• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.117-128
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• 2010

Objectives : In this study the antidepressant effects of mixture of Citri Peticulatae Viride Pericarpium and Lycii Radicis Cortex on the change of HPA-Axis and Catecholamic system was investigated Methods : The forced swimming test(FST) was performed. The expression of corticotropin-releasing factor(CRF), c-Fos in the paraventricular nucleus(PVN), and tyrosine hydroxylase(TH) in the ventral tegmental area(VTA) and locus coeruleus(LC) was measured with immunohistochemical method and the concentration of seum adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH) was measured with ELISA method. And the experimental groups were divided into the extraction after mixing(A) and mixture after extraction(B). The effects of both group were compared. Results : The duration of immobility in the forced swimming test was significantly decreased in the A400 group(P<0.01). The expression of CRF in PVN were significantly reduced in the A100, A400, B100, B400groups(P<0.001). but the expression of c-fos in PVN weren't reduced in all groups. And the concentration of ACTH in Plasma were significantly reduced in the A 100 group(P<0.01). The expression of TH in LC were significantly reduced in the A 400, B 100 and B400 groups(P<0.05~P<0.01). Conclusion : Mixture of Citri Peticulatae Viride Pericarpium and Lycii Radicis Cortex has antidepressant effects. But the difference between mixing and extracting methods was not shown.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.261-267
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• 2007

In this study, the Slab Ocean Model (SOM) is coupled with an Atmospheric General Circulation Model (AGCM) which developed in University of Kangnung based on the land surface model of Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS). The purposes of this study are to understand radiative role of clouds considering of the atmospheric feedback, and to compare the Clouds Radiative Forcing (CRF) come from the analyses using the clear-cloud sky method and CGCM. The new CGCM was integrated by using two sets of the clouds with radiative role (EXP-A) and without radiative role (EXP-B). Clouds in this two cases show the negative effect $-26.0\;Wm^{-2}$ of difference of radiation budget at top of atmosphere (TOA). The annual global means radiation budget of this simulation at TOA is larger than the estimations ($-17.0 Wm^{-2}$) came from Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE). The work showed the surface negative effect with $-18.6 Wm^{-2}$ in the two different simulations of CRF. Otherwise, sensible heat flux in the simulation shows a great contribution with positive forcing of $+24.4 Wm^{-2}$. It is found that cooling effect to the surface temperature due to radiative role of clouds is about $7.5^{\circ}C$. From this study it could make an accurate of the different CRF estimation considering either feedback of EXP-B or not EXP-A under clear-sky and cloud-sky conditions respectively at TOA. This result clearly shows its difference of CRF $-11.1 Wm^{-2}$.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.413-421
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• 2014

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is involved in the stress response and there is increasing evidence that stress influences skin disease such as hair loss. In cultured human hair follicles, CRF inhibits hair shaft elongation, induces premature regression and promotes the apoptosis of hair matrix keratinocytes. We investigated whether CRF influences the dermal papilla cells (DPC) that play pivotal roles in hair growth and cycling. Human DPCs were treated with CRF, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol, key stress hormones along the hypothalamic-pituitary -adrenal (HPA) axis for 1-24 h. Interestingly, CRF modulated the expression of cytokines related to hair growth (KGF, Wnt5a, $TGF{\beta}-2$, Nexin) and increased cAMP production in cultured DPCs. CRF receptors were down-regulated by negative feedback systems. Pretreatment of CRF receptor antagonists or protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor prevented the CRF-induced modulation. Since the CRF induces proopiomelanocortin (POMC) expression through the cAMP/PKA pathway, we analyzed POMC mRNA. CRF stimulated POMC expression in cultured human DPCs, yet we were unable to detect ACTH levels by western blot. These results indicate that CRF operates within DPCs through CRF receptors along the classical CRF signaling pathway and CRF receptor antagonists could serve as potential therapeutic and cosmetic agents for stress-induced hair loss.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.252-256
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• 1995

