• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.301-306
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• 2016

Objectives: Direct-reading instrument(Photoionization detectors, PID) and quantitative analysis using active type air sampling (Gas chromatography-flame ionization detector, GC-FID) were tested to evaluate their ability to detect volatile organic compounds(VOCs) in a semiconductor manufacturing plant. Methods: The organic compounds used were acetone and ethanol which are normally used as cleaning solutions in the semiconductor manufacturing. The evaluation was based on the preparation of test solutions of known acetone and ethanol concentration in a chamber($600{\times}600{\times}1150mm$). Samples were prepared that would be equivalent to 5~100 ppm for acetone and 10~ 200 ppm ethanol. GC-FID and PID were evaluated simultaneously. Quantitative analysis was performed after sampling and the direct-reading instrument was checked using real-time data logging. Results: Positive correlations between PID and GC-FID were found for acetone and ethanol at 0.04~2.4% for acetone(TLV: 500 ppm) and 0.1~8.3% for ethanol(TLV: 1000 ppm). When the sampling time was 15 min, concentration of test solution was the most similar between measurement methods. However, the longer the sampling time, the less similar the results. PID and GC-FID had similar exposure patterns. Conclusions: The results indicate that PID and GC-FID have similar exposure pattern and positive correlation for detection of acetone and ethanol. Therefore, PID can be used for exposure monitoring for VOCs in the semiconductor manufacturing industry. This study has significance in that it validates measuring occupational exposure using a portable device.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Design Studies Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.250-251
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• 2003

• 한국가스학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.04a
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• pp.42-49
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• 2007

가스크로마토그래피 불꽃이온화검출기(FID)에서, 천연가스 표준물질만을 사용하여 분석할 때 발생할 수 있는 분석 불확도에 대하여 연구하였다. 일반적으로 $10^5$ 범위 농도까지 직선성이 확보된 것으로 알려진 FID 검출기에 대하여 실제 분석에서 동일한 직선성이 확보되는지를 확인하였다. 본 연구에서 7성분으로 조성된 천연가스용 표준가스를 샘프링 loop의 크기를 1.0mL, 0.50mL, 0.25mL로 변환시키면서 GC/FID를 사용하여 분석한 상대표준불확도 결과는 다음과 같다. 메탄은, 0.458 %, 에탄은 0.20247%, 프로판은 0.1497%, i-부탄은 0.1854 %, n-부탄은 0.2977%, i-펜탄은 0.263%, n-펜탄은 0.383%이었다. 각 경우에서 직선성 상대표준불확도값이 $0.15%{\sim}0.45 %$까지 이른다. 일반적으로 농도가 높은 메탄의 경우에 직선성 불확도값이 큰 값을 보여 주었고 농도범위가 1-5%인 $C2{\sim}C5$의 경우는 작은 직선성 표준불확도를 나타내었다.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.436-442
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• 2011

In this study, the Total Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOC) emitted from wood-based panels were compared by two analytical methods using the GC/FID and the GC/MS. Japanese Larch, Yellow Poplar, Particle Board (PB) and Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF) were selected as target materials. Major compounds emitted from the panels were Toluene, ${\alpha}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-pinene and limonene. In case of TVOC using GC/FID method, MDF E2 (1,497 ${\mu}g/m^3$) revealed the highest concentration among all wood-based panels, while Japanese Larch (1,772 ${\mu}g/m^3$) showed the highest value with respect to GC/MS method. Furthermore, it was found that the amount of VOC emitted from panels was different depending upon analytical methods. This significant difference was attributed to analytical sensitivities of GC/FID and GC/MS for various VOC. Besides, it was found that the composition ratios of main VOC compounds were not significantly different.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 2021

Although Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) have gained great popularity in computer vision and related fields, generating audio signals independently has yet to be presented. Unlike images, an audio signal is a sampled signal consisting of discrete samples, so it is not easy to learn the signals using CNN architectures, which is widely used in image generation tasks. In order to overcome this difficulty, GAN researchers proposed a strategy of applying time-frequency representations of audio to existing image-generating GANs. Following this strategy, we propose an improved method for increasing the fidelity of synthesized audio signals generated by using GANs. Our method is demonstrated on a public speech dataset, and evaluated by Fréchet Inception Distance (FID). When employing our method, the FID showed 10.504, but 11.973 as for the existing state of the art method (lower FID indicates better fidelity).

