• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.10
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• pp.4219-4222
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• 2015

Background: Hydronephrosis is frequently encountered in advanced stage cervical cancers, and may be associated with mortality. In the present study, we aimed to demonstrate the effect of hydronephrosis on survival in patients with inoperable advanced stage cervical cancer. Materials and Methods: The study data were acquired by retrospective analysis of the patient records belonging to 165 women with FIGO (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) stage-IIIB or more advanced cervical cancer, which were not surgical candidates. Parameters including patient age, pathological diagnosis, disease stage, pelvic sidewall extension, presence of hydronephrosis and administration of chemoradiation were analyzed. Further, the effects of these variables on survival were assessed. P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The distribution of the study patients according to disease stage was as follows: 131 (79.4%) had stage-IIIB, 18 (10.9%) had stage-IVB and 16 (% 9.7) patients had stage-IVA disease. Hydronephrosis was not evident in 91 (55.2%) of these patients, whereas 41 (24.8%) had unilateral and 33 (20%) patients had bilateral hydronephrosis. When compared to mean survival in patients who did not have hydronephrosis, survival was significantly shortened in patients who had bilateral and unilateral hydronephrosis (p<0.05). There was no significant survival difference between patients with unilateral and bilateral hydronephrosis (p>0.05). Although patient age, pathological type, pelvic involvement, and chemotherapy treatment rates were similar (p>0.05), radiotherapy requirement rate and disease stage were significantly different among the study groups (p<0.05). Conclusions: Hydronephrosis was found to be a significant predictor of poor survival in patients with advanced stage cervical cancer, irrespective of unilateral or bilateral involvement.While waiting for future studies with larger sample sizes, we believe that the FIGO stages in advanced cervical cancer could further be stratified into subgroups according to presence or absence of hydronephrosis.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.647-667
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• 2016

In this paper, dynamic displacement is estimated with high accuracy by blending high-sampling rate acceleration data with low-sampling rate displacement measurement using a two-stage Kalman estimator. In Stage 1, the two-stage Kalman estimator first approximates dynamic displacement. Then, the estimator in Stage 2 estimates a bias with high accuracy and refines the displacement estimate from Stage 1. In the previous Kalman filter based displacement techniques, the estimation accuracy can deteriorate due to (1) the discontinuities produced when the estimate is adjusted by displacement measurement and (2) slow convergence at the beginning of estimation. To resolve these drawbacks, the previous techniques adopt smoothing techniques, which involve additional future measurements in the estimation. However, the smoothing techniques require more computational time and resources and hamper real-time estimation. The proposed technique addresses the drawbacks of the previous techniques without smoothing. The performance of the proposed technique is verified under various dynamic loading, sampling rate and noise level conditions via a series of numerical simulations and experiments. Its performance is also compared with those of the existing Kalman filter based techniques.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.665-666
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• 2006

In precision laser microfabrication, focusing is essential to acquire good machining precision and uniform machining quality. If it does not perform, laser machining cannot be realized. So, confocal scanning method with high depth resolution is used for focus detection technique. This paper is concerned with a procedure for design, analysis and performance test of an autofocus fine actuating stage, which is composed of flexure-hinge type lever mechanism and piezoelectric actuator. Through series of analytical design, the stage is simplified as a rigid bodies(lever and main body) and springs(flexure hinges). The simplified model was applied to determine the dimension of flexure hinges and lever. After structural analysis confirmed design requirement, an actual stage was made and verified through an experiment on the static and dynamic characteristics(maximum stroke and 1st natural frequency). The fabricated stage was satisfied with the design requirement.

• Electronics and Telecommunications Trends
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.10-18
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• 2008

IEEE 802.16m은 IEEE 802.16e 시스템과의 호환성을 유지하면서 차세대 4G 이동통신 규격으로 ITU-R에 IMT-Advanced 시스템을 위한 하나의 표준 규격으로 제안 및 채택하는 것을 목표로 한다. 2007년 Stage 1 단계인 요구사항 문서를 작성하였고, 2008년에는 Stage 2 단계인 시스템 기술 문서를 작성하고 있으며, 2009년에는 Stage 3 단계인 표준 규격을 작성할 예정이다. 주요 기술적 사항은 시스템 기술 문서를 작성하는 단계에서 결정되므로 2008년은 향후 802.16m 시스템에서 기술 주도권을 확보하는 데 있어 중요한 해가 된다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.4711-4716
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• 2014

Introduction: Adiponectin (ApN) is a complement C1q-related protein, mainly secreted from adipose tissue, that signals through ApN receptor1 (Adipo-R1) and ApN receptor 2 (Adipo-R2). Low serum ApN concentrations are associated with obesity-related malignancies. However, there are very few studies on any prognostic role of ApN receptors in gastric cancer. Objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between AdipoR1/R2 expression and early/advanced stage gastric cancer in terms of clinicopathologic characteristics and survival. Materials and Methods: Eighteen patients with early and 39 with advanced stage gastric cancer who underwent surgical gastric resection were included in this study. Results: Adipo-R1 expression was low in 2 of the 18 patients with early stage gastric cancer (11.1%), while 4 had low Adipo-R2 expression (22.2%). In those with advanced stage gastric cancer, 7 of 39 had low Adipo-R1 expression (17.9%) and 16 had low Adipo-R2 expression (41%). Adipo-R2 expression was significantly higher (p=0.011) in moderately differentiated tumors when compared to well-differentiated tumors. While there was nearly a statistically significant relationship between TNM stage (T, tumor size; N, regional lymph node; M, whether distant metastases exist) and Adipo-R2 expression (p=0.054), there was no relationship between Adipo-R1/-R2 expression with tumor stage and survival. Conclusion: Adipo-R1/-R2 expression has no prognostic significance of in early/advanced stage gastric cancer.

