• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.92-95
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• 2001

The Baghabarighat Milk Shed Area (BMSA), in Bangladesh belonging to the Bangladesh Milk Producers Cooperative Union Limited (BMPCUL) was selected to study the qualitative and quantitative aspects of dairy milk and to establish a trend throughout the year (July 1995 to June 1990) of milk collected at morning and evening, and daily. The average fat, solids-not-fat (SNF) and total solid (TS) contents of the morning milk were 4.58, 7.75 and 12.33%, respectively, and evening milk contained 5.41, 7.81 and 13.23%. The values for the quality varied (p<0.01) throughout the year without a specific trend. Higher milk collection occured at morning (52.77%) than evening (47.24%), but total yield of fat from morning milk was lower (48.74%) than evening milk (51.26%) due to a lower fat value (4.58%). Yield of SNF (52.57% morning, 47.37% evening) followed the values of the amount of milk collected due to their similar value at morning (7.75) and evening (7.81). Overall, TS yield was 51 and 49% from morning and evening. There was not a significant (p>0.01) relationship between fat and TS values of morning milk with those of evening milk, but there was a correlation (p<0.01) between milk yield at morning and all other parameters for evening. Solids-not-fat value of morning milk was related with yield and SNF value of milk from evening, but not with fat and TS evening milk. It may be concluded that evening milk contains higher amounts of fat, SNF and TS, but yields were higher at morning, except fat. Milk collected at morning showed a relationship with all the parameters found at evening.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.189-192
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• 2001

This study was initiated in an effort to determine the normal mean and variations of the somatic cell count (SCC) in milk of buffaloes as influenced by the milking time, stage of lactation, parity and season. The buffaloes were hand milked at 13 and 11 h. interval during evening and morning respectively. On the day of milk sampling the udders were tested for mastitis by California Mastitis Test (CMT). Only those buffaloes, which were found negative in the CMT, were included in the sampling plan. The mean values for morning and evening were 1.09 (range 0.39-1.76) and $0.97(range\;0.57-2.46){\times}10^5cells/ml$, respectively which did not differ significantly. When data of the morning and evening values was compared on the basis of total cell secretion in milk, even then there was no statistical difference between the morning and the evening values, thereby suggesting that no diurnal variation existed in SCC of milk. Paritywise differences were not significant between the 1st to 5th lactation and above. Similarly stage of lactation effect, when tested at 30 day intervals, did not differ significantly. Significant (p<0.05) correlation coefficients (r) between SCC and milk yield during different stages of lactation and parity suggested that SCC per ml of milk was higher during the later stages of lactation. SCC was higher in primiparous than in multiparous buffaloes. On an average the SCC recorded was $1.0{\times}10^5cells/ml$ of milk irrespective of time of milking, parity and stages of lactation. The SCC was low during cold and hot-dry season but were high during the hot-humid season (p<0.05), the respective values being 0.76, 1.08 and $1.35{\times}10^5cells/ml$. These values were lower than the SCC already reported in cows suggesting less stressful condition of the udder of buffaloes in this study.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권7호
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• pp.1041-1047
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the changes of chemical and sensory properties and cholesterol lowering effect of milk treated with $\beta$-cyclodextrin to reduce cholesterol and supplemented with evening primrose oil (EPO). The average cholesterol removal rate was 93.5%. The thiobarbituric acid (TBA) absorbance increased proportionally to storage period and amount of EPO addition. TBA absorbance was significantly different in the EPO-added groups from that in unadded groups in all periods. The production of short-chain free fatty acids (FFA) increased with longer period of storage. From 6 days of storage, the amounts of short-chain FFA in 6 and 10% EPO-added groups were significantly different from other groups. The scores for all sensory characteristics indicated that sensory quality decreased with both storage time and increasing amount of EPO. Oxidative off-flavor and off-taste were more intense with higher amounts of EPO addition and longer storage period. Also, the higher the amount of EPO addition, the lower overall scores throughout the 15 day storage. Feeding 10% EPO-supplemented cholesterol-reduced milk increased high density lipoprotein (HDL) in male Sprague-Dawley rats by 76%, which is significantly different from the control (27%).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권9호
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• pp.1285-1290
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• 2003

