. (2020). Understanding body image and appearance management behaviors among adult women in South Korea within a sociocultural context: A review. International Perspectives in Psychology: Research, Practice, Consultation, 9(2), 96-122. https://doi.org/10.1037/ipp0000124
  65. Maftei, A., & Merlici, I. A. (2023). Am I thin enough? Social media use and the ideal body stereotype: The mediating role of perceived socio-cultural pressure and the moderating role of cognitive fusion. Current Psychology, 42(24), 21071-21084. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-02938-x
  66. McCabe, M. P., & Ricciardelli, L. A. (2001). The structure of the perceived sociocultural influences on body image and body change questionnaire. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 8(1), 19-41. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327558IJBM0801_02
  67. Meier, E. P., & Gray, J. (2014). Facebook photo activity associated with body image disturbance in adolescent girls. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17(4), 199-206. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2013.0305
  68. Menzel, J. E., Sperry, S. L., Small, B., Thompson, J. K., Sarwer, D. B., & Cash, T. F. (2011). Internalization of appearance ideals and cosmetic surgery attitudes: A test of the tripartite influence model of body image. Sex Roles, 65(7), 469-477. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-011-9983-7
  69. Mills, J. S., Musto, S., Williams, L., & Tiggemann, M. (2018). "Selfie" harm: Effects on mood and body image in young women. Body Image, 27, 86-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.08.007
  70. Mingoia, J., Hutchinson, A. D., Gleaves, D. H., & Wilson, C. (2019). The relationship between posting and photo manipulation activities on social networking sites and internalization of a tanned ideal among Australian adolescents and young adults. Social Media + Society, 5(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305118820419
  71. Moreno-Dominguez, S., Rutsztein, G., Geist, T. A., Pomichter, E. E., & Cepeda-Benito, A. (2019). Body mass index and nationality (Argentine vs. Spanish) moderate the relationship between internalization of the thin ideal and body dissatisfaction: a conditional mediation model. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 582-592. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00582
  72. Nam, B. H., Kim, O. N., & Nam, K. S. (2014). A qualitative study on the experiences of foreign students in Korea. Journal of Social Science, 25(1), 105-126.
  73. Nguyen, X. T. (2019). Factors impacting on Korean consumer goods purchase decision of Vietnam's generation Z. Journal of Distribution Science, 17(10), 61-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15722/jds.17.10.201910.61
  74. Nouri, M., Hill, L. G., & Orrell-Valente, J. K. (2011). Media exposure, internalization of the thin ideal, and body dissatisfaction: Comparing Asian American and European American college females. Body Image, 8(4), 366-372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.05.008
  75. Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychological theory. McGraw-Hill.
  76. Park, J. H., Lee, J. H., Kim, Y. J., & Song, Y. W. (2020). A descriptive study on the brief development history of K-beauty and its future directions. Journal of Distribution and Logistics, 7(1), 73-92. https://doi.org/10.22321/jdl2020070105
  77. Penaloza, L. (1994). Atravesando fronteras/border crossings: A critical ethnographic exploration of the consumer acculturation of Mexican immigrants. Journal of Consumer Research, 21(1), 32-54. https://doi.org/10.1086/209381
  78. Picton, O. (2013). The complexities of complexion: A cultural geography of skin colour and beauty products. Geography, 98(2), 85-92. https://doi.org/10.1080/00167487.2013.12094372
  79. Poloskov, E., & Tracey, T. J. (2013). Internalization of US female beauty standards as a mediator of the relationship between Mexican American women's acculturation and body dissatisfaction. Body Image, 10(4), 501-508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.05.005
  80. Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879-891. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
  81. Rodgers, R., Chabrol, H., & Paxton, S. J. (2011). An exploration of the tripartite influence model of body dissatisfaction and disordered eating among Australian and French college women. Body Image, 8(3), 208-215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.04.009
  82. Rodgers, R. F., Campagna, J., Hayes, G., Sharma, A., Runquist, E., Fiuza, A., Coburn-Sanderson, A., Zimmerman, E., & Piran, N. (2024). Sociocultural pressures and body related experiences during pregnancy and the postpartum period: A qualitative study. Body Image, 48, 101643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.101643
  83. Rogler, L. H., Cooney, R. S., & Ortiz, V. (1980). Intergenerational change in ethnic identity in the Puerto Rican family. International Migration Review, 14(2), 193-214. https://doi.org/10.1177/019791838001400202
  84. Rook, D. W. (1987). The buying impulse. Journal of Consumer Research, 14(2), 189-199. https://doi.org/10.1086/209105
  85. Root, M. P. P. (1990). Disordered eating in women of color. Sex Roles, 22, 526-536. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00288168
  86. Schaefer, L. M., Burke, N. L., Thompson, J. K., Dedrick, R. F., Heinberg, L. J., Calogero, R. M., Bardone-Cone, A. M., Higgins, M. K., Frederick, D. A., Kelly, M., Anderson, D. A., Schaumberg, K., Nerini, A., Stefanile, C., Dittmar, H., Clark, E., Adams, Z., Macwana, S., Klump, K. L., ... Swami, V. (2015). Development and validation of the sociocultural attitudes towards appearance questionnaire-4 (SATAQ-4). Psychological Assessment, 27(1), 54-67. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037917
  87. Sheldon, P. (2013). Testing parental and peer communication influence on young adults' body satisfaction. Southern Communication Journal, 78(3), 215-232. https://doi.org/10.1080/1041794X.2013.776097
  88. Shin, D. C., & Rutkowski, C. P. (2003). Subjective quality of Korean life in 1981 and 2001. Social Indicators Research, 62, 509-534. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0281-2_24
  89. Shin, K., You, S., & Kim, E. (2017). Sociocultural pressure, internalization, BMI, exercise, and body dissatisfaction in Korean female college students. Journal of Health Psychology, 22(13), 1712-1720. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105316634450
  90. Shin, S. H., & Park, M. J. (2021). The effect of social comparison and internalization of the appearance of selfie-experienced persons on self-editing, appearance management behaviors and plastic surgery intentions: Focusing on women in their 20s and 30s. Journal of The Korean Society Design Culture, 27(4), 263-273. https://doi.org/10.18208/ksdc.2021.27.4.263
  91. Song, F., & Kim, M. J. (2015). Acculturation, food intake and dietary behaviors of Chinese college students in Busan by residential period. Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life, 25(4), 594-606. https://doi.org/10.17495/easdl.2015.8.25.4.594
  92. Stark-Wroblewski, K., Yanico, B. J., & Lupe, S. (2005). Acculturation, internalization of Western appearance norms, and eating pathology among Japanese and Chinese international student women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 29(1), 38-46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2005.00166.x
