• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.599-606
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• 1998

Removal of toluene vapor from airstreams was studied in a biological reactor known as a biofilter. The biofilter was packed porous ceramic inoculated with thickened activated sludge (MLVSS 17,683 mg/L). The lab-scale biofilter was operated for 42 days under various experimental conditions including inlet toluene concentrations and flow rates of the contaminated air streams. Removal efficiency reached up 96.6% after 4 days from start up. Nutrient limitation was proposed as a reason for the decrease in biofilter performence. Biofilter performance decreased substantially, coincident with the buildup of back pressure due to accumulation of excess VSS within the medium bed. Practically, the bed needs to be backwashed when the overall pressure drop is greater than 460.6 Pa at SV (Space Velocity) 100 h-1. Periodic backwashing of the biofilter was necessary for removing excess biomass and attaining stable long -term high removal efficiency The removal efficiency of toluene in the biofilter decreased as the gas velocity and toluene concentration in the inlet gas increased. The maximum elimination capacity of ceramic biofilter could reach up to 444.85 g/m3. hr. When the loading of toluene exceed this critical value, substrate inhibition occurred.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.253-259
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• 2008

In this paper an optimum design of a lab-scale biofilter for absorbing ammonia has been proposed and analyzed. This biofilter is using pine chaff and wood shaving as filter materials. It is assumed that the biofilter can be used as a storage tank of swine manure slurry or swine stall. To evaluate the biofilter performance, the ammonia, mainly offensive odor ingredient, was measured. Swine compost was mixed with filter materials in ratio of 1:1 on weight base. Each test continued for 20 days. The ammonia emissions were reduced by 97.9% and 98.3% in case of using biofilter filled with pine chaff and compost, and wood shaving and compost, respectively. The system was tested with and without adding compost. It was found that the biofilter with wood shaving and compost has an ammonia removal efficiency of 94.1%, while biofilter with wood shaving only has 85.3%. The biofilter with wood shaving and compost showed 8.8% higher removal efficiency than that of wood shaving only. By mixing the compost, the number of microorganism was found to be about 2.3 times more than that of wood shaving only. Therefore it can be concluded that adding compost has a positive effect on the formation of microorganism.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제17권12호
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• pp.1976-1982
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• 2007

In the current studies, we characterized the degradation of a hot mixture of benzene and toluene (BT) gases by a thermophilic biofilter using polyurethane as a packing material and high-temperature compost as a microbial source. We also examined the effect of supplementing the biofilter with yeast extract (YE). We found that YE substantially enhanced microbial activity in the thermophilic biofilter. The degrading activity of the biofilter supplied with YE was stable during long-term operation (approximately 100 d) without accumulating excess biomass. The maximum elimination capacity ($1,650\;g{\cdot} m^{-3}{\cdot} h^{-1}$) in the biofilter supplemented with YE was 3.5 times higher than that in the biofilter without YE ($470\;g{\cdot} m^{-3}{\cdot} h^{-1}$). At similar retention times, the capacity to eliminate BT for the YE-supplemented biofilter was higher than for previously reported mesophilic biofilters. Thus, thermophilic biofiltration can be used to degrade hydrophobic compounds such as a BT mixture. Finally, 168 rDNA polymerase chain reaction-DGGE (PCR-DGGE) fingerprinting revealed that the thermophilic bacteria in the biofilter included Rubrobacter sp. and Mycobacterium sp.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.550-560
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• 1999

There have been many research efforts on biofilter modeling including Ottengraf et al. who derived a model equation for the concentration profile of pollutants(e.g., VOCs) in the biolayer and solved their outlet concentration of the waste gas stream through biofilter. However, for most of research works done so far, the effects to explain the effect of adsorption of organic particles to medium(i.e., adsorbent) have been ignored. In this work biofilter modeling accompanying process lumping has been proposed and the theoretical effect of adsorption property of the medium, on the biofilter performance of eliminating organic components in waste gas stream, is intensively discussed.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• 제23권E2호
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• pp.74-81
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• 2007

