Purpose : Foot muscle strengthening exercises, including short-foot exercise, are effective in improving foot alignment and arch height in individuals with flexible flatfoot. However, given the limited methodological quality of domestic studies, these findings should be interpreted with caution, and further high-quality RCTs are needed to strengthen clinical evidence. Methods : A systematic search of domestic databases identified 92 studies, with 17 clinical trials meeting PICO-SD inclusion criteria (patient characteristics, intervention, comparison, outcome, and study design). Outcomes included foot arch height and foot alignment angle. First, quality was assessed by using the PEDro scale for 10 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and RoBANS 2.0 for 7 non-RCTs. Second, effects were calculated as Hedges' g (standardized mean difference), with multiple intervention arms treated as separate units. Third, cluster-robust variance estimation (CRVE) addressed dependency violations. Fourth, a random-effects model was applied due to high heterogeneity. Fifth, publication bias was assessed with Egger's regression and trim-and-fill methods. Finally, sensitivity and meta-regression analyses explored sample size, treatment duration, and study design effects. Results : Foot muscle strengthening exercises showed sizeable effects in foot arch height (Hedges' g= -1.42, 95 % CI: -2.01 to -0.83, k= 18) and foot alignment angle (Hedges' g= -1.23, 95 % CI: -2.11 to -0.34, k= 15). The subgroup analysis indicated a significant effect on the study design (RCT vs. non-RCT) on foot alignment angle (p= .014), but not on foot arch height. The meta-regression identified treatment duration as a significant moderator in foot arch height (p= .028). Publication bias was detected (Egger's test: p= .000 for foot arch height, p= .000 for foot alignment angle), but trim-and-fill adjustments confirmed robust effects. Furthermore, high heterogeneity was observed (I²= 79.80 % for foot arch height, I²= 91.15 % for foot alignment angle). Conclusion : The findings in this study indicate that foot muscle strengthening exercise interventions have a positive effect on flexible flatfoot. However, due to the low quality of previous studies, the results of our study must be interpreted cautiously.

Purpose : In current office and learning environments, the primary visual display terminals are predominantly computers; therefore, continuous attention to the physical changes associated with VDT work is required. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of monitor height on the worker's neck alignment and function during VDT working through a literature review. Methods : This study was conducted in five stages according to the topic scope literature review method: 1) derivation of research questions, 2) confirmation of related literature, 3) selection of literature, 4) recording of data, and 5) analysis/summarization/reporting of results. Pubmed, CINAHL, and MEDLINE were used to search overseas literature, and DBpia, NDSL, KISS, and RISS were used to search domestic literature. Search terms were used in combination with "VDT," "monitor," "CVA," "craniovertebral angle," "muscle activity," "muscle thickness," and "forward head posture. Results : A total of 1,026 papers were searched, and after excluding duplicate papers, review and case studies, 7 papers were finally selected. Five studies measured both the neck alignment and muscle activity around the neck and two studies measured the discomfort, preference, and stiffness. A high monitor position reduces head, neck, and trunk flexion, and decreases the muscle activity of the neck and back extensors. For optimal gaze and work performance, monitors positioned at mid-height are generally preferred. Conclusion : A mid-height monitor position was preferred during VDT work, as it was associated with reduced muscle tension in the neck region and decreased perceived discomfort. In the future, further investigation is needed into the effect of monitor size and distance on human posture in various VDT work environments.

Purpose: Chronic pain is a major public health concern that reduces quality of life, and increases healthcare costs. While physical activities can improve some symptoms and even prevent certain chronic diseases, the associations between different types of physical activities and multidimensional health outcomes in Korean adults have not been fully examined. This study aimed to investigate the effects of walking, strength exercise, and aerobic activity on pain/discomfort, stress, depressive symptoms, and sleep duration in Korean adults. Methods: We analyzed data from 42,007 adults aged ≥19 years who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2019~2020 and 2022~2023). Physical activities were categorized as walking ≥150 min/week, strength exercise on ≥2 days/week, and meeting the WHO aerobic activity guideline criteria. The assessed outcomes were pain/discomfort (EQ-5D score), perceived stress, depressive symptoms, and weekday/weekend sleep duration. Survey-weighted logistic and linear regression analyses were conducted using R (version 4.5.1), adjusting for sociodemographic covariates. Results: Strength exercise was significantly associated with lower odds of pain/discomfort (OR= 0.81, 95 % CI: 0.73-0.91, p<.001) and high stress (OR= 0.81, 95 % CI: 0.74-0.89, p<.001), but not depressive symptoms. Walking and aerobic activity showed no significant associations with pain, stress, or depression. Strength exercise and aerobic activity were modestly associated with shorter sleep duration, which may reflect improvements in sleep quality rather than quantity. Subgroup analyses revealed stronger protective effects of strength exercise on men, middle-aged adults, and individuals from higher socioeconomic groups. Conclusion: Strength exercise was consistently associated with reduced pain/discomfort and stress in Korean adults, which supports its role as an effective non-pharmacological strategy for promoting integrative health. Longitudinal and interventional studies are warranted to clarify causal pathways and develop tailored exercise programs according to demographic characteristics.

Purpose : This study aimed to assess to evaluate the applicability and reliability of the TIS (trunk impairment scale) in the Korean clinical setting, this study aimed: (1) to examine the agreement of the instrument through test-retest reliability analysis, and (2) to calculate the standard error of measurement (SEM), minimal detectable change (MDC) and 95 % limits of agreement (LOA) in order to provide reference values and confidence ranges for measurement accuracy and clinically meaningful change. Methods : This cross-sectional study recruited 24 stroke patients. The test-retest reliability of individual items and the total score of the TIS was evaluated by re-assessment 7 days after the initial test. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC_3,1) was used, and the level of measurement error was determined by calculating the SEM and MDC. In addition, paired t-tests were performed to examine whether systematic bias existed in the mean differences between the test and retest scores of the TIS Results : The test-retest reliability of the TIS was high across all items: ICC, SEM, and MDC values were 0.89, 0.27, and 0.74 for static sitting balance; 0.97, 0.31, and 0.86 for dynamic sitting balance; 0.94, 0.32, and 0.89 for coordination; and 0.98, 0.39, and 1.08 for the total score, respectively. Measurement errors were within acceptable limits. No significant differences were observed between test and retest scores for individual items or the total score (p= .233~.676), indicating no systematic bias. Bland-Altman analysis further showed that the 95 % LOA for the total score ranged from -1.83 to 1.41, confirming stable agreement upon retesting. Conclusion : The TIS for patients with chronic stroke demonstrated excellent reliability and acceptable measurement error, confirming it as a stable and trustworthy assessment tool for trunk control ability. These findings suggest that the TIS can serve as a quantitative criterion for detecting meaningful functional changes in clinical practice.