Corticotropin-releasing factor(CRF)를 분비하는 배양세포주는 CRF의 세포내 조절을 연구하는데 있어 훌륭한 체계가 된다. BE(2)-M17 및 BE(2)-C 세포주는 CRF를 생산하고 분비하며 forskolin 처치에 반응하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 저자들은 이들 세포주에 phorbol 에스테르, 즉 phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate(TPA) 0.8, 4, 10, 20 nM, 및 nitric oxide(NO)의 신호전달 경로의 자극제(1-${\mu}M$ nitroprusside)와 차단제($1{\mu}M$ nitroprusside+$300{\mu}M$ $N^G$-methyl-D-arginine), 그리고 interleukin-$1{\alpha}$ (IL $1{\alpha}$ ; 4, 20, 100, 500 pM)를 처치하여 CRF를 의미있게 증가시켰으나 세포외 분비는 C 세포에서만 변화되었다. NOS계의 자극제와 차단제는 C 세포의 forskolin 효과를 의미있게 변화시켰다. IL$1{\alpha}$는 두 세포주에 대한 영향이 없었다. 상기 제제들에 대한 이들 세포의 반응이 중추신경계 CRF 신경들과 관련하여 논의되었다.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.62-69
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• 2003

Corticotropin-releasing factor(CRF) and neuropeptide Y(NPY) are known to play important roles in mediating stress responses and stress-related behavior. To elucidate the role of neuropeptides in response to the condition that had paired with traumatic event, we observed the changes of CRF and NPY by immunohistochemistry using a conditioned footshock paradigm. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were placed in a shuttle box and exposed to 20 pairings of a tone(< 70dB, 5sec) followed by a footshock(FS, 0.8mA, 1sec) over 60min. A second group was exposed to the tone-footshock pairings, returned to the homecage for 2days, and then reexposed to the test chamber and 20tones alone for 60min, prior to sacrifice. Control groups were : a) sacrificed without exposure to FS ; b) exposed to the tone-footshock pairings and then sacrificed two days later ; or c) exposed to the chamber and tones alone, returned to the homecage for 2days and then reexposed to the chamber and 20tones over 60min prior to sacrifice. CRF was increased in animals exposed to FS or the aversive condition(context and tone) that had paired to FS in bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) compared to the control. NPY was increased by FS in amygdala and PVN, but the condition previously associated with FS results in slight increase only in amygdala area. These results suggest that the BNST appears to be the mostly involved neural circuit in response to explicit cues previously paired with footshock. Moreover, this study raise the possibility that increased CRF peptide in the BNST in response to re-exposure to the aversive condition may underlie, in part, the experience of conditioned fear-related anxiety behavior.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.1529-1535
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• 2000

The aim of the present study was to determine whether brain corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and a new peptide, urocortin (UCN) have a direct action in brain mechanisms controlling feed, water and salt intake in sheep. We gave a continuous intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of the peptide at a small dose of $5{\mu}g/0.2ml/hr$ for 98.5 hrs from day 1 to day 5 in sheep not exposed to stress. Feed and water intake during ICV infusion of CRF or UCN decreased significantly compared to those during artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) infusion. NaCl intake during infusion of CRF or UCN was the same as that during CSF infusion. Mean carotid arterial blood pressure (MAP) and heart rate during ICV infusion of CRF or UCN were not significantly different from that during CSF infusion. On the other hand, the plasma glucose concentration during ICV infusion of CRF or UCN tended to be higher than that during CSF infusion. These observations indicate that decreased feed intake induced by CRF and UCN infusion is not mediated by the activation of both the pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system. The results suggested that brain CRF and UCN act directly in brain mechanisms controlling ingestive behavior to decrease feed and water intake, but do not alter salt intake in sheep.

• Annual Conference on Human and Language Technology
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• 2018.10a
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• pp.172-175
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• 2018

