• 약학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.93-100
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• 2001

Drug inetraction between of enalapril-induced angiotensin converting enzym) inhibitory effect and Ginkgo biloba Ext.-induced antioxidant action was evaluated in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Combination treatment of enalapril (20 mg/kg/day p.o.) and Ginkgo biloba Ext. (60 mg/kg/day, p.o.) for 6 weeks in drinking water to SHRs resulted the inhibition of ACE activity in lung tissue, angiotensin I-induced pressure response and plasma angiotensin II concentration as similar to enalapril alone treatment. But these effects were sustained after 1 week withdrawal of enalapril and Ginkgo biloba Ext. co-administeration. Also, coadministered group did not increase the concentration of bradykinin in lung tissue, which were different from enalapril alone treated group. Co-administration of enalapril and Ginkgo biloba Ext. inhibited the hemolysis induced by UV B type, even Ginkgo biloba Ext. alone treated group did not. These results suggested that Ginkgo biloba Ext. sustained ACE inhibitory effect and reduced the inhibitory effect of bradykinin inactivation induced by enalapril, meanwhile, enalapril increased the antioxidant effect of Ginkgo biloba Ext.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제2권6호
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• pp.771-778
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• 1998

To investigate interaction of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor with local tissue renin- angiotensin system (RAS), changes in gene expression of the RAS components in various tissues in response to chronic administration of an ACE inhibitor, enalapril, were examined in Sprague-Dawley male rats. Enalapril was administered in their drinking water $(3{\sim}4\;mg/day)$ over 8 wk. Plasma and renal ACE activity increased significantly after 4 and 8 wk of enalapril treatment. Renin levels of the plasma and kidney of the enalapril-treated rats markedly increased after 4 wk and decreased thereafter, but still remained significantly higher than those of control rats. Kidney mRNA levels of renin markedly increased after 4 and 8 wk of enalapril treatment, but those of angiotensinogen and ANG II-receptor subtypes, $AT_{1A}$ and $AT_{1B}$, did not change significantly. The liver expressed genes for renin, angiotensinogen and $AT_{1A}$ receptor subtype, but $AT_{1B}$ receptor subtype mRNA was not detectable by RT-PCR. None of mRNA for these RAS components in the liver changed significantly by enalapril treatment. The hypothalamus showed mRNA expressions of renin, angiotensinogen, $AT_{1A}$ and $AT_{1B}$ receptor subtypes. $AT_{1A}$ receptor subtype mRNA was more abundant than $AT_{1B}$ receptor subtype in the hypothalamus as shown in the kidney. However, gene expression of the RAS components remained unchanged during 8-wk treatment of enalapril. In the present study, chronic ACE inhibition increased plasma and renal levels of ACE and renin, but did not affect mRNA levels of other RAS components such as angiotensinogen, ANG II receptor subtypes in the kidney. Gene levels of the RAS components in the liver and hypothalamus were not altered by chronic treatment of enalapril. These results suggest the differential expression of the RAS components in response to enalapril, and localized action and some degree of tissue specificity of enalapril.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2003년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2-2
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• pp.246.1-246.1
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• 2003

Bioequivalence of two enalapril maleate tablets, formulation A and B, was evaluated according to the Korean Guidelines for Bioequivalence Test (KGBT 2001). Twenty healthy male volunteers (19∼27 years old) were randomly divided into two groups and a randomized 2x2 cross-over study was performed. Following oral administration of enalapril maleate tablets (20 mg dose), blood sample was taken at pre-determined time intervals and the concentrations of enalapril in plasma were determined using LC-MS. (omitted)

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.219-226
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• 1990

국내 생산 enalapril maleate 10mg 제제 $(Beartec^{\circledR})$의 생물학적 동등성을 검토키위해, 원 제조원인 Merck사의 $Vasotec^{\circledR}$을 기준 제제로하여 12명의 건강한 남성지원자를 대상으로 10mg 1회 경구 투여 교차시험후 약동학적 성상, ACE활성억제의 경시적 변화 및 혈압 변동을 검토한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 혈장 enalapril 및 활성형 대사물인 enalaprilat의 생체이용율 지표들(AUC, Tmax 및 Cmax)의 평균치는 시험제제에서 enalapril의 최고 혈장농도 도달시간(Tmax)이 약 27%(0.21시간)지연되었을 뿐 타 지포는 대조제제에 대한 백분율 차이에 있어 ${\pm}20%$내외였다. 2. 혈장 enalapril및 enalaprilat의 생체 이용율 지표들은 분산 분석에 의해 두 제제간에 차이를 인지할 수 없었다. 3. 시험제제의 생체이용율 지표들은, 대조제제에 대한 백분율을 95% 신뢰구간 검정시, enalapril의 AUC 및 Tmax를 제외한 enalapril 및 enalaprilat의 모든 지표는 ${\pm}20%$ 내외의 결과를 보였다. 4. 두제제 투여후 ACE활성도는 enalaprilat 혈장농도 5-6ng/ml에서 50%의 억제를 보였으며, 투약 23시간까지의 활성억제 AUC는 차이가 없었다. 5. 두 제제 투여후 수축기 및 이완기 혈압은 투약 2시간 이후 유의한 감소를 보였으며 혈압 변동은 두제제간에 차이를 인지할 수 없었다. 이상의 실험 결과로 enalapril maleate의 국내 생산 generic product는 기준제제인 $Vasotec^{\circledR}$과 동등한 생물학적 동등성을 지니며 치료적 등가성을 보이는 제제로 판단하였다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.401-409
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• 1998