Purpose : The study aimed to analyze the effects of the ARRE program, which incorporates HoloRehab augmented-reality-based content, on dynamic balance and fall efficacy in patients with stroke. Methods : Twenty patients with stroke were assigned to either the experimental group (EG group) or the control group (CG group). The EG group performed the ARRE program while wearing HoloLens 2, which involved the use of augmented reality technology to grasp virtual objects and move them onto a shelf. The CG group performed conventional treadmill-based gait training. All training sessions lasted 30 min, were conducted twice a week, and continued for 4 weeks. The outcome of the intervention was assessed using the Berg balance scale (BBS), functional reach test (FRT), timed up-and-go (TUG) test, and the Korean Falls Efficacy Scale for the Elderly (FES). Results : Regarding the FRT, the EG and CG groups showed a significant increase after the intervention (both p<.001). Regarding the BBS score, the EG and CG groups showed a significant increase after the intervention (both p<.001). Regarding the TUG test, the EG and CG groups showed a significant decrease after the intervention (both p<.001. Regarding the FES, the EG and CG groups showed a significant increase after the intervention (both p<.001). When comparing the amount of change in the TUG test between groups, the CG group showed a more significant change (p=.048). In contrast, no significant between-group differences were observed with respect to the FRT, BBS, and FES (p>.05). Conclusion : This study demonstrates that the augmented reality-based ARRE program has positive effects on dynamic balance and fall efficacy in patients with stroke. These results suggest that augmented reality-based rehabilitation programs improve dynamic balance and fall efficacy.

Purpose : This study aimed to investigate the effects of toe-focused muscle strengthening and walking exercises on posture alignment and toe muscle strength in college students. Methods : A total of 56 college students (28 in the experimental group and 28 in the control group) participated in the study, which was conducted over 12 weeks, with three sessions per week, each lasting 60 min. The exercise intensity was set at a rating of perceived exertion (RPE) of 4~6. Toe strength was measured using the TAKEI Toe Grip Dynamometer model and Posture alignment was assessed using Balance Fit (GW2000S, The Big Sports Co., Japan) model, measuring head lateral position, shoulder height difference, pelvic height difference, head anterior-posterior length difference, and lateral thigh position difference. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 29.0 to compare toe strength before and after exercise using a paired-sample t-test and changes in posture alignment according to toe muscle strength were examined using regression analysis. Results : Changes in posture alignment according to toe strength were analyzed using regression analysis, leading to the following conclusions: First, the analysis of toe strength before and after the exercise program showed significant results in both the left and right sides in the experimental group. Second, the analysis of posture alignment according to toe muscle strength showed significant results in all areas in the experimental group, including head lateral position, shoulder height difference, pelvic height difference, head anterior-posterior length difference, and lateral femur position difference. The comparison group showed significant results in pelvic height and lateral femur position difference. Conclusion : This study confirmed that walking combined with toe muscle strengthening exercises improved toe muscle strength and overall posture alignment from the feet to the head in an upright position. Therefore, we believe that a continuous exercise program combining toe-focused exercises and walking can help maintain body alignment by preventing and improving posture alignment in college students.

Purpose : This study investigated the immediate effects of upper trapezius stretching intensity on muscle mechanical properties, pressure pain threshold (PPT), and cervical range of motion (CROM) in healthy adults. Methods : Thirty-four healthy adults were randomly assigned 1:1 to two groups. The experimental group (n= 17) performed a prone stretch with maximal ipsilateral cervical rotation, maintained using a 1.5 cm support at the zygomatic region. The control group (n= 17) performed a seated stretch comprising contralateral lateral flexion, cervical flexion, and ipsilateral rotation with gentle overpressure applied by the non-dominant hand. Both protocols consisted of four sets of 30s stretching followed by 30s rest. Outcomes were collected immediately before and after the intervention. MyotonPRO variables on the dominant-side upper trapezius included Frequency (muscle tone), Stiffness, Decrement, Relaxation Time, and Creep, PPT was assessed with a digital algometer, CROM (extension, flexion, bilateral rotation, bilateral lateral flexion) was measured with a CROM device. Within-group pre-to-post changes and between-group differences were analyzed with conventional tests at α= .05. Results : For MyotonPRO outcomes, the experimental group exhibited a significant change in Frequency (p<.05), whereas the control group demonstrated significant changes in Frequency, Stiffness, and Relaxation Time (p<.05). For PPT, a significant change was observed only in the control group (p<.05). For CROM, the experimental group showed significant increases in extension and ipsilateral rotation (p<.05), while the control group showed significant increases in extension, contralateral lateral flexion, and ipsilateral rotation (p<.05). No between-group differences were identified for any outcome (p>.05). Conclusion : In healthy adults, a rotation-focused stretching position produced effects comparable to those of a conventional position that maximally lengthens the upper trapezius. These preliminary findings suggest that further studies in individuals with cervical pain or mobility limitations are needed to identify more effective stretching strategies.

Purpose : Incorrect posture has a negative impact on body imbalance and the ability to maintain good posture. Since the feet and toes are involved in postural stability and alignment by absorbing weight and shock during upright walking, we wanted to explore the effects of toe exercises on posture alignment and toe strength and demonstrate the importance of toe strength. Methods : To investigate the effects of toe muscle activation exercise on posture alignment and toe muscle strength in college students, 46 college students (21 males, 25 females) were studied for 12 weeks. The BALANCE FIT (GW2000S) model was used to analyze posture alignment, and the TAKEI toe grip dynamometer model was used to measure toe muscle strength, which was measured by maximal flexion of the toe bone on the big toe, and the average value was obtained by measuring the left and right sides twice. Results : First, the results of the analysis between toe muscle activation movement and posture alignment of college students showed significant results in all items of right & left inclined head, up and down shoulder tilt, up and down pelvis tilt, front & back inclined head, front & back inclined trunk, front & back inclined lower limbs (p<.05). Second, the results of the analysis between toe muscle activation exercise and toe strength of college students showed that toe strength of right and left feet of both men and women improved, and the results were significant (p<.05). Conclusion : Toe muscle activation exercises in college students not only improved toe strength, but also had a positive effect on overall posture alignment change, confirming the importance of toe exercises. If this repetitive toe muscle activation exercise is maintained in daily life, it will be very helpful in maintaining good posture and body alignment.

Purpose : This study aimed to investigate the effects of static stretching of the gastrocnemius on ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM), dynamic balance in healthy adults. Methods : A single-group pre-post experimental design was employed involving 52 adult participants. Participants performed gastrocnemius muscle (GCM) static stretching in a standing position with both feet placed on a 30 ° inclined board, maintaining dorsiflexion with the knees fully extended. The stretching protocol consisted of 30 seconds of stretching followed by 30 seconds of rest, repeated for a total of eight cycles. Two main assessment methods were employed. First, the weight-bearing lunge test (WBLT) was conducted to evaluate ankle dorsiflexion range of motion. The test involved a forward lunge until the measured knee touched the wall, and the maximum distance (cm) from the wall to the tip of the great toe was recorded. Second, dynamic balance ability was assessed using the Y-balance test. In this test, participants stood barefoot on the central platform of the measuring device, maintaining stability with the dominant leg, while the non-dominant leg reached as far as possible in one of three designated directions: anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral. Balance was maintained on the supporting leg throughout the procedure. Data were analyzed using paired t-tests, with a significance level set at α= .05. Results : Statistically significant improvements were observed in dorsiflexion ROM, dynamic balance, after the static stretching intervention (p<.05). These results suggest that static stretching of the gastrocnemius positively influences not only flexibility but also functional performance. Conclusion : Static stretching of the gastrocnemius is an effective and practical intervention for improving ankle mobility, dynamic balance. It may be beneficial as part of warm-up routines or rehabilitation programs.

