• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.623-631
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• 2008

Many recent studies have concentrated upon the radiative effects of atmospheric aerosols. Though their scattering and absorption of radiation, aerosols can also induce some other important environment effects. In this study, new radiation code and aerosol data within Atmosphere General Circulation Model (AGCM) is used to assess the aerosol radiative forcing and to analyze relative climate effects. The new Kangnung National University AGCM Stratospheric-15 (KNU AGCM ST15) was integrated by using two sets of radiative effect of aerosols: CTRL as not a radiative effect of aerosols and AERO as a radiative effect of aerosols. Two cases show the difference of net shortwave radiation budget at top-of-atmosphere (TOA) is found to be about $-3.4Wm^{-2}$, at the surface (SFC) is about $-5.6Wm^{-2}$. Consequently the mean atmospheric absorption due to aerosol layer in global is about $2.2Wm^{-2}$. This result confirms the existence of a negative forcing due to the direct effect of aerosols at the surface and TOA in global annual mean. In addition, it is found that cooling over at the surface air temperature due to radiative effect of aerosols is about $0.17^{\circ}C$. It is estimated that radiative forcing of the net upward longwave radiation taken as the indirect effect of aerosol is much smaller than that of the direct effect as there is about $0.2Wm^{-2}$ of positive forcing both at TOA and at SFC. From this study, It made an accurate estimation of considering effect of aerosols that is negative effect. This may slow the rate of projected global warming during the $21^{st}$ century.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.205-212
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• 2010

To better understand the physical processes that maintain the high-latitude lower thermospheric dynamics, we have identified relative contributions of the momentum forcing and the heating to the high-latitude lower thermospheric winds depending on the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and altitude. For this study, we performed a term analysis of the potential vorticity equation for the high-latitude neutral wind field in the lower thermosphere during the southern summertime for different IMF conditions, with the aid of the National Center for Atmospheric Research Thermosphere-Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (NCAR-TIEGCM). Difference potential vorticity forcing and heating terms, obtained by subtracting values with zero IMF from those with non-zero IMF, are influenced by the IMF conditions. The difference forcing is more significant for strong IMF $B_y$ condition than for strong IMF $B_z$ condition. For negative or positive $B_y$ conditions, the difference forcings in the polar cap are larger by a factor of about 2 than those in the auroral region. The difference heating is the most significant for negative IMF $B_z$ condition, and the difference heatings in the auroral region are larger by a factor of about 1.5 than those in the polar cap region. The magnitudes of the difference forcing and heating decrease rapidly with descending altitudes. It is confirmed that the contribution of the forcing to the high-latitude lower thermospheric dynamics is stronger than the contribution of the heating to it. Especially, it is obvious that the contribution of the forcing to the dynamics is much larger in the polar cap region than in the auroral region and at higher altitude than at lower altitude. It is evident that when $B_z$ is negative condition the contribution of the forcing is the lowest and the contribution of the heating is the highest among the different IMF conditions.

• 대기
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.121-136
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• 2008

We investigate effects of vertical resolution on a parameterization of convective gravity waves (SGWDC) developed in Song and Chun (2005) through offline and online tests of the SGWDC parameterization. For offline tests, numerical simulations of the SGWDC parameterization with different number of vertical levels (L66, L117, L168, L219 and L270) from the surface to 120 km are performed for two different saturation methods. It is found that the wave momentum forcing is overestimated or underestimated in the SGWDC parameterization with different vertical resolutions, depending on the saturation methods. The increase of the vertical resolution modifies the magnitude and distribution of the wave momentum forcing in the parameterization, and this is mainly due to modification of wave saturation levels in the wave saturation processes. However the wave momentum forcing converges in the parameterizations with vertical resolutions higher than L168. For online test, the SGWDC parameterizations with vertical resolutions of L66 and L164 are implemented into a climate model with vertical resolution of L66, separately. In the L164 experiment, the wave momentum forcing decreases in the mid-latitude winter mesosphere in July and zonal mean flows are more realistically reproduced in the tropical regions compared with those in the L66 experiment. These results demonstrate that the wave momentum forcing calculated in the parameterization is sensitive to the vertical resolution, and the implementation of the SGWDC parameterization into high resolution models is required for realistic representation of the gravity wave momentum forcing in large-scale numerical models.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.223-232
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• 2014