The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of test day milk yield, test day evening milk yield, parity, stage of lactation and body weight on milk urea and milk protein concentration. A total of 319 milk samples was collected from buffaloes over four month's period and subjected to urea and protein analysis. Milk urea concentration (mg/dl) was significantly (p<0.01) increased with increasing test day milk yield. The lowest value ($57.03{\pm}1.13$) was observed in the milk yield group ${\leq}4.5kg/day$ and the highest value ($64.15{\pm}1.13$) in the group 7.7-10.7 kg/day. However, test day evening milk yield had no significant effect on milk urea concentration. Milk protein did not vary significantly with the test day milk yield as well as test day evening milk yield. A clear decreasing trend of milk urea concentration (mg/dl) was found with the increasing parity. The highest MU concentration ($64.03{\pm}1.14$) was found in the first parity and the lowest ($55.67{\pm}1.22$) was found in the sixth and above parity. Whereas, stage of lactation had no effect on milk urea concentration. Moreover, parity and stage of lactation did not have any significant effect on milk protein concentration. Body weight (kg) was also found negatively (p<0.05) related with urea content (mg/dl) in milk. The highest mean MU concentration ($64.34{\pm}0.88$) was found when body weight was between 532 and 598 kg and lower mean values ($59.24{\pm}0.94$ and $59.33{\pm}1.23$) were observed in 599 to 665 kg and ${\geq}666kg$ group. Body weight also had significant (p<0.05) effect on milk protein content. The highest milk protein content (%) was found in ${\geq}666kg$ group and the lowest in <531 kg group. In conclusion, for proper interpretation of milk urea values to monitor protein nutrition status of the buffaloes parity, milk yield and body weight should be considered.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.919-924
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• 2005

본 연구는 축산연구소에서 사육하고 있는 홀스타인 젖소 122두를 공시하여 2005.7.1부터 2005.8.8까지 연속유량, 유량변이, 유성분, 체세포수, 착유시간, 비유지속시간, 최고비유속도 및 비유속도에 영향을 미치는 산차, 착유시간, 착유간격, 유기가 미치는 효과에 대하여 조사 분석하였다. 공시축의 평균산차는 1.6산, 평균유기는 199.4일, 1회 착유시 평균유량은 12.25kg이었다. 연속유량, 유성분(지방율, 단백질율, 유당율, 무지고형분율), 체세포수, 비유지속시간, 최고비유속도, 평균비유속도는 산차 영향을 받았으며 연속유량, 유량변이, 지방율, 무지고형분율, 체세포수, 비유지속시간, 최고비유속도, 평균비유속도는 착유시간의 영향을 받았다. 비유일수는 연속유량, 지방율, 단백질율, 무지고형분율, 비유속도와 평균비유속도에 영향을 미쳤고, 착유간격은 연속유량, 유량변이, 평균비유속도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 MUN은 산차, 착유시간, 유기, 착유간격에 의한 영향은 없었다. 연속유량은 산차가 증가 할수록 감소하는 경향이었으며 오전 착유가 오후 착유보다 많이 생산되었고 유량변이에서는 산차간 차이가 없었으나 착유시간에서는 차이가 있었다. 유성분 중에서 지방율에서는 오후 착유가 오전 착유에 비하여 높은 결과를 보였다. 유성분인 유지방율, 유단백율, 유당율 및 무지고형분율과 체세포수, 비유지속시간과 분당 최고비유속도에 대하여 산차와 착유시간에 따라 달랐으나 MUN은 변화가 없었다. 본 연구 결과로 미루어 볼 때 유량변이, 비유속도, 비유시간 등도 중요한 형질로 취급되어야 하며 이들의 유전적 특성 구명을 위하여 더 많은 연구가 수행되어야 할 것으로 생각한다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권9호
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• pp.1262-1270
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• 2008

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with calcium salts of soybean oil fatty acids (CaSO) and linseed oil fatty acids (CaLO) on c9,t11-CLA production in ruminal fluid and milk fat from Holstein dairy cows. Rumen fermentation, lactational performances and fatty acid profiles in ruminal fluid and milk fat were also investigated. Twenty multiparous Holstein dairy cows were allotted randomly into two groups consisting of ten cows in each group according to calving date and average milk yield. The first group of cows was fed a control (without calcium salts) diet and a treatment as 1.0% of CaSO (on DM basis) for 30 days in each period. In the second group, cows were fed the same control diet and 1.0% of CaLO as a treatment in the same manner. The forage: concentrate ratio was 52:48, and diets were formulated to contain 17% crude protein (DM basis) for both groups. Ruminal pH, protozoal numbers and the concentration of total volatile fatty acids were unchanged, however, the ruminal ammonia-N decreased by feeding CaSO or CaLO treatment compared to the control diet. The vaccenic acid (trans-11 C18:1; VA) in rumen fluid increased (p<0.01) by 169% and 153%, and the c9,t11-CLA content of rumen fluid increased (p<0.01) by 214% and 210% in the CaSO and CaLO treatments, respectively, compared to the control diet. In milk fatty acids, the VA content increased by 130% and 132% in the evening and morning milking times, respectively, and the c9,t11-CLA content increased by 125% in both milking times for the CaSO supplementation than that of control diet. In the case of CaLO supplementation, the VA increased by 117% and 114%, and the c9,t11-CLA increased by 96% and 94% in the evening and morning milking times, respectively, compared to the control diet. The contents of VA and c9,t11-CLA of milk fatty acids were numerically higher in the evening milking time compared to the morning milking time for control and both treatments. Finally, these results indicated that the supplementation of CaSO or CaLO treatment increased the VA and the c9,t11-CLA in both ruminal fluid and milk fat of Holstein dairy cows.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.555-559
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• 1993