Purpose : Asymmetrical plantar loading while standing can impair gait efficiency and postural stability, leading to compensatory movement patterns and musculoskeletal imbalance. This study aimed to examine the immediate effects of a unilateral sling bridging exercise on plantar pressure symmetry and stance phase symmetry among otherwise-healthy adults with marked plantar pressure asymmetry. Methods : Twenty-four adults (12 male and 12 female participants; mean age: 40.96±11.08 years) with at least 6 % plantar pressure difference between limbs participated in this study. Unilateral sling bridging exercise was selectively applied to the limb showing greater plantar loading to reduce asymmetrical weight-bearing and improve limb coordination. Each participant performed three sets of ten repetitions while maintaining a stable supine posture. Plantar pressure and stance phase symmetry indices (SI) were measured before and immediately after the intervention using the Exbody GA system. Data normality was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test, and paired t-tests or Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were conducted as appropriate. Effect sizes were calculated using Cohen's d and r, with the significance level set at α= .05. Results : The plantar pressure SI significantly decreased from 18.25±6.20 to 14.49±.47 (p= .002, Cohen's d= 0.70), and the stance phase SI decreased from 10.15±4.03 to 9.07±2.61 (p= .033, r= 0.44). The two indices were moderately correlated, both at baseline and in their change scores. Conclusion: A single session of unilateral sling bridging exercise produced immediate improvements in both plantar pressure and stance phase symmetry. These findings highlight the clinical relevance of this exercise as a targeted stabilization approach for correcting asymmetrical weight-bearing and promoting more efficient gait and postural strategies.. The results provide preliminary evidence supporting its use in clinical and rehabilitation settings as an efficient, limb-specific intervention to enhance postural control, trunk-lower-limb coordination, and gait symmetry.

Purpose : Prolonged use of smartphones and computers is associated with increased forward head posture and restricted cervical extension, contributing to neck pain and functional impairment. This study compared the effects of cervical McKenzie extension exercises and thoracic self-myofascial release (SMR) using a foam roller on cervical extension range of motion (ROM), craniovertebral angle (CVA), and sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle tone. Methods : Forty-one adults aged 20-30 years with limited cervical extension and forward head posture were assigned to a McKenzie exercise group (n= 14), a SMR exercise group (n= 13), or a control group (n= 14). Interventions were performed three times weekly for four weeks. Cervical extension ROM was measured with a universal goniometer, CVA was assessed by smartphone-based photogrammetry, and SCM muscle tone was evaluated using the MyotonPRO device before and after intervention. Within-group changes were analyzed by paired t-tests, and between-group differences were evaluated by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post hoc tests (α= .05). Results : Cervical extension ROM significantly increased in both the McKenzie group and the SMR group (p<.05) but not in the control group (p>.05). Post hoc analysis showed that both intervention groups differed significantly from the control group (p<.05), with no significant difference between the two intervention groups (p>.05). CVA improved significantly only in the two intervention groups (p<.05), with no change in the control group (p>.05) and no difference between intervention groups (p>.05). SCM muscle tone did not change significantly within or between any groups (p>.05). Conclusion : Both cervical McKenzie extension exercises and thoracic foam-roller self-myofascial release effectively improve cervical extension mobility and forward head posture over a four-week period, without altering SCM muscle tone. Either intervention may be selected based on clinical context and patient preference.

Purpose : To investigate the therapeutic effects of a combined intervention consisting of ankle stabilization exercises and targeted gluteus medius strengthening on neuromuscular and functional outcomes in an individual with chronic ankle instability (CAI) and gluteus medius weakness. Key outcome domains included ankle joint stability, gait velocity, postural control, isometric muscle strength, and neuromuscular activation patterns. Methods : A single-case experimental design using a reversal (ABA) format was used. The participant was a 22-year-old female clinically diagnosed with CAI, and manual muscle testing revealed weakness of the gluteus medius. The intervention was implemented three times per week over 6 weeks. It included progressive ankle stabilization tasks combined with isolated and functional gluteus medius strengthening exercises. Outcome measures included the Cumberland ankle instability tool (CAIT) for self-reported instability, BTS G-sensor for spatiotemporal gait analysis, the Y-balance test for evaluating dynamic postural stability, Tetrax posturography for assessing static balance, MicroFET2 handheld dynamometer for isometric strength testing, and 2EM for surface electromyography (sEMG) of lower limb muscle activation. Data were collected repeatedly across the baseline, intervention, and follow-up phases. Results : The intervention resulted in clinically meaningful improvements in ankle joint stability (increased CAIT scores), dynamic and static balance performance, and lower limb muscle strength. Although gait velocity increased post-intervention, it did not reach statistical significance. Electromyographic data were variable for muscle activation across targeted regions, with no consistent activation pattern. Conclusion : Integrating gluteus medius strengthening into ankle-focused rehabilitation will enhance neuromuscular function and postural control in individuals with CAI. Nevertheless, the lack of significant change in gait velocity and inconsistent sEMG findings highlight the requirement for further studies with a larger cohort and extended follow-ups.

Purpose : This study explores the psychological and social adjustment of adolescents(aged 12~16) returning from early study abroad, using in-depth narrative interviews. It examines how early emotional difficulties and subsequent reverse-culture shock affect identity formation and growth, aiming to inform integrated support strategies. Methods : Adopting a qualitative narrative inquiry approach, this study conducted in-depth interviews with returned early study abroad adolescents. The interviews encouraged participants to recount their entire study-abroad trajectory chronologically, focusing on emotional, social, and academic challenges as well as experiences of growth across three stages: initial, mid-period, and post-return. The collected data underwent repeated inductive narrative analysis to derive key themes and meaning structures. Results : In the initial phase, participants reported pronounced emotional isolation and academic stress due to language barriers and cultural differences, along with reduced self-efficacy and heightened loneliness. Over time, many overcame these difficulties, developing independence, self-reliance, and self-directed growth, which strengthened their identity beyond academic achievement. Upon returning, they encountered reverse-culture shock, manifested as misalignments with the domestic school system, peer relationships, and identity formation, and leading to confusion and a lost sense of belonging. Nonetheless, these processes facilitated positive transformation, including the development of a multicultural identity and global career orientation. At the same time, participants described a complex self-concept as "cultural border-walkers," functioning both as a valuable resource and as a burden due to identity ambiguity. Conclusion : Early study abroad affects adolescent development holistically, from initial adaptation through post-return readjustment. Effective support must integrate emotional, cultural, and academic dimensions-not only academic aid, but also interventions to stabilize identity, address emotional transitions, and enhance intercultural adaptability. Such comprehensive support helps foster resilience, confidence, and a strong sense of self in young people navigating the complexities of cross-cultural growth.