Monthly variations of radiative forcing (RF) and mean temperature changes by greenhouse gases emitted from commercial aircraft were estimated based on the simplified expression at four international airports (Incheon, Gimpo, Jeju, and Gimhae Airports) during the years of 2009~2010. The highest RF and mean temperature change in the study area occurred at Incheon Airport, whereas the lowest RF and mean temperature change at Gimhae Airport. During 2009~2010, the mean RF and mean temperature change estimated from aircraft $CO_2$ emissions at Incheon Airport were approximately 30.0 $mW/m^2$ and $0.022^{\circ}K$, respectively. The mean RF and mean temperature changes caused by other greenhouse gas $N_2O$ was significantly small (<<0.1 $mW/m^2$ and << $1{\times}10^{-3}^{\circ}K$). Meanwhile, $CH_4$ emissions caused negative mean RF ($-4.45{\times}10^{-3}mW/m^2$ at Incheon Airport) and the decrease of mean temperature ($-3.83{\times}10^{-6}^{\circ}K$) due to consumption of atmospheric $CH_4$ in the aircraft engine.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.159-171
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• 2012

Aerosol direct radiative forcing (ADRF) retrieval method was developed by combining data from passive and active satellite sensors. Aerosol optical thickness (AOT) retrieved form the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) as a passive visible sensor and aerosol vertical profile from to the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) as an active laser sensor were investigated an application possibility. Especially, space-born Light Detection and Ranging (Lidar) observation provides a specific knowledge of the optical properties of atmospheric aerosols with spatial, temporal, vertical, and spectral resolutions. On the basis of extensive radiative transfer modeling, it is demonstrated that the use of the aerosol vertical profiles is sensitive to the estimation of ADRF. Throughout the investigation of relationship between aerosol height and ADRF, mean change rates of ADRF per increasing of 1 km aerosol height are smaller at surface than top-of-atmosphere (TOA). As a case study, satellite data for the Asian dust day of March 31, 2007 were used to estimate ADRF. Resulting ADRF values were compared with those retrieved independently from MODIS only data. The absolute difference values are 1.27% at surface level and 4.73% at top of atmosphere (TOA).

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.632-643
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• 2012

Analysis of wind resources in Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) using long term observation of tall tower located near coast line of the Korean Peninsula were carried out. The data observed at Pohang, Gunsan and Jinhae are wind, temperature and relative humidity with 10 minute interval for one year from 1 October 2010. Vertical turbulence intensity and its deviation at Pohang site is smaller than those of other sites, and momentum flux estimated at 6 vertical layers tend to show small difference in Pohang site in comparison with other sites. The change of friction velocity with atmospheric stability in Pohang is also not so great. These analysis indicate the mechanical forcing due to geographical element of upwind side is more predominant than thermal forcing. On the other hand, wind resources at Gunsan and Jinhae are mainly controlled by thermal forcing.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.558-567
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• 2003