  93. Steger, M. B. (2013). Globalization: A very short introduction. Oxford University Press.
  94. Stice, E. (2002). Sociocultural influences on body image and eating disturbance. In C. G. Fairburn, & K. Brownell (Eds.), Eating disorders and obesity: A comprehensive handbook (pp. 103-107). Guilford Press.
  95. Stice, E., Maxfield, J., & Wells, T. (2003). Adverse effects of social pressure to be thin on young women: An experimental investigation of the effects of "fat talk." International Journal of Eating Disorders, 34(1), 108-117. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.10171
  96. Stice, E., Ziemba, C., Margolis, J., & Flick, P. (1996). The dual pathway model differentiates bulimics, subclinical bulimics, and controls: Testing the continuity hypothesis. Behavior Therapy, 27(4), 531-549. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(96)80042-6
  97. Strubel, J., & Petrie, T. A. (2016). The clothes make the man: The relation of sociocultural factors and sexual orientation to appearance and product involvement. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 33, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2016.07.015
  98. Strubel, J., Petrie, T. A., & Pookulangara, S. (2018). "Like" me: Shopping, self-display, body image, and social networking sites. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 7(3), 328-344. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000133
  99. Sumner, W. G. (1906). Folkways: A study of the sociological importance of usages, manners, customs, mores, and morals. Athenaeum Press.
  100. Sussman, N. M., & Truong, N. (2011). Body image and eating disorders among immigrants. In Handbook of behavior, food and nutrition. Springer.
  101. Tjoe, F. Z., & Kim, K. T. (2016). The effect of Korean Wave on consumer's purchase intention of Korean cosmetic products in Indonesia. Journal of Distribution Science, 14(9), 65-72. https://doi.org/10.15722/jds.14.9.201609.65
  102. Thompson, J. K., Heinberg, L. J., Altabe, M., & Tantleff-Dunn, S. (1999). Exacting beauty: Theory, assessment, and treatment of body image disturbance. American Psychological Association.
  103. Thompson, J. K., & Stice, E. (2001). Thin-ideal internalization: Mounting evidence for a new risk factor for body-image disturbance and eating pathology. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(5), 181-183. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00144
  104. Thompson, J. K., Van Den Berg, P., Roehrig, M., Guarda, A. S., & Heinberg, L. J. (2004). The sociocultural attitudes towards appearance scale-3 (SATAQ-3): Development and validation. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 35(3), 293-304. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.10257
  105. Wang, L., & Lee, J. H. (2019). The effect of K-beauty SNS influencer on Chinese consumers' acceptance intention of new products: Focused on elaboration likelihood model (ELM). Fashion & Textile Research Journal, 21(5), 574-585. https://doi.org/10.5805/SFTI.2019.21.5.574
  106. White, J., & Halliwell, E. (2010). Examination of a sociocultural model of excessive exercise among male and female adolescents. Body Image, 7(3), 227-233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2010.02.002
  107. Xinhui, C., & Han, D. (2016). A meta-analysis of consumer irrational purchase behavior based on Howard-Sheth mode. Journal of Business and Retail Management Research, 10(3), 69-80.
  108. Yan, Y., & Bissell, K. (2014). The globalization of beauty: How is ideal beauty influenced by globally published fashion and beauty magazines? Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 43(3), 194-214. https://doi.org/10.1080/17475759.2014.917432
  109. Yoo, J. J., & Kim, H. Y. (2012). Adolescents' body-tanning behaviours: Influences of gender, body mass index, sociocultural attitudes towards appearance and body satisfaction. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 36(3), 360-366. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1470-6431.2011.01009.x
  110. You, S., Shin, K., & Kim, E. K. (2018). The effects of sociocultural pressures and exercise frequency on the body esteem of adolescent girls in Korea. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(1), 26-33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0866-6
  111. Yu, H. K. (2016). Images of K-beauty and Korean cosmetic brands perceived by Vietnamese women. A Journal of Brand Design Association of Korea, 14(3), 219-230. https://doi.org/10.18852/bdak.2016.14.3.219
  112. Zagefka, H., & Brown, R. (2002). The relationship between acculturation strategies, relative fit and intergroup relations: Immigrant-majority relations in Germany. European Journal of Social Psychology, 32(2), 171-188. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.73