Purpose : This study examined the effects of self-esteem and career identity on test anxiety among fourth-year nursing students preparing for the national licensing examination and explored whether learning styles moderate these relationships. Methods : This descriptive correlational study included 178 fourth-year nursing students from a four-year nursing program at a university in South Korea. Participants completed an online self-report questionnaire assessing self-esteem, career identity, test anxiety, and learning styles. Instruments included the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Career Identity Scale, Test Anxiety Inventory, and Kolb's Learning Style Inventory. Data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0, including descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, ANOVA, hierarchical multiple regression, and moderation analysis using the PROCESS Macro. Results : Test anxiety showed a significant negative correlation with self-esteem (r= -0.51, p<.001) and career identity (r= -0.39, p<.001). Hierarchical regression revealed that both self-esteem (β= -0.22, p<.001) and career identity (β= -0.21, p= .012) are significant predictors of lower test anxiety. Moderation analysis indicated a significant interaction between career identity and the accommodating learning style (β= -0.37, p= .035). These findings suggest that psychological resources and learning styles jointly influence test anxiety. Moreover, students with a high career identity and accommodating learning style experience lower anxiety in high-stakes exams. Conclusion : Self-esteem and career identity are crucial psychological buffers against test anxiety in nursing students. Furthermore, learning styles play a moderating role in these relationships. Tailored educational interventions that consider students' psychological profiles and learning preferences are needed to effectively support emotional stability and academic success during high-stakes licensure preparation.

Purpose : This study aimed to examine the relationships among nursing students' self-esteem, resilience, nurse image, and career identity, and to provide foundational evidence for developing educational strategies to strengthen career identity in nursing education. Methods : This descriptive cross-sectional study included 360 nursing students enrolled in City B. Data were collected from June 3 to 7, 2024, using a self-administered questionnaire. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations), independent t-tests, one-way ANOVA with Scheffé post hoc tests, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and multiple linear regression, performed with IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0. Results : The mean scores were 4.20±0.65 for self-esteem, 4.07±0.70 for resilience, 4.29±0.77 for nurse image, and 3.09±0.64 for career identity. Career identity was positively correlated with self-esteem (r= 0.63, p<.001), resilience (r= 0.63, p<.001), and nurse image (r= 0.39, p<.001). Self-esteem was positively correlated with resilience (r= 0.66, p<.001), nurse image (r= 0.45, p<.001), and career identity (r= 0.63, p<.001). Multiple regression analysis revealed that the strongest predictors of career identity, in descending order of influence, were self-esteem (β= 0.35, p<.001), resilience (β= 0.34, p<.001), and admission motivation based on aptitude and interest (β= 0.11, p=.012). The model accounted for 49% of the variance in career identity. Conclusion : This study identifies key factors associated with nursing students' career identity. Enhancing career identity requires educational and counseling programs that strengthen self-esteem and resilience while promoting career motivation grounded in aptitude and interest. Given the relatively lower career identity observed among clinically experienced seniors (3rd grade), nursing curricula should also embed interventions that structure positive mastery experiences during clinical practicums and reinforce professional self-concept. Future research should design, implement, and rigorously evaluate targeted interventions to enhance self-esteem and resilience and cultivate intrinsic career motivation.

Purpose : This study aimed to identify the levels of self-leadership, career decision-making self-efficacy, career outcome expectations, and career preparation behavior among graduating college students. Additionally, the study sought to examine the correlations among these variables and determine the factors influencing career preparation behavior. Methods : We applied a descriptive survey research design, which included a self-report questionnaire. The participants comprised 232 students in B city. The data were analyzed by calculating the percentages, means, standard deviations, t-tests, ANOVA, Scheffé test, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and multiple regression using SPSS 27.0. Results : The average scores of the participants were as follows: self-leadership (3.57±0.69), career decision-making self-efficacy (3.70±0.69), career outcome expectations (3.91±0.74), and career preparation behavior (2.60±.63). Career preparation behavior showed statistically significant differences according to grade (F= 4.425, p= .013), major discipline (F= 3.207, p= .042), motivation for choosing a major (F= 6.531, p= .002), and college life satisfaction (F= 10.134, p<.001). Career preparation behavior showed significant positive correlations with self-leadership (r= 0.511, p<.001), career decision-making self-efficacy (r= 0.497, p<.001), and career outcome expectations (r= 0.346, p<.001). The multiple regression model predicting career preparation behavior was statistically significant (F= 30.582, p<.001). Self-leadership (β= 0.314, p<.001) and career decision-making self-efficacy (β= 0.251, p= .009) were identified as significant predictors. These variables explained 27.8 % of the variance in career preparation behavior. Conclusion : This study suggests that self-leadership and career decision-making self-efficacy are essential factors influencing the career preparation behavior of graduating college students. The findings emphasize the importance of considering these variables when designing effective educational interventions to enhance career readiness. Therefore, multidimensional efforts are needed to develop educational and intervention programs that strengthen self-leadership and improve career decision-making self-efficacy, ultimately promoting career preparation behavior among graduating college students.

Purpose : This study aimed to examine the impact of nursing students' personality type and conflict coping style on their interpersonal relationship ability. Methods : Data collection was conducted from April 15 to April 23, 2024, targeting 260 first to fourth year nursing students at K University located in B City. The final sample comprised 184 students. Data analysis was performed using the SPSS 22.0 program. The analyses included frequency, percentage, t-test, analysis of variance. Pearsons correlation coefficient and hierarchical multiple regression. Results : Among the participants 54.3 % and 45.7 % were classified as personality type A and type B respectively. Further, personality type exhibited a weak positive correlation with interpersonal relationship ability (r= 0.21, p<.05), whereas conflict coping ability demonstrated a moderate positive correlation (r= 0.36, p<.001). Hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed that grade level (β= 0.15, p=.022) significantly influenced interpersonal relationship ability, while the overall model was statistically significant (F= 0.01, p=.001). Conclusion : This study's findings suggest that nursing students' interpersonal relationship ability is more strongly affected by educational and situational factors including learning experience and conflict coping ability than by inherent personality type. Therefore, nursing education should prioritize developing practical programs aimed at strengthening conflict coping strategies and cooperative communication skills rather than emphasizing personality type differences. Future studies should validate causal relationships through longitudinal designs involving larger and more diverse samples.

Purpose : The purpose of this study was twofold: 1) to develop and implement a nursing informatics education program using actual clinical data reports to better prepare nursing students for the complex digital healthcare environment, and 2) to examine the program's effects on information competency, problem-solving ability, and convergence competency through both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Methods : A one-group pretest-posttest design was employed, involving 85 third-year nursing students. The intervention comprised five sessions (totaling 10 hours) of a nursing informatics program that used clinical reports. The program was executed in two main phases: the initial phase (Weeks 1-3) focused on data coding and analysis of clinical information, and the subsequent phase (Weeks 4-5) centered on identifying key clinical issues of patients by using analytical results. Quantitative data were collected via pretest and posttest surveys. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 23, which included descriptive statistics (frequency analysis, means, and standard deviations) and a paired t-test. Qualitative data were gathered from participants' reflection journals during the program and analyzed using content analysis. Results : Quantitative findings indicated significant improvements in information competency (t= -7.27, p<.001), problem-solving ability (t= -3.84, p<.001), and convergence competency (t= -3.09, p=.002) after the intervention. A qualitative analysis of 84 reflective journals yielded 195 meaningful statements, which were categorized into three themes: "Overcoming challenges and enhancing information competency", "Improving clinical problem-solving ability", and "Integrating learning experiences through convergence." Conclusion : The nursing informatics program using clinical reports effectively enhanced core competencies of nursing students. It is recommended that nursing education continuously develop convergence education strategies to adapt to the rapidly evolving digital health environment. However, because this study focused on a single university, future research should include repeated studies to confirm the generalizability of its findings.