Group of 40 male and 40 female ICR mice was given daily per oral treatment with the combination of enalapril plus Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761), 3+9mg/kg/day(low dosage group), 10+30mg/kg/day (middle dosage group), 30+90mg/kg/day (high dosage group) for 3 months in drinking water according to Established Regulation of Korean National Institute of Safety Research (1994. 4.14). Appearance, behavior, mortality, and food consumption of mouse of treated groups were not affected during the experimental periods. No significant the combination of enalapril plus Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761)-related changes were found in urinalysis, hematology, serum chemistry, and organ weight, Lung edema were observed and the weight of lung were increased in low dosage treated group of the male mice, which be associated with enalapril treatment, but these changes were not found in middle and high dosage group. Our results suggest that to toxic changes were found in rat treated orally with the combination of enalapril plus Ginko biloba extract (EGb 761) for 3 months.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.21-31
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• 1991

미주신경절단 가토에서 니코틴성약물인 nicotine과 DMPP뿐아니라 무스카린성 약물인 muscarine과 bethanechol은 측뇌실내 투여로 모두 혈압상승작용을 나타냈다. Nicotine과 DMPP에 대한 승압반응은 측뇌실내 mecamylamine처리로 현저히 감약되었으나 측뇌실내 pirenzepine처리에 의해서는 영향받지 않았고, muscarine과 bethanechol에 대한 승압반응은 pirenzepin에 의해서는 억제되나 mecamylamine에 의해서는 영향받지 않았다. 이는 뇌내의 니코틴성 수용체 및 무스카린성 수용체가 모두 혈압상승에 관여함을 가리키고 있다. Nicotine과 muscarine에 대한 승압반응은 regitine, reserpine, enalapril, saralasin, SK&F-100273, regitine과 enalapril, regitine과 saralasin의 정맥내 처리에 의해서는 억제되지 않았으며 nicotine에 대한 승압반응은 regitine과 SK&F-100273 두약물의 병용처리에 의해서 억제되었고 muscarine에 의한 승압반응은 regitine, enalapril과 SK&F-100273의 세가지 약물의 병용처리에 의해서만 억제되었다. Nicotine이나 muscarine에 의한 혈압상승상태에서 정맥내 regitine의 투여는 혈압하강을 일으켰으나 enalapril이나 SK&F-100273은 혈압하강을 일으키지 못하였다. Enalapril은 regitine처리나 regitine과 SK&F-100273병용처리 가토에서 nicotine에 의해 상승된 혈압을 하강시키지 못하였으나 SK&F-100273은 regitine처리 가토에서 nicotine에 의한 상승된 혈압을 하강시켰다. Enalapril은 이러한 SK&F-100273의 할압하강작용을 강화시키지 못하였다. Enalapril은 regitine 처리 가토에서 muscarine에 의하여 상승된 혈압은 하강시키지 못하였으나, regitine과 SK&F-100273병용처리 가토에서 muscarine에 의해 상승된 혈압은 하강시켰다. SK&F-100273은 regitine처리 가토에서 muscarine에 의해 상승된 혈압을 하강시키지 못했으나 regitine과 enalapril병용처리 가토의 상승된 혈압은 하강시켰다. 이상의 성적은 뇌실내 nicotine에 의한 혈압상승에는 말초에서 교감신경계와 vasopressin이 관여하며 muscarine에 의한 혈압상승에는 교감신경계, vasopressin 및 angiotensin계가 관여함을 시사하고 있다. Regitine의 정상 가토 혈압하강작용은 enalapril이나 SK&F-100273의 단독처리에 의해서는 영향받지 않았으나 이 두약물을 병용처리시에는 유의하게 강화되었고, 이는 가토 동맥압의 유지에 교감신경, renin-angiotensin 및 vasopressin계가 관여함을 시사하고 있다.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.49-60
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• 1992