환자의 병력을 서술하는 임상문서에서 임상 개체명들은 그들 사이에 개체명이 아닌 단어들이 위치하기 때문에 거리상으로 서로 떨어져 있고, 임상 개체명인식에 많이 사용되는 조건부무작위장(conditional random fields; CRF) 모델은 Markov 속성을 따르기 때문에 서로 떨어져 있는 개체명 라벨 간의 전이 정보는 모델의 계산에서 무시된다. 본 논문에서는 라벨링 모델에 서로 떨어진 개체명 간 전이 관계를 표현하기 위하여 CRF 모델의 구조를 변경하는 방법론을 소개한다. 제안된 CRF 모델 디자인에서는 모델의 계산효율성을 빠르게 유지하기 위하여 Markov 속성을 유지하는 1차 모델 구조를 유지한다. 모델은 선행하는 개체명의 라벨 정보를 후행하는 개체명 엔터티에게 전달하기 위하여 선행 개체명의 라벨을 뒤 따르는 비개체명 라벨에 전이시키고 이를 통해 후행하는 개체명은 선행하는 개체명의 라벨 정보를 알 수 있게 된다. 라벨의 고차 전이 정보를 전달함에도 모델의 구조는 1차 전이 구조를 유지함으로 n차 구조의 모델보다 빠른 계산 속도를 유지할 수 있게 된다. 모델의 성능 평가를 위하여 서울대학교병원 류머티즘내과에서 퇴원한 환자들의 퇴원요약지에 병력과 관련된 엔터티가 태깅된 평가 데이터와 i2b2 2012/VA 임상자연어처리 shared task의 임상 개체명 추출 데이터를 사용하였고 기본 CRF 모델들(1차, 2차)과 비교하였다. 피처 조합에 따라 모델들을 평가한 결과 제안한 모델이 거의 모든 경우에서 기본 모델들에 비하여 F1-score의 성능을 향상시킴을 관찰할 수 있었다.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.26 no.11
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• pp.1578-1584
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• 2002

Combustion stability is one of the most important factors that must be considered in burning of heavy fuel oil, especially low-grade oil. This paper describes the combustion characteristics of petrochemical process by- product in the combustion furnace of heavy fuel oil. Main experimental parameters were combustion load, excess 02, fuel preheating temperature and air/fuel ratio. The capacity of CRF(combustion research facility) used in this study was 1.0 ton/hr and the burner is steam jet type suitable far heavy oil combustion and manufactured by UNIGAS in Italy. The fuel used in this experiment were 0.5 B-C, petrochemical process by-product and 3 kinds of 0.5 B-C/process by-product mixtures. The combustion stability was monitored and exhaust gases such as CO, NOx, SOx and particulates were measured with the excess $O_2$ and combustion load. The main purpose of this study is to clarify whether process by-product can be used as a boiler fuel or not in consideration of flame stability and emission properties.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.8-11
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• 2011

Two types of glycerolipids [monoacylglycerols (MAG) and cyclitols] were isolated by reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography from the methanol extracts of a marine sponge, and analyzed by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS) in positive-ion mode. FAB mass spectra of these compounds yielded protonated molecules $[M + H]^+$ and abundant sodiated molecules $[M + Na]^+$ from a mixture of 3-nitrobenzyl alcohol and NaI. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by FAB-collisional-induced dissociation (CID)-tandem mass spectrometry. We carried out collision-indused dissociation (CID) of these lipids in B/E-linked scan mode. The CID B/E-linked scan of $[M + H]^+$ and $[M + Na]^+$ precursor ions resulted in the formation of numerous characteristic product ions through a series of dissociative processes. The product ions formed by charge-remote fragmentation (CRF) provided important information for the identification of the acyl chain structure substituted at the glycerol backbone. Some of the product the ions were diagnostic for the presence of a glycerol backbone or acyl chain structure.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.93-114
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• 2023

Information extraction can facilitate the intensive analysis of documents by providing semantic triples which consist of named entities and their relations recognized in the texts. However, most of the research so far has been carried out separately for named entity recognition and relation extraction as individual studies, and as a result, the effective performance evaluation of the entire information extraction systems was not performed properly. This paper introduces two models of end-to-end information extraction that can extract various entity names in clinical records and their relationships in the form of semantic triples, namely pipeline and joint models and compares their performances in depth. The pipeline model consists of an entity recognition sub-system based on bidirectional GRU-CRFs and a relation extraction module using multiple encoding scheme, whereas the joint model was implemented with a single bidirectional GRU-CRFs equipped with multi-head labeling method. In the experiments using i2b2/VA 2010, the performance of the pipeline model was 5.5% (F-measure) higher. In addition, through a comparative experiment with existing state-of-the-art systems using large-scale neural language models and manually constructed features, the objective performance level of the end-to-end models implemented in this paper could be identified properly.