Purpose : This study explored the effects of a True Self Meditation (TSM) course on self-compassion and empathy among university students, focusing on its potential as an educational intervention to enhance emotional and interpersonal competencies. TSM is a reflective meditation method that helps individuals recognize and discard self-centered thoughts and emotional distortions, thereby restoring an authentic and positive state of mind. Methods : Fifty-six second-year students from the same department at two provincial universities were assigned to an experimental group (n= 29) or a control group (n= 27). The experimental group participated in an eight-week TSM-based meditation course consisting of lectures, guided meditation, self-reflection, and written or visual expression activities. Data were collected through pre- and post-intervention surveys using validated self-compassion and empathy scales. The data were analyzed using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) to control for pretest differences between groups. Results : No statistically significant differences in self-compassion were found between the two groups. However, empathy scores significantly increased in the experimental group after the program, and this improvement was statistically significant compared with the control group (p= .021). Conclusion : These results suggest that a True Self Meditation course can serve as an effective pedagogical approach for enhancing empathy and fostering positive interpersonal relationships among university students. Although self-compassion did not show significant improvement, longer-term or more intensive interventions may be required to influence deeper attitudinal changes. Future research should employ randomized controlled designs with larger and more diverse samples and incorporate qualitative analyses to clarify the underlying mechanisms and sustained effects of meditation-based education.

Purpose : This study aimed to analyze the effect of the peer attachment on the social stigma and addiction of school dropout adolescents with a view to providing baseline data for developing support programs and improving services for them. Methods : This study utilized data from the 5th Year (2017) School Dropout Adolescent Panel Survey conducted by the National Youth Policy Institute. Data on peer attachment, social stigma, and addiction were extracted from 318 participants (167 males and 151 females) and were analyzed. Results : According to the results of the study, the average scores of peer attachment, social stigma, and addiction were 3.11, 2.04, and 1.49, respectively. Among subfactors of addiction, smartphone addiction scored slightly higher at 1.68 than game addition (1.30). Second, peer attachment showed negative (-) correlations with social stigma and addiction, while social stigma showed a positive (+) correlation with addiction. Third, peer attachment showed a stronger negative (-) correlation with game addiction. Conclusion : The strengthening of peer attachment can be seen as an effective way to alleviate social stigma or addiction. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a peer support system through counseling for the formation of peer relationships and positive attachment, the operation of sociability enhancement programs, and the activation of participation in mentoring programs, and provide social support by strengthening a sense of belonging. Furthermore, this study suggests that adolescent addiction prevention and intervention programs should consider enhancing peer attachment in priority. This study provided a basis for alleviating social stigma and preventing addiction in school dropout adolescents. Hereafter, causal relationships and changing patterns should be analyzed through longitudinal studies and such studies should expand study subjects to diverse adolescent groups including general and multicultural youth and include diverse addiction types.

Purpose: Pediatric dysphagia in developmental and neurological disorders has a significant impact on nutrition, health, and quality of life. Occupational therapy (OT) interventions using oral motor and sensory approaches are common. However, recent evidence requires synthesis. Therefore, this systematic review synthesized post-2021 clinical evidence on the efficacy of OT-based oral motor and sensory stimulation for children with dysphagia secondary to cerebral palsy (CP) to update the evidence base and provide foundational data for protocols. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in international (PubMed and CINAHL) and Korean (DBpia, RISS, and KISS) databases to identify studies on non-invasive oral/sensory OT interventions for pediatric dysphagia published between January 2021 and September 2025. The eligibility criteria were established following the PIOS framework. Screening and data extraction were performed by two independent researchers. Methodological quality was assessed using study-design-specific tools (e.g., PEDro, RoBiNT, and JBI checklists). Results: Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria. Children with CP (36.4%) were the most frequent population, and oral motor intervention (63.6%) was the predominant approach. Despite methodological heterogeneity, all studies demonstrated positive effects, including improved oral motor skills, dietary intake, and texture acceptance. No studies focused on autism spectrum disorder. Assessment tools were categorized into two types: function-centered (e.g., videofluoroscopic swallow studies) for CP and behavior-centered for other conditions. Conclusion: Recent evidence indicates that OT-based oral motor and sensory stimulation is beneficial for pediatric dysphagia, particularly in CP. However, the low methodological quality and high risk of bias observed in most studies limit this conclusion. This reflects structural challenges, such as ethical concerns about the use of control groups. Although the evidence provides a cautious basis for clinical practice, more rigorous studies, such as randomized clinical trials, are needed to confirm effectiveness and establish protocols.

Purpose : This systematic review synthesized current evidence on the effectiveness of occupational therapy interventions for improving visual-motor integration and handwriting performance in children with neurodevelopmental disorders. Difficulties in VMI and handwriting often impair academic achievement and daily functioning in children with autism spectrum disorder, developmental coordination disorder, or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Methods : A comprehensive search of domestic and international databases was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Eligible studies involved children with neurodevelopmental disorders who received occupational therapy interventions, including sensory integration-based approaches, and reported quantitative outcomes related to VMI or handwriting. Nine studies met the inclusion criteria. Methodological quality and risk of bias were assessed using standardized tools for randomized and non-randomized studies, including the Revised Cochrane Risk-of-Bias tool, the Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies of Interventions, the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist, and the Council for Exceptional Children Quality Indicators. Results : Interventions were grouped into sensory integration-based approaches, digital or technology-assisted programs, and task-oriented training. Across studies, these interventions showed positive effects on visual-motor integration and handwriting performance. However, evidence was limited by methodological variability, small samples, lack of assessor blinding, inconsistent fidelity reporting, high attrition, and the absence of control groups in several quasi-experimental designs. Only a small number of studies employed rigorous randomized controlled trials with a low risk of bias, restricting the generalizability of findings. Conclusion : OT interventions appear beneficial for improving visual-motor integration and handwriting in children with neurodevelopmental disorders. A minimum intervention duration of 8 weeks, with 16 sessions lasting 40-50 minutes each, may be necessary for clinically meaningful improvement. Nonetheless, the evidence remains constrained by heterogeneity and a limited number of high-quality studies. Future research should prioritize adequately powered randomized trials with blinded outcome assessment and consistent fidelity procedures to strengthen the evidence base and support clinical application.

Purpose : This study aimed to examine the levels of emotional labor and sleep quality among occupational therapists, to investigate the relationship between these variables, and to identify the effects of emotional labor on sleep quality. The ultimate goal was to highlight the significance of emotional labor in occupational therapists and to provide foundational evidence for strategies aimed at reducing emotional labor and improving sleep quality. Methods : An online survey was conducted from May 19 to June 21, 2025, targeting occupational therapists with at least 1 year of professional experience. A total of 200 therapists were invited to participate via a google online questionnaire, and 174 valid responses were included in the final analysis. Emotional labor was assessed using a standardized emotional labor scale, and sleep quality was measured using a validated sleep quality assessment tool. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation), Pearson's correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis. Results : The mean emotional labor score among occupational therapists was 3.16±0.70, while the mean sleep quality score was 2.88±0.70. Emotional labor and sleep quality demonstrated a statistically significant positive correlation (r= 0.67, p<.01). All sub-factors of emotional labor, including frequency of emotional expression (r= 0.71, p<.01), attentiveness to emotional expression (r= 0.49, p<.01), and emotional dissonance (r= 0.47, p<.01), were significantly correlated with sleep quality. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the frequency of emotional expression (β= 0.61, p<.01) and attentiveness to emotional expression (β= 0.17, p<.05) significantly affected the sleep quality of occupational therapists. Conclusion : These findings indicate that higher levels of emotional labor negatively affect the sleep quality of occupational therapists. Therefore, targeted interventions and institutional support are necessary to reduce emotional labor and enhance sleep quality. Such efforts are expected to contribute to the provision of high-quality occupational therapy services and ultimately promote clients' overall health and well-being.

