• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2000.04a
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• pp.209.2-209.2
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• 2000

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.1-7
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• 2006

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to isolate tyrosinase inhibitory material from Pinellia ternata and characterize its own structure and activity. Methods : Pinellia ternata (600g) was extracted with 95% methanol (1L) at $37^{\circ}C$ for 4 days, with shaking at 250rpm. The extract was further solvent-fractionated with n-hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate and water. The active fraction was subjected to JAI recycling prep-HPLC JAIGEL GS-320 column. The structure was identified for the active peak with NMR and GC. Results : Tyrosinase was potently inhibited by 95% methanol extracts from Pinellia ternata. The $IC_{50}$ value of the extracts was estimated to be 0.05mg/ml. The extracts was divided into four solvent-fractions, and the most potent tyrosinase inhibition was found in ethylacetate layer. $IC_{50}$ value of ethylacetate fraction was 0.001mg/ml. This fraction was further purified with JAI Recycling Preparative HPLC (Model: LC 9104). The isolated compound showing inhibitory activity was characterized on its chemical structure by NMR and the compound was identified as 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde. $IC_{50}$ was found to be 7.74 ${\mu}M$ which is much lower than that of kojic acid $(66.5{\mu}M)$. Conclusions : The data suggest that 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde isolated and identified from Pinellia ternata is very strong inhibitor to melanin biosynthesis.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.199-205
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• 2003

Complexes of uranyl ion $UO^{+2}_2$with Schiff-bases obtained by condensing glycylglycine with salicylaldehyde; 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde, 2,3-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, and 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde have been synthesized and characterized through elemental analysis, conductivity measurements, magnetic susceptibility determinations, u.v., i.r. and $^1H$ nmr spectra as well as d.t.a., t.g. and d.s.c. techniques. Structures and mechanisms of thermal decomposition are proposed.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.352-364
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• 2015

The aim of this study was to quantitatively analyze for quality assessment of eighteen marker compounds, including homogentisic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, spinosin, liquiritin, hesperidin, ginsenoside Rg1, liquiritigenin, ginsenoside Rb1, glycyrrhizin, 6-gingerol, atractylenolide III, honokiol, costunolide, dehydrocostuslactone, atractylenolide II, nootkatone, magnolol, and atractylenolide I, in Hyangsayukgunja-tang using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometer. The column for separation of eighteen marker components were used a UPLC BEH $C_{18}$ analytical column ($2.1{\times}100mm$, $1.7{\mu}$) and kept at $45^{\circ}C$ by gradient elution with 0.1% (v/v) formic acid in water and acetonitrile as mobile phase. The flow rate and injection volume were 0.3 mL/min and $2.0{\mu}l$, respectively. The correlation coefficient of all marker compounds was ${\geq}0.9914$, which means good linearity, within the test ranges. The limits of detection and quantification values of the all analytes were in the ranges 0.04-1.11 and 0.13-3.33 ng/mL, respectively. As a result, five compounds, homogentisic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, spinosin, liquiritigenin, and atractylenolide I, in this sample were not detected and the amounts of the 13 compounds except for the 5 compounds were $8.10-6736.37{\mu}g/g$ in Hyangsayukgunja-tang extract.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.92-101
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• 2016