Studies at freezing point depression (FPD) for goat milk are described in this paper. The 432 samples of raw goat milk collected in a period of two years and analysed by the use of an electronic cryoscope gave a mean value of FPD: $-0.565{\pm}0.01^{\circ}C$. Statistical significant differences were found between the morning and evening milk. The evening milk showed better quality considering the lactose and others dissolved solutes. Among the Brown, Saanen and Anglo-nubian goats, the greatest increase in FPD, occurred in the Anglo-nubian breed. The statistical analysis revealed a significant breed difference (p<0.05), when climate variation was observed. The superior and inferior values found to the FPD of the caprine milk (-0.545 to $-0.585^{\circ}C$), is important in establishing regional rules, to improve the quality control criteria and legal interpretation of standards found in the pertinent legislation. The results are also important to improve herd management so that one can increase the animal production which will affect the technological composition, and the nutritional characteristics of the resultant products.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.232-239
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• 2016

Recently, research has been focusing on high quality and safer animal production by utilizing natural functional materials. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of administration of natural Evening Primrose Oil (EPO) on gamma linolenic acid (GLA) levels in milk from Holstein dairy cows. Quality and quantity of milk as well as blood and fatty acids from Holstein cow fed diets supplemented with 2.7-4% calcium-salted EPO coated with palm stearin oil were analyzed. There was no significant difference in yield and composition of milk between control and EPO treatment. However, EPO treatment lowered blood aspartate aminotransferase (AST), somatic cell count (SCC), and cholesterol levels (p < 0.05) compared to untreated control. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level was decreased (p < 0.05) in GLA 1 and GLA 2 group when compared with control group. Non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) concentration was lower (p < 0.05) in GLA 1 and GLA 2 groups than in control group. The level of GLA in milk was increased in EPO group when compared to control. Therefore, results from the present study demonstrate that supplementary EPO has beneficial effects on cow health, showing a decrease in somatic cell count and levels of blood cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and AST. Furthermore, supplementation of EPO improves milk quality with increased amounts of GLA.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.235-244
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• 2002

This study was carried out to determine the blood and milk progesterone by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and milk urea nitrogen (MUN) in cows. MUN and protein concentration were determined using automated infared procedures. The optimum conditions of ELISA system was investigated including the first and second antibody titres, bound percent, and enzyme conjugate and also the factors on MUN and protein concentration by sampling procedures and addition of preservatives. Progesterone antibodies did not react to pregnenlone, testosterone, estrone, estradiol-l7$\beta$, aldosterone, cortisol, corticosterone and 11$\alpha$-dehydroxycortisone (DOC), but reacted with only progesterone. The intra and inter-assay coefficient of variation 4.5%, 6.1~9.4% when used of bovine serum. The morning, MUN concentration (17.6$\pm$2.8 mg/100 ml) in the 13 herds was similar to that of evening MUN concentration of the lactating cows from the same herd. A significant relationship between morning and evening milk samples of upper parameters was found r=0.93. Difference in MUN concentration with sampling procedures and using of preservatives were investigated.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.707-718
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• 2004

오전(AM) 및 오후(PM)의 단얼 착유기록에 의한 유우의 1일 생산량 추청을 위한 통계적 모형에 대한 연구를 실시하였다. 본 연구에서 조사한 모형들 가운데， Model 7은 각 요인 조합 구간별로 개별적인 회귀식을 추정함으로써 산차， 착유시간 간격， 비유 단계에 따른 이분산성을 고려할 수 있기 때문에 평균 오차 제곱 합， 추정치와 실제 1일 유 생산량간의 상관계수 및 추정치의 분산을 고려할 때 가장 적합도가 높은 것으로 사료된다. 오후 착유 기록을 이용한 1일 유 생산량 추정치는 오전 착유 기록을 이용한 것보다는 정확도가 낮은 것을 나타났으며， Model 7의 경우 l일 유 생산량 추정을 위한 제반 요인이 추가되어 정확도가 높일수 있으면서도 모형이 간단하기 때문에 적용이 간펀한 장점이 있다.