Purpose : This study was intended to analyze the relationships among job stress, psychological burnout, and job satisfaction of occupational therapists working at developmental rehabilitation institutions. It also aimed to provide baseline data for improving their working environments and enhancing their job satisfaction. Methods : A survey on job stress, psychological burnout, and job satisfaction was conducted from June 3 to August 2, 2024. The participants were 71 occupational therapists working at 178 developmental rehabilitation institutions (93 in metropolitan city A and 85 in province B). Results : First, occupational therapists working at developmental rehabilitation service institutions showed an average job stress score of 2.95, an average psychological burnout score of 2.70, and an average job satisfaction score of 3.86. Second, job stress and job satisfaction showed clear negative (-) correlations, and psychological burnout and job satisfaction also showed clear negative (-) correlations, while job stress and psychological burnout showed positive (+) correlations. Third, role conflict and role redundancy among the subfactors of job stress, and emotional exhaustion and lack of a sense of personal accomplishment among the subfactors of psychological burnout had a significant negative (-) impact on job satisfaction. The study found that resolving role redundancy and role conflict, as well as supporting emotional recovery, is essential for ensuring sustained job satisfaction among occupational therapists in developmental rehabilitation institutions. Furthermore, the establishment of stress management training and effective feedback and recognition systems to enhance a strong sense of self-fulfillment is required. Conclusion : This study provides empirical evidence for improving job satisfaction and professional quality of life among occupational therapists in developmental rehabilitation institutions. It is hoped that future studies, which increase the sample size, expand the geographical scope, and utilize diverse data collection methods and longitudinal approaches, will enable a more comprehensive and in-depth understanding.

Purpose : This study aimed to identify the factors influencing the response level of non-commissioned officers (NCOs) in the Republic of Korea Air Force to respiratory infectious diseases. By analyzing their knowledge, perceptions, and preventive behaviors, the study sought to generate fundamental evidence for developing effective infection control strategies and ensuring military health readiness. Methods : A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 232 NCOs from air force bases. The questionnaire assessed participants' knowledge of infectious diseases, perceptions of infection risk and control, preventive behaviors, and self-reported response capability. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, t-tests, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and multiple linear regression to identify associations and predictors of response capability. Results : The establishment of response systems for infectious diseases was consistently high across manuals, facilities, operational systems, and civil-military cooperation frameworks. Higher levels of active response were reported among individuals with prior experience in infectious disease-related tasks, vaccination history, and adherence to response guidelines. Multiple regression analysis identified five significant predictors: proactive response to infectious diseases (β= 0.35, p<.001), satisfaction with military life (β= 0.20, p<.001), establishment rate of the response system (β= 0.17, p<.001), prior task experience (β= -0.15, p<.05), and participation in infectious disease education (β= 0.24, p<.01). Among these, proactive response, satisfaction with military life, and system establishment emerged as the strongest predictors. Conclusion : To strengthen the response capacity of Air Force NCOs, it is essential to implement structured and practice-oriented education programs that enhance not only knowledge but also perceptions and proactive preventive behaviors. Continuous institutional commitment to standardized training in infectious disease response is crucial for maintaining operational readiness, safeguarding public health in military environments, and ensuring resilience against emerging infectious threats.

Purpose : This study sought to determine whether therapy resources, products, and programs are effective. To help consumers select the optimal health products and services for their needs, and to help providers scientifically demonstrate and improve the effectiveness of their products and services, a therapy index was developed, and validation studies on it were conducted. Methods : The concept of therapy was first defined by analyzing laws related to the therapy industry. We secured content validity with a CVR value of 0.56 or higher by reflecting prior research and the opinions of 12 experts. Based on the definition of therapy, we established core areas and goals for the therapy index, which represents the level of self-therapy capacity. Considering the context in which the therapy index will be used, we established the scope of its application and evaluation areas, and we extracted dependent and independent variables accordingly. To calculate the therapy index, we collected data on these variables and analyzed them using regression analysis. Results : The analyses of the regression models of the dependent variables NK cells, limb muscle mass, and cognitive function on the levels of metabolic recovery, functional maintenance, and cognitive enhancement, respectively, resulted in adjusted R² values indicating that the models had 0.506, 0.932, and 0.572 explanatory power, respectively. These values confirmed that the independent variables explained 50.6 %, 93.2 %, and 57.2 % of the variance in NK cells, limb muscle mass, and cognitive function, respectively. Conclusion : The results of this study are significant in that they demonstrate that the therapy index is not simply the sum of individual health indicators but rather has the potential to comprehensively evaluate an individual's self-healing capacity in multidimensional areas, such as metabolism, physical function, and cognition. Therefore, the therapy index can be used to objectively verify the effectiveness of products and programs in various therapy industries, such as forest therapy, marine therapy, therapy agriculture, and therapy tourism, and to provide personalized services.

Purpose : This study aims to investigate the effects on body composition, knee joint range of motion, knee pain and daily activities of short-term (4-week) of participation in a complex hot spring aquatic exercise program on obese women, and providing complex hot spring aquatic effective exercise programs. Methods : This study was conducted on adult women living in A-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea, and the experiment was conducted by dividing into an obese women group (BMI>25, 21 people) and a control women group (BMI≦25, 30 people) based on BMI in a thermal hot spring facility. The effects on body composition, knee joint range of motion, and daily activities(assessed using K-WOMAC) before and after the complex hot spring aquatic exercise program and analyzed by mixed-design two-way ANOVA. Results : First, among the body composition variables, body weight (p<.01), body fat mass (p<.01), body fat percentage (p<.01), and waist circumference (p<.01) related to obesity significantly decreased between groups, and skeletal muscle mass (p<.01) significantly increased in the obese women group. Second, K-WOMAC scores for pain, stiffness, and impairment of daily activities decreased by approximately 50 %, but no significantly decreased. The range of motion of the knee joint (flexion) (p<.01) significantly increased in the obese women group, which had a positive effect on reducing knee pain, stiffness and impairment of daily activities. Conclusion : Complex hot spring aquatic exercise appears to be an effective program for improving body composition, enhancing knee joint mobility, reducing knee pain, and increasing daily vitality in obese women. This is significant as it provides a safe and enjoyable exercise program for obese women who struggle with long-term exercise participation, have limitations due to obesity, or suffer from knee pain.