Feasibility test for a biofilter was performed to treat VOCs. The applied loading rate to the biofilter was calculated between 60 to $3,700\;kg\;COD/m^3$. Trimethyl-pentene and trimethyl-hexene were the two most dominant compounds and they occupy about 85 percent. During the acclimation period, it is desirable for a biofilter to receive relatively lower VOCs concentration and flow rate, until it can adjust to new substrate and operational environment. Temperature at various points inside the biofilter reactor was observed with more than 23 temperature sensors. With steam heating, temperatures of the top sections of the media were greater than those of bottom sections. Without steam heating, intermediate stages generally had higher temperature measurement than those of bottom and top stages. Because the pH values for different biofilter materials vary significantly, measurement of the pH for the mixture of different combinations of biofilter materials is necessary. Based on the types and brands of media, the measured pH ranged from 5.38 to 9.10. The range of measured pH of different mixtures with perlite, compost, saw dust, peat moss, limestone, vermiculite was 7.05 to 8.62.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.136-143
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 악취 및 휘발성 유기화합물(VOC)를 함유하는 폐가스 처리에 있어서 개선된 바이오필터시스템의 악취 및 VOC의 제거거동 및 제거효율 등을 관찰하고, 전통적 바이오필터의 경우의 악취 및 VOC의 제거거동 및 제거효율 등과 비교하였다. 개선된 바이오필터시스템 운전 1~7단계에서 바이오필터 유효높이 차이에도 불구하고 미생물 population 분포 차이로 인하여, 정해진 시간에 각 단에서 에탄올 농도 순서가 바뀌었다. 반면에 운전 8단계에서 폐가스의 개선된 바이오필터시스템으로의 공급방향들이 바뀌었을 때에 에탄올 농도가 높은 순서는 운전 1~7단계와 다르게 바이오필터의 유효높이가 낮은 순서와 일치하였다. 황화수소 경우도 마찬가지였으나 에탄올 경우와 비교하였을 때에 농도순서가 바뀐 단의 황화수소 농도의 차이는 매우 적었다. 바이오필터 운전 8단계에서 개선된 바이오필터시스템의 에탄올 제거효율은 약 96%로서 전통적 바이오필터반응기의 에탄올 제거효율인 94%보다 약 2% 증가하였다. 개선된 바이오필터시스템 처리가스의 황화수소 농도의 거동은 전통적 바이오필터반응기와 비슷하였으나 황화수소 처리농도가 더 낮았다. 운전 8단계의 개선된 바이오필터시스템의 황화수소제거효율은 전통적 바이오필터반응기의 황화수소 제거효율보다 약 2% 가량 높았다. 따라서 개선된 바이오필터시스템의 제거효율은 에탄올과 황화수소 경우에 전통적 바이오필터반응기보다 각각 2% 제고되었음이 관찰되었다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.127-135
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 개선된 바이오필터설계를 가지는 새로운 바이오필터의 압력강하 및 미생물 population 분포 등을 관찰하고, 같은 유효부피를 갖고 unidirectional flow (UF)를 갖는 전통적 바이오필터의 경우와 비교하였다. 개선된 바이오필터는 운전 초기 또는 정상상태의 장기운전에서 전통적 바이오필터 압력강하의 약 40~80% 이상을 감소시켰다. 미생물 population 분포는 바이오필터 담체인 폐타이어담체와 입상 활성탄의 두 경우 모두 바이오필터 top 단에서 가장 낮았고 바이오필터 밑으로 내려갈수록 미생물 population이 커졌다. 한편 폐타이어담체는 입상활성탄 담체보다 월등히 큰 미생물 population을 나타내는 미생물 콜로니 개체수(CFU counts)를 보였다. 개선된 바이오필터에서 악취가스가 $bottom{\rightarrow}up$으로 공급되는 경우에 악취가스가 $top{\rightarrow}down$으로 공급되는 경우보다 미생물 population 성장이 더욱 컸으며, 입상활성탄 담체보다 폐타이어담체에서 이 현상이 더욱 두드러졌다. 전통적 바이오필터와 개선된 바이오필터시스템 각각의 미생물 population 분포도를 비교하였을 때에, 개선된 바이오필터의 미생물 population은 전통바이오필터보다 입상 활성탄 담체와 폐타이어담체의 경우에 각각 약 15배 및 2.5배 만큼 더 고르게 분포되었다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.155-161
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• 2012

바이오필터에서 폐가스에 포함된 유기오염물을 제거하는 효율에 대한 미디움 흡착능력의 영향을 포괄하는 강인한 동적 바이오필터 모델링을 수행하였다. 특히 비정상상태의 운전 조건 하에서도 바이오필터에 의해 처리된 폐가스 내의 유기오염물 농도를 구하기 위한 바이오막, 가스상, 수착(sorption) 부피 및 흡착상의 네가지 모델요소로 구성된 독창적인 모델인 개선된 프로세스럼핑 모델을 제시하였다. 이전의 프로세스럼핑모델에서는 담체에 대한 VOC의 평형 흡착량이 담체의 수착부피 내의 용존 VOC 농도에 선형적으로 비례한다는 가정 하에서 식을 유도하였으므로, 폐가스 처리에 적용이 제한적이었다. 따라서 실제 적용을 위해서 Freundlich 식과 같은 흡착관계식을 프로세스럼핑 모델에 접합하여 모든 농도의 VOC의 경우에 유효한 강인한 프로세스럼핑 모델을 구축하였다. 프로세스럼핑 모델 파라미터 중에서 바이오필터 미디움의 흡착과 관련한 파라미터 값들을 선행논문의 동적 흡착칼럼실험 및 문헌을 통하여 구하였다. 또한 에탄올을 포함한 폐가스처리를 위한 비정상상태의 바이오필터실험을 수행하였고, 그 실험결과와 여러 가지 Thiele modulus(${\phi}$) 값을 가지는 동적 바이오필터모델링 예측 값과 비교하였다. 이때에 구하여진 Thiele modulus(${\phi}$) 값은 0.03에 근접하였다.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• 제18권E2호
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• pp.79-84
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• 2002

The objective of this study was to investigate the biodegradation of ethylene in an activated carbon biofilter inoculated with immobilized microbial consortium. The biofilter performance was monitored in terms of ethylene removal efficiency and carbon dioxide production. The biofilter was capable of achieving ethylene removal efficiency as much as 100% at a residence time of 14 min and an inlet concentration of 290 ppm. Under the same conditions, carbon dioxide with a concentration of up to 546 ppm was produced. Its was found that carbon dioxide was produced at a rate of 87 mg day$\^$-1/, which corresponded to a volume of 0.05 L day$\^$-1/. During operation with an inlet ethylene of 290 ppm, the maximum elimination capacity of the biofilter was 34 g of C$_2$H$_4$m$\^$-3/ day$\^$-1/. The biofilter could provide an attractive treatment technology for removing ethylene, an extremely volatile and slowly adsorbed compound.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.115-120
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• 2002

Biofiltration is a bioprocess treating volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in order to convert the VOCs to harmless products. This review on biofiltration is intended to provide an engineering concept such as removal efficiency, maximum load, elimination capacity and so on. Besides, modeling concept of biofilter is also supplied for designing biofilter system. Quantitative data generated in our research group is shown to explain the engineering concept as well as the modeling idea.