• Proceedings of the KIPE Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.535-537
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• 2008

This paper proposes a modularized two-stage charge equalization converter for a series-connected lithium-ion battery string. In this paper, the series-connected battery sting is modularized into M modules, and each module has K cells in series. With this modularization, low voltage stress on the electronic devices can be achieved. A two-stage dc-dc converter with cell selection switches is employed. The first stage dc-dc converter steps down the high bus voltage to about 10 V. The second stage dc-dc converter integrated with selection switches equalizes the cell voltages. A prototype for 88 lithium-ion battery cells is optimally designed and implemented. Experimental results verify that the proposed equalization method has good cell balancing performance showing low voltage stress, small size, and low cost.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.937-938
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• 2008

Spotlight system has been made use of art works on stage such as musical and performance etc. Currently, spotlight is controlled manually through the planned path in advance. Therefore, automatic control system is necessary for manipulating spotlight on stage. In this paper, we propose the system that detects to track the multiple objects and classifies those objects, also selects an object of those ones. The proposed method can be applied to the interactive stage spotlighting system(ISSS).

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.145-151
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• 2012

Objectives: Angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis are correlated with tumor growth and lymph node metastasis in cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Endoglin is one of the representative vascular endothelial cell markers. Podoplanin is also a representative marker used in order to detect lymphatic endothelial cells. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between the expression of endoglin/podoplanin and clinical variables associated with OSCC progression. Materials and Methods: Paraffin embedded tissue specimens from 21 patients diagnosed with OSCC were used in this study. Ten patients were diagnosed with early clinical stage (I or II) and 11 patients with advanced clinical stage (III or IV) OSCC. Five patients had positive lymph node involvement. Primary antibodies for endoglin and podoplanin were used to perform the immunohistochemical detection of the vascular and lymphatic endothelial cells. The expression of endoglin and podoplanin was examined by an image analysis program in the three most highly expressed regions of each specimen. Results: The average endoglin expression was observed to be $1.691{\pm}0.920$ in the advanced stage (III, IV) specimens and $0.797{\pm}0.583$ in the early stage (I, II) specimens (P=0.020). The average expression of podoplanin was $0.286{\pm}0.228$ in the advance stage (III, IV) specimens and $0.374{\pm}0.157$ in the early stage (I, II) specimens (P>0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the expression of endoglin and podoplanin, regardless of whether or not the lymph node was positive. Conclusion: The expression of endoglin was significantly higher in the advanced stage specimens than that in the early stage specimens. Therefore, we concluded that endoglin is a useful molecular marker for use in the evaluation of the progression of OSCC.

• Journal of Radiation Industry
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.281-287
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• 2012

The model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana is the subject of an international genome research project. Massive doses of ionizing radiation have been shown to induce physiological changes in plants. The wild-type (Ler) Arabidopsis plants were irradiated with 100 Gy and 800 Gy of gamma-ray. Gibberellin (GA) affects developmental processes and responses according to the various environment conditions in diverse plant. The 13 GA isomers were analyzed at vegetative (VE) and reproductive (RE) stages by HPLC. Total GA contents were reduced with the increase in radiation doses at VE and RE stages. Specifically, levels of GA3, GA4, GA12, and GA34 were significantly reduced with the increase of radiation doses. Oligonucleotide microarrays analysis was performed with Arabidopsis plants at different developmental stages and doses of gamma-ray. Through the microarray data, we isolated 41 genes related to GA biosynthesis and signaling transduction. Expression of these genes was also decreased as the reduction of GA contents. Interestingly, in GA signaling related gene expression, gibberellin-responsive protein, putative (At2g18420) was down-regulated at VE and RE stages. Myb21 (At3g27810), Myb24 (At5g40350), and Myb57 (At3g01530) was down-regulated at RE stage. In GA biosynthesis related gene expression, YAP169 (At5g07200) and GA20ox2 (At5g51810) were down-regulated at 100 Gy treatment of VE stage and 800 Gy treatment of RE stage in cytoplasm, respectively. However, exceptively, GA3ox2 (At1g80340) was up-regulated at 100 Gy treatment of RE stage in cytoplasm. In this study, the wild type (Ler) Arabidopsis plants showed differences in response with development stage at the various doses of gamma-rays. GA contents change was reported in gamma irradiated plant.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.108-117
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• 2003

Development of advanced restraint system challenges both restraint and automobile manufacturers to come up with proper airbag design to reduce occupant out-of-position related injury. The important component of the advanced restraint system is the multi stage inflator. The multi stage inflator can independently control two or more airbag inflation stages to maximize occupant protection. The objective of this research is to develop relationship between airbag inflation characteristics, the occupant positions and the airbag design variables. The tests are conducted using five kinds of inflators, two kinds of airbag cushion folding methods and two kinds of tear lines. In the case of inflator, the out-of-position tests are performed with a traditional inflator, a depowered inflator and a dual stage inflator. And the efficiency and injury mechanism are evaluated by analyzing the injury pulses and values. Using this relationship, airbag design guideline is established for airbag aggressivity thresholds and the risk of injury is identified according to occupant positions.