선천성 고혈압 흰쥐(SHR)에서 endothelin-1(ET)과 neuropeptide Y(NPY) 투여에 의한 심혈관계 반응에 미치는 enallapril 장기처치의 영향을 검토하였다. 생후 6주의 SHR에 enalapril(3 mg/kg/day)을 6주간 투여하였을 때 고혈압 발현이 현저히 억제되었다(이하 enalapril 처치군). Enalapril 처치군에서 ET 및 NPY에 의한 승압반응이 현저히 억제되었지만, ET 측뇌실투여에 의한 혈압상승 및 NPY측뇌실 투여로 야기되는 혈압하강효과에는 영향이 없었다. 뇌척수제거 흰쥐에서 전기적 자극으로 야기되는 빈맥효과는 enalapril처치나 ET투여로 억제되었는데, ET의 작은 ${\alpha}_2$-수용체 길항제인 yohimbine 전처치로 봉쇄되었다. SHR의 적출 대동맥에서 전기자극 빈도수에 따르는 수축반응이 ET 전처치로 항진되었으나 NPY 전처치로는 차이가 없었다. 전기자극 빈도수에 따른 수축반응은 enalapril투여한 군의 것이 투여하지 않은 군의 것에 비하여 약화되었다. ET투여에 의한 혈중 norepinephrine의 증가작용이 enalapril처치로 감소되었으며, 이러한 감소작용이 뇌척수제거 흰쥐에서 현저하였다. 위의 결과로 미루어 고혈압흰쥐에 enalapril을 장기처치함으로써 고혈압 발현을 효과적으로 억제할 수 있으며, 이는 ET 및 NPY에 의한 승압반응 및 교감신경말단의 신경전달과정의 억제가 관여될 수도 있을 것 같다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.878-880
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• 2004

Revered-phase LC-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was used to selectively determine enalapril from plasma with minimal sample preparation. Detection limit of the method was 1 ng/mL. Precision (within day and between days) and accuracy of the method at various concentrations were acceptable. The analytical technique was used for pharmacokinetic studies after administration of enalapril to human test subjects.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.14-21
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• 2013

Background: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are known to be related to cardiovascular diseases. Many studies have demonstrated that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors have beneficial effects against ROS. We investigated the antioxidant effect of captopril and enalapril in nitric oxide mediated vascular endothelium-dependent relaxations. Materials and Methods: Isolated rabbit abdominal aorta ring segments were exposed to ROS by electrolysis of the organ bath medium (Krebs-Henseleit solution) after pretreatment with various concentrations (range, $10^{-5}$ to $3{\times}10^{-4}$ M) of captopril and enalapril. Before and after electrolysis, the endothelial function was measured by preconstricting the vessels with norepinephrine ($10^{-6}$ M) followed by the cumulative addition of acetylcholine (range, $3{\times}10^{-8}$ to $10^{-6}$ M). The relevance of the superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide scavenging effect of captopril and enalapril was investigated using additional pretreatments of diethyldithiocarbamate (DETCA, 0.5 mM), an inhibitor of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (3AT, 50 mM), an inhibitor of catalase. Results: Both captopril and enalapril preserved vascular endothelium-dependent relaxation after exposure to ROS in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.0001). Pretreatment with DETCA attenuated the antioxidant effect of captopril and enalapril (p<0.0001), but pretreatment with 3AT did not have an effect. Conclusion: Both captopril and enalapril protect endothelium against ROS in a dose-dependent fashion in isolated rabbit abdominal aortas. This protective effect is related to superoxide anion scavenging.

• 약학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.487-493
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• 1999

Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) on the anti-pulmonary hypertensive action of enalapril were evaluated in rats. Pulmonary hypertension was induced by monocrotaline treatment (60mg/kg, i.p.) in normotensive rats. In the systolic pulmonary artery pressure, the control group was 33$\pm$2 mmHg, comparing to the normal group of 19$\pm$1 mmHg. That of enalapril group(20mg/kg/day, p.o.) was 26$\pm$2 mmHg. In the isolated lung preparation, acetylcholine, which was endothelium dependent vasodilator, induced the decrease of pulmonary artery perfusion pressure(-2.0$\pm$0.7 mmHg) in normal group, but the increase of that of 3.4$\pm$0.6 and 3.0$\pm$0.9 mmHg in control and enalapril group, respectively. And that of the combined group was -0.5$\pm$0.2 mmHg. In the isolated pulmonary artery, acetylcholine(10-5M) induced the relaxation of 65$\pm$6% in normal group, but 15 and 8% in control and enalapril group, respectively. And that of the combined group was resulted 55$\pm$2%. These results suggested that co-administration of Ginkgo biloba extract(EGb 761) potentiated the anti-pulmonary hypertensive effects of enalapril through the increase of pulmonary vasodilation due to the protection of endothelial cell by antioxidant action of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761).