In this study, an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method was established for simultaneous determination of the 25 marker components, including chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, oxypaeoniflorin, homogentisic acid, methyl gallate, caffeic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, paeoniflorin, albiflorin, liquiritin, nodakenin, ferulic acid, ginsenoside Rg1, liquiritigenin, coumarin, cinnamic acid, benzoylpaeoniflorin, ginsenoside Rb1, cinnamaldehyde, paeonol, glycyrrhizin, 6-gingerol, evodiamine, rutecarpine, and spicatoside A in traditional Korean formula, Onkyung-tang. All analytes were separated on a Waters Acquity UPLC BEH $C_{18}$ analytical column ($2.1{\times}100mm$, $1.7{\mu}m$) at $45^{\circ}C$ using a mobile phase of 0.1% (v/v) formic acid in water and acetonitrile with gradient elution. The MS analysis was carried out using a Waters ACQUITY TQD LC-MS/MS coupled with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source in the positive and negative modes. The flow rate and injection volume were 0.3 mL/min and $2.0{\mu}L$, respectively. The correlation coefficient of all analytes in the test ranges was greater than 0.98. The limits of detection and quantification values of the 25 marker compounds were in the ranges 0.03-19.43 and 0.09-58.29 ng/mL, respectively. As a result, methyl gallate, 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, evodiamine, and rutecarpine were not detected in this sample and the concentrations of the 21 compounds except for the above 4 compounds were $33.09-3,496.32{\mu}g/g$ in Onkyung-tang decoction. Among these compounds, paeonol was detected at the highest amount as a $3,496.32{\mu}g/g$.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.30 no.9
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• pp.1973-1977
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• 2009

In the present study, at first, 2,4-Dihydroxy Salophen (2,4-DHS), has been synthesized by combination of 1, 2-diaminobenzene and 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde in a solvent system. This ligand containing meta-quinone functional groups were characterized using UV-Vis and IR spectroscopies. Subsequently, the interaction between native calf thymus deoxyribonucleic acid (ct-DNA) and 2,4-DHS, was investigated in 10 mM Tris/HCl buffer solution, pH 7.2, using UV-visible absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies, thermal denaturation technique and viscosity measurements. From spectrophotometric titration experiments, the binding constant of 2,4-DHS with ct-DNA was found to be (1.1 ${\pm}\;0.2)\;{\times}\;10^4\;M^{-1}.$ The fluorescence study represents the quenching effect of 2,4-DHS on bound ethidium bromide to DNA. The quenching process obeys linear Stern-Volmer equation in extended range of 2,4-DHS concentration. Thermal denaturation experiments represent the increasing of melting temperature of DNA (about 3.5 ${^{\circ}C}$) due to binding of 2,4-DHS. These results are consistent with a binding mode dominated by interactions with the groove of ct-DNA.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.62-72
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• 2016

Banhasasim-tang is a well-known traditional Korean herbal formula and has been used clinically for the treatment of gastric disease, including acute and chronic gastritis, diarrhea and gastric ulcers in Korea. In this study, an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometer method was developed for the quantitative determination of the 13 marker constituents, homogentisic acid (1), 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (2), spinosin (3), liquiritin (4), baicalin (5), ginsenoside Rg1 (6), liquiritigenin (7), wogonoside (8), ginsenoside Rb1 (9), baicalein (10), glycyrrhizin (11), wogonin (12), and 6-gingerol (13) in Banhasasim-tang decoction. Separation of the compounds 1-13 was using an UPLC BEH $C_{18}$ ($100{\times}2.1mm$, $1.7{\mu}m$) column and column oven temperature was maintained at $45^{\circ}C$. The mobile phase consisted of 0.1% (v/v) formic acid in water (A) and acetonitrile (B) by gradient elution. The injection volume and flow rate were $2.0{\mu}L$ and 0.3 mL/min, respectively. Calibration curves of the compounds 1-13 were showed with $r^2$ values ${\geq}0.9908$. The limit of detection and limit of quantification values of the compounds 1-13 were 0.04-1.11 ng/mL and 0.13-3.33 ng/mL, respectively. Among the these compounds, the compounds 1-3 were not detected, while the compounds 4-13 were detected in the ranges of $3.20-107,062.98{\mu}g/g$ in Banhasasim-tang sample.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 2014