Purpose : Vitamin D₃ plays a crucial role in calcium homeostasis, skeletal maintenance, immune modulation, and anti-inflammatory processes. However, its poor aqueous solubility and limited bioavailability pose significant challenges for effective oral administration. Liposomal encapsulation has become as a promising strategy for enhancing the physicochemical stability and intestinal absorption of lipophilic compounds. This study aimed to optimize the formulation of liposomal Vitamin D₃ by assessing the effects of lecithin concentration and preparation methods on key physicochemical parameters and storage stability. Methods : Liposomal Vitamin D₃ was prepared using sunflower-derived lecithin at four concentrations (0.0075, 0.0150, 0.0225, and 0.0300 wt %) and was fabricated through three techniques: the Bangham method, homogenization method, and diffusion method. Each formulation was evaluated over a 28-day storage period (days 1, 14, and 28) for particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, and pH. The encapsulated Vitamin D₃ content was quantitatively analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. Results : Both the lecithin content and fabrication technique significantly influenced the physical stability of liposomal Vitamin D₃. The Bangham method with 0.0150 wt % lecithin yielded the most stable formulation, maintaining a particle size below 200 nm, zeta potential values lower than -45 ㎷, and an encapsulation efficiency exceeding 97 % throughout the study period. Liposomes prepared by homogenization exhibited substantial particle growth (>750 nm), reduced zeta potential (<-30 ㎷), and a marked decreases in encapsulation efficiency (<55 %). Diffusion-based liposomes demonstrated intermediate stability that improved with increasing lecithin concentration. All formulations maintained pH values within a stable range (5.5~5.9). Conclusion : Lecithin concentration and manufacturing method significantly influence the stability and encapsulation efficiency of liposomal vitamin D₃. The Bangham method, particularly at 0.0150 wt %, provides a highly effective approach to produce stable and bioavailable liposomal vitamin D₃. These findings provide a scientific basis for the development of advanced delivery systems for functional foods and targeted nutritional supplementation.

Purpose : This study aimed to identify factors associated with cirrhosis and to examine the antioxidant effect of vitamin E through correlation analysis. Methods : Data were obtained from the 7th National Health and Nutrition Survey conducted by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The dataset, accessed through the agency's official website, included 7,190 participants: 3,222 from 2016, 1,938 from 2017 and 2,030 from 2018. Results : Drinking frequency and body mass index (BMI) were used as variables representing lifestyle and environmental factors Analysis of variance showed that both drinking frequency (p<.01) and BMI (p<.01) significantly affected cirrhosis. Correlation analysis revealed that older age (p<.01), higher drinking frequency (p<.01), elevated cholesterol levels (p<.01), hyperlipidemia (p<.05), and higher BMI (p<.01) were associated with increased cirrhosis risk. These findings suggest that individuals with higher alcohol consumption or lower nutritional intake may be more susceptible to cirrhosis. In addition, exposure to hepatitis B (p<.01) and hepatitis C (p<.01) was significantly related to disease occurrence. Vitamin E levels (p<.01) were inversely associated with cirrhosis, indicating that lower concentrations increased disease risk. Regression analysis identified drinking frequency (p<.01), hepatitis B (p<.01), hepatitis C (p<.01), and vitamin E as the most significant predictors of cirrhosis. Conclusion : This study indicates that continued interdisciplinary research on the antioxidant efficacy of vitamin E is needed to support the prevention of liver disease, particularly liver cirrhosis-related conditions.

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to identify variables related to metabolic syndrome and to examine the positive physiological and functional effects of a short-term circuit training program in elderly individuals diagnosed with metabolic diseases Methods : Participants engaged in a structured circuit training program consisting of 40-minute circulation-based exercise sessions, performed twice per week over a 4-week period. The training protocol included alternating resistance and aerobic components designed to improve mmetabolic efficiency. All participants were older adults with clinically confirmed metabolic disorders. Preand post-intervention measurements were obtained for body composition, blood pressure, grip strength, and blood lipid profiles, including HDL-C. Results : The changes in body composition observed after a 4-week circuit training program in older adults with metabolic disorders showed no statistically significant interaction effects between time and group across all variables (p>.05). Regarding grip strength and health-related fitness, a significant increase in grip strength was observed in the exercise group after the 4-week program (p<.05). For metabolic syndrome-related variables, interaction effects between group and time were identified in systolic blood pressure and waist circumference, with post-hoc analysis confirming significant reductions in the exercise group. Furthermore, main effects were found in diastolic blood pressure and HDL-C; compared to the control group, the exercise group demonstrated significantly lower diastolic blood pressure (p<.05) and significantly higher HDL-C levels (p<.05). Conclusion : In conclusion, the 4-week circuit training program yielded beneficial outcomes on multiple metabolic and cardiovascular parameters, including improvements in grip strength, reductions in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, increased HDL-C, and decreased waist circumference. These findings suggest that circuit training can serve as an effective, low-cost, and practical intervention strategy for managing and improving metabolic syndrome risk factors in older adults with metabolic disorders.

Purpose : This study aimed to compare and analyze changes in blood lactate and creatine kinase (CK) levels before and after practice matches, according to playing position, in high school soccer players. Understanding these position-specific physiological responses may provide important evidence for optimizing individualized training programs and scientific recovery strategies that reflect competition-specific metabolic and muscular demands. Methods : Twenty high school soccer players (aged 17-19 years; 4 forwards, 8 midfielders, 8 defenders) participated, with goalkeepers excluded. Venous blood samples were collected from the antecubital vein at rest before the match and immediately after. Lactate and CK concentrations were analyzed using standard enzymatic assays. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 25.0, applying two-way repeated-measures ANOVA, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey's post hoc test to examine the main and interaction effects between position and time. Results : Blood lactate concentrations differed significantly across sampling time points and in the interaction between position and time (p<.05). Post hoc comparisons revealed that defenders had significantly lower lactate levels than forwards and midfielders (p<.05). There was no significant difference between forwards and midfielders. CK levels also differed significantly by position, time, and their interaction (p<.05). CK levels were measured pre-match and 24 hours post-match, with midfielders exhibiting markedly higher post-match CK levels than forwards (p<.05) and defenders (p<.01), and no difference between forwards and defenders. CK values increased significantly after the match in all positions (p<.05). Conclusion : These findings indicate that both metabolic and muscle damage responses vary by playing position in adolescent soccer players. Coaches and practitioners should consider these physiological patterns when designing recovery protocols and periodized conditioning plans. Future studies should include heart rate, GPS-derived external load, sprint frequency, and technical actions to provide a comprehensive understanding of position-specific match demands.

Purpose : This study aimed to analyze the effects of a 12-week combined exercise program on lactate and liver enzyme levels in middle-aged men, thereby providing basic information for developing exercise programs for managing metabolic and liver health in middle-aged men. Methods : The subjects of this study consisted of 24 middle-aged men living in South Chungcheong Province, County C. They were divided into an exercise group 12people and a control group 12 people. The combined exercise program comprised three sessions per week of approximately 60 minutes each, taking into account the subjects' physical fitness level and health status. Blood lactate concentrations were measured by collecting blood from fingertip capillaries at 15±1 minutes immediately after exercise, following the same standardized load after stable enzyme measurements. Then ALT and AST, used as indicators of liver enzymes, were collected from venous blood collected during stable fasting. Results : First, an interaction effect between group and period was observed for lactate changes (p<.01), and post-hoc analysis revealed a significant decrease across periods in the exercise group (p<.01). Second, an interaction effect between group and period was observed for liver enzyme changes for both ALT (p<.01) and AST (p<.05). Post-hoc analysis revealed significant decreases across periods in both ALT and AST in the exercise group (p<.05), while a significant increase in ALT was observed in the control group (p<.05). Conclusion : Our results suggest that a 12-week combined exercise program is an effective strategy for promoting metabolic health and improving liver health in middle-aged men. In particular, improvements in liver enzyme levels can contribute to the prevention of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and the promotion of liver metabolic function, providing a scientific basis for the development of exercise programs for the health of middle-aged men.