해수면 온도에 대한 구름복사 강제력의 지역 의존도가 조사되었다. 이 조사는 경년 변동과 계절 시간규모에 대해서 각각 조사되었다. 적도 동태평양에서 경년 변동의 경우 해수면 온도가 1$^{\circ}$C 증가할 때 순 구름복사 강제력은 약 3Wm$^{-2}$가 증가하였으며, 계절변동이 포함된 경우 약 3.5Wm$^{-2}$가 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 반면 열대 해양전체에서 경년 변동의 경우 해수면 온도가 1$^{\circ}$C 증가할 때 순 구름복사 강제력은 1.5Wm$^{-2}$ 감소하였으나, 계절변동이 포함된 경우 약 2.9Wm$^{-2}$로 증가하였다. 따라서 해수면 온도에 대한 구름복사 강제력의 의존도는 적도 동태평양에서 열대 해양으로 넓어질수록 경년 변동에 의해 영향에서 계절변동에 의한 영향이 더 지배적으로 작용한다. 계절 변동이 포함된 경우 해역에 관계없이 해수면온도가 1$^{\circ}$C 증가할 때, 순 구름복사 강제력은 약 2${\sim}$3Wm$^{-2}$ 증가하였다. 이러한 결과는 해수면 온도의 경년 변동이 뚜렷한 적도 동태평양에서는 경년 변동에 의한 구름복사 강제력이 대기를 가열하는 반면, 열대 해양 전체에서는 계절변동에 의한 구름복사 강제력이 대기를 가열한다는 것을 의미한다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.1-17
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• 2014

Temporal variations of optical properties of urban aerosol in Seoul were estimated by the Optical Properties of Aerosols and Clouds (OPAC) model, based on hourly aerosol sampling data in Seoul during the year of 2010. These optical properties were then used to calculate direct radiative forcing during the study period. The optical properties and direct radiative forcing of aerosol were calculated separately for four chemical components such as water-soluble, insoluble, black carbon (BC), and sea-salt aerosols. Overall, the coefficients of absorption, scattering, and extinction, as well as aerosol optical depth (AOD) for water-soluble component predominated over three other aerosol components, except for the absorption coefficient of BC. In the urban environment (Seoul), the contribution of AOD (0.10~0.12) for the sum of OC and BC to total AODs ranged from 23% (spring) to 31% (winter). The diurnal variation of AOD for each component was high in the morning and low in the late afternoon during the most of seasons, but the high AODs at 14:00 and 15:00 LST in summer and fall, respectively. The direct negative radiative forcing of most chemical components (especially, $NO_3{^-}$ of water-soluble) was highest in January and lowest in September. Conversely, the positive radiative forcing of BC was highest in November and lowest in August due to the distribution pattern of BC concentration.

• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.59-72
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• 1999

Cavitating fluid sea ice model of Plato and Hibler (1992) is applied to the Southern Ocean with an idealized, circular Antarctica. Using climatological atmospheric forcing fields averaged in the zonal direction, we show that oceanic heat flux and ice velocity have major effects on the seasonal change of ice edge, as other studies showed. In our model results, there appears a zone of free drift that contains a polynya zone. Thermodynamic forcing functions make dominant contributions to daily increments of ice thickness and compactness, except the zones of ice edge and polynya. The dominant contributions are also shown in distributions of the temperature on ice surface and several to terms in surface heat balance equation, and are also confirmed by those obtained from the thermodynamic-only model with the different locations of ice edge.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.261-267
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• 2007

In this study, the Slab Ocean Model (SOM) is coupled with an Atmospheric General Circulation Model (AGCM) which developed in University of Kangnung based on the land surface model of Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS). The purposes of this study are to understand radiative role of clouds considering of the atmospheric feedback, and to compare the Clouds Radiative Forcing (CRF) come from the analyses using the clear-cloud sky method and CGCM. The new CGCM was integrated by using two sets of the clouds with radiative role (EXP-A) and without radiative role (EXP-B). Clouds in this two cases show the negative effect $-26.0\;Wm^{-2}$ of difference of radiation budget at top of atmosphere (TOA). The annual global means radiation budget of this simulation at TOA is larger than the estimations ($-17.0 Wm^{-2}$) came from Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE). The work showed the surface negative effect with $-18.6 Wm^{-2}$ in the two different simulations of CRF. Otherwise, sensible heat flux in the simulation shows a great contribution with positive forcing of $+24.4 Wm^{-2}$. It is found that cooling effect to the surface temperature due to radiative role of clouds is about $7.5^{\circ}C$. From this study it could make an accurate of the different CRF estimation considering either feedback of EXP-B or not EXP-A under clear-sky and cloud-sky conditions respectively at TOA. This result clearly shows its difference of CRF $-11.1 Wm^{-2}$.