Scuticociliates are regarded as serious pathogens in marine aquaculture worldwide. In Korea, they cause mass-mortalities in fish such as the commercially important olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. In particular, mixed infections of scuticociliates with pathogenic bacteria have been commonly reported. During efforts to identify natural marine-algae derived products that possess anti-bacterial and anti-scuticociliate properties, we found that an 80% methanolic extract of the red alga Polysiphonia morrowii Harvey exhibits both anti-scuticociliate activity against Miamiensis avidus, which is a major causative agent of scuticociliatosis, and anti-bacterial activities against fish pathogenic bacteria. Activity-guided fractionation and isolation of the 80% methanolic extract of P. morrowii yielded three bromophenols, which were identified as 3-bromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl methyl ether (1), 3-bromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (2) and urceolatol (3) based on spectroscopic analyses. 3-bromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl methyl ether (1) showed the highest anti-bacterial and anti-scuticociliate activities, with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of $62.5{\mu}g/mL$ (against Vibrio anguillarum) and minimal lethal concentration (MLC) of 62.5 ppm (in seawater). Investigations of the anti-bacterial and anti-scuticociliate activities of seventeen bromophenol derivatives, including the three isolated natural bromophenols, showed that the existence of an electron donating group or atom with a non-covalent electron pair at $C_4$ of the 2-bromophenol structure may be important in anti-scuticociliate activity. These findings suggest that the extract and bromophenol derivatives of P. morrowii may provide useful alternatives in aquaculture anti-scuticociliate therapies.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.721-727
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• 2007

Stability-enhanced mutants, H44, 11-94, 5A2-84, and F8, of L-threonine aldolase(L-TA) from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2)(SCO1085) were isolated by an error-prone PCR followed by a high-throughput screening. Each of these mutant, had a single amino acid substitution: H177Y in the H44 mutant, A169T in the 11-94 mutant, D104N in the 5A2-84 mutant and F18I in the F8 mutant. The residual L-TA activity of the wild-type L-TA after a heat treatment for 20 min at $60^{\circ}C$ was only 10.6%. However, those in the stability-enhanced mutants were 85.7% for the H44 mutant, 58.6% for the F8 mutant, 62.1% for the 5A2-84 mutant, and 67.6% for the 11-94 mutant. Although the half-life of the wild-type L-TA at $63^{\circ}C$ was 1.3 min, those of the mutant L-TAs were longer: 14.6 min for the H44 mutant, 3.7 min for the 11-94 mutant, 5.8 min for the 5A2-84 mutant, and 5.0 min for the F8 mutant. The specific activity did not change in most of the mutants, but it was decreased by 45% in the case of mutant F8. When the aldol condensation of glycine and 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde was studied by using whole cells of Escherichia coli containing the wild-type L-TA gene, L-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine(L-threo-DOPS) was successfully synthesized with a yield of 2.0 mg/ml after 20 repeated batch reactions for 100 h. However, the L-threo-DOPS synthesizing activity of the enzyme decreased with increased cycles of the batch reactions. Compared with the wild-type L-TA, H44 L-TA kept its L-threo-DOPS synthesizing activity almost constant during the 20 repeated batch reactions for 100 h, yielding 4.0 mg/ml of L-threo-DOPS. This result showed that H44 L-TA is more effective than the wild-type L-TA for the mass production of L-threo-DOPS.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.71-79
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• 2013

Objectives : Yijin-tang has been used in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases such as irritable bowel syndrome, gastritis, and gastric ulcer. In this study, a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was established for simultaneous analysis of six compounds, liquiritin, glycyrrhizin, hesperidin, 6-gingerol, homogentisic acid, and 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde in Yijin-tang, a traditional Korean herbal medicinal preparation. Methods : A Gemini C18 column was used for the separation of six constituents at $40^{\circ}C$. The mobile phase using gradient elution consist of two solvent systems, 1.0% acetic acid in water (A) and 1.0% acetic acid in acetonitrile (B). The flow-rate was 1.0 mL/min and injection volume was $10{\mu}g$. The detector was a photodiode array (PDA) detector set at 254 nm and 280 nm. Results : The calibration curves of six compounds showed good linearity in various concentration ranges ($R^2{\geq}0.9997$). The limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) were 0.028-$0.192{\mu}g/mL$ and 0.093-$0.540{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The RSD (%) of the intra and inter day validations were 0.03-0.84% and 0.05 -1.00%, respectively. Recovery was 96.14-01.90% and RSD (%) was less than 1.5%. Conclusions : The established simultaneous analysis methods will help management to improve the quality of Yijin-tang.