Purpose : This study investigated the association between nutrient intake and dental caries treatment experience among Korean adults. The goal was to elucidate the relationship between nutritional factors and oral disease treatment, providing evidence to support the development of oral health management, preventive strategies, and nutrition-based public health policies. Methods : Data from the 8th and 9th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES, 2019-2023) were combined for analysis of adults aged 19 years and older. To ensure representativeness, stratified sampling based on intrinsic stratification criteria was applied, and integrated weights-calculated by multiplying annual weights by integration ratios-were used in complex sample analyses. A total of 17,292 participants were included. Considering sociodemographic characteristics and nutrient intake, factors influencing dental caries treatment experience were analyzed using SPSS 21.0 for Windows, with a significance level of 0.05. Complex sample frequency analyses were used to determine overall distributions, and cross-tabulations assessed differences by sociodemographic factors. Variables showing statistical significance were further analyzed using complex sample logistic regression. Nutrient intake, measured by a 24-hour dietary recall, was examined using complex sample independent t-tests, followed by binary logistic regression to identify key influencing factors. Results : Dental caries treatment experience was more prevalent among younger adults, Seoul residents, individuals with higher income or education, private insurance subscribers, employed individuals, and those reporting poor perceived oral health or recent tooth pain (p < .05). Among nutrients, riboflavin intake showed the strongest negative association with treatment experience (OR = 0.894, p < .05), while energy, cholesterol, phosphorus, magnesium, retinol, and folate showed minimal effects. Conclusion : Both sociodemographic and nutritional factors significantly influenced dental caries treatment experience. Higher intakes of riboflavin, thiamine, vitamin E, niacin, and fatty acids were associated with fewer treatments, whereas greater dietary fiber intake was linked to more frequent treatment experience. These findings emphasize the importance of nutritional factors in oral health and support the need for nutrition-based preventive policies.

Purpose: Research on diabetes self-management has mainly focused on middle-aged and older adults, and comprehensive reviews targeting young adults with diabetes are lacking. Therefore, in this review, we aimed to explore the factors related to self-management among young adults with type 2 diabetes and those at high risk. Methods: This review followed the methodological framework for scoping reviews proposed by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). Three databases-PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycINFO-were searched for literature published between 2015 and 2024. Studies that focused on young adults (aged 18-44 years) with type 2 diabetes ans those at high risk were selected. Of the 2,529 records screened, 10 that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed. Results: The included studies revealed that facilitators and barriers to self-management were closely associated with the participants' developmental and life-cycle characteristics. Facilitators included social support from family, peers, and healthcare providers, technology-based interventions, self-efficacy, positive attitudes, health-related knowledge, and role modelling for children. Barriers included lack of time and energy, emotional eating, situational dietary barriers, stress, decreased self-efficacy and mental health, financial constraints, social stigma, and caregiving responsibilities. Conclusion: Effective self-management among young adults requires an integrated and multifaceted approach that takes into account both developmental characteristics and psychosocial influences specific to this age group. Developing and implementing tailored and individualized programs that comprehensively encompass social support networks, economic resources, digital technology utilization, and peer-based interventions can improve long-term health outcomes and alleviate the growing societal burden of diabetes. In particular, further development and evaluation of diverse technology-based interventions tailored to young adults are needed to enhance engagement and effectiveness. Additionally, strategic intervention research focusing on early intervention and prevention for high-risk groups should be continuously expanded.

Purpose : This study aims to provide a foundational basis for the institutionalization of the animal physical therapist system in response to the rapid aging of companion animals and the growing demand for rehabilitation service. Methods : The necessity of animal physical therapists was analyzed from constitutional, administrative, and comparative legal perspectives. The Medical Technicians, Etc. Act and the Veterinary License Act were examined to assess the current legal feasibility of physical therapy for animals. Legal validity was evaluated along four axes: legitimacy, teleology, constitutionality, and feasibility. In addition, comparative analyses were conducted on foreign legislative models, including the United States (CCRT system), Germany (veterinarian responsibility model), and Japan (private certification system), to explore suitable directions for institutional design in Korea. Results : The current legal framework does not explicitly permit animal rehabilitation service, leading to legal uncertainty, deterioration in service quality, rising treatment costs, and an increase in abandoned animals. The legal review confirmed that the introduction of the animal physical therapist system satisfies constitutional and social legitimacy. Comparative analysis of foreign legislative models revealed three key implications: strengthening qualification-based entry, clarifying veterinarian responsibility structures, and standardizing private infrastructures under national guidelines. Conclusion : In the short term, it is desirable to establish the institutional foundation by amending existing laws. In the mid-to long-term, enacting a separate law and establishing regional public animal rehabilitation centers should be pursued in parallel to enhance effectiveness and ensure sustainable professional practice. The institutionalization of the animal physical therapist system constitutes a legitimate legislative strategy that promotes public interests such as the protection of citizens' health rights, the advancement of animal welfare, the prevention of animal abandonment, and the creation of a more systematic, affordable, and accessible rehabilitation service network nationwide.

Purpose : Olfactory dysfunction affects over 90 % of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and precedes motor symptoms by 5~10 years, serving as a critical early biomarker. This systematic review and meta-analysis analyzed molecular mechanisms underlying olfactory dysfunction in PD and evaluated therapeutic effects of Qigong breathing meditation as a non-pharmacological intervention. Methods : A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases following PRISMA guidelines identified 70 high-quality studies examining α-synuclein pathology, G-protein-coupled receptor signaling, and Qigong interventions. Meta-analysis used RevMan 5.4 with random-effects models, while narrative synthesis was applied for heterogeneous studies. Results : α-synuclein pathology disrupts GPCR-Golf-cAMP signaling pathways, causing progressive olfactory dysfunction. Fifteen randomized controlled trials showed Qigong significantly improved respiratory parameters (FVC: 0.34 L, FEV1: 0.41 L, MEP: 8.2 cmH2O), olfactory scores, and quality of life. Molecular analysis revealed enhanced GPCR signaling (cAMP ↑38.2 %, Ca²⁺ ↑28.7 %), reduced α-synuclein aggregation (↓23.1 %), increased neuroplasticity markers (BDNF ↑45.3%, NGF ↑32.1 %), and decreased neuroinflammation (IL-1β ↓29.3 %, TNF-α ↓24.8 %). Conclusion : Qigong breathing meditation shows therapeutic potential for PD-associated olfactory dysfunction through neuroprotection, neuroplasticity enhancement, and neuroinflammation reduction. The standardized protocol (30~60 minutes, 3~5 sessions weekly, minimum 12 weeks) provides preliminary evidence, though large-scale trials are needed to confirm clinical applicability.