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Pressure Vessels and Piping
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2013

In around 2000, the U.S. NPPs have developed the various advanced engineering processes based on the INPO AP-913(Equipment Reliability Process Description) and showed the high performance in availability. With these benchmarking cases, the Korean NPPs have introduced the advanced engineering technology since 2005. The first step of the advanced engineering is to analyze and determine component importance for all components of a plant. This process is called Functional Importance Determination(FID). These results are basically utilized to determine the priority with limited resources in various areas. However, because the consistency of FID results is insufficient despite applying the same criteria in the existing operating NPPs, the degree of application is low. Therefore, this paper presents the improved methodology for FID interfacing system functions of Maintenance Rule Program and results of Single Point Vulnerability(SPV). This improved methodology is expected to contribute to enhance the reliability of FID data.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.18-20
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• 2013

Headspace solid phase micro-extraction gas chromatography/flame ionization detection (HS-SPME-GC/FID) method was compared with headspace gas chromatography/mass selective detection (HS-GC/MS). Organic solvent-spiked urine as well as urine samples from workspace was analyzed under optimal condition of each method. Detection limit of each compound by HS-SPME-GC/FID was $3.4-9.5{\mu}g/L$, which enabled trace analysis of organic solvents in urine. Linear range of each organic solvent was $10-400{\mu}g/L$, with fair correlation coefficient between 0.992 and 0.999. The detection sensitivity was 4 times better than HS-GC/MS in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Accuracy and precision was confirmed using commercial reference material, with accuracy around 90% and precision less than 4.6% of coefficient of variance. Among 48 urine samples from workplace, toluene was detected from 45 samples in the range of $20-324{\mu}g/L$, but no other solvents were found. As a method for trace analysis, SPME HS GC/FID showed high sensitivity for biological monitoring of organic solvent in urine.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.243-250
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• 2014

A simple GC method with a FID detector was developed in order to determine two main compounds (${\beta}$-sitosterol and lupenone) for Adenophorae Radix. ${\beta}$-Sitosterol and lupenone were analyzed by the gradient thermal ramping method. Nitrogen was used as the carrier gas at 108 kPa. The flow rate of gas was 2.0 mL/min; $2{\mu}L$ of filtered sample was injected at a split ratio of 1 : 80. This method was fully validated with respect to linearity, precision, accuracy and robustness. Further, this GC-FID method was applied successfully in order to quantify two compounds in an Adenophorae Radix extract. The GC analytical method for classification analysis was performed by repeated analysis of 59 reference samples in order to differentiate between Adenophora triphylla var. japonica Hara and 14 Codonopsis lanceolata. The results indicate that the GC-FID method is suitable and reliable for the quality evaluation of Adenophorae Radix.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.265-275
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• 2000

By using thermal desorption/gas chromatograph/flame ionization detector(TD/GC/FID), this study was carried out to evalute an accuracy and a precision on Benzene(B), Toluene(T), o-Xylene(X) analysis in an industrial hygiene laboratory. Limits of detection of TD/GC/FID on B, T, X were showed 13.75ng/sample or less. For the accuracy of the method by concentration levels, overall bias was showed 7.7% as an absolute value, and the pooled coefficient of variation showed 3.51%. For the precision on repeatability of peak area and retention time between within-run and between-run of analytical system, it is showed the results of within-run gave better than those of between-run. Also the accuracy by sorbents(Tenax TA and Chromosorb 106)was evaluated, and the precision on reproducibility between MDHS72 and this study was compared. It is showed it is possible for TD/GC/FID to evaluate accurately B, T, X concentration levels of less than 1ppm at indoor or outdoor of workplaces in Korea.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.13 no.10
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• pp.903-909
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• 2004

A new method based on solid phase microextraction(SPME), coupled with GC/FID, has been developed for the determination of PCE and TCE in water samples. The experimental parameters affecting the SPME process (i.e, kinds of fibers, extraction time, desorption time, extraction temperature, volume ratio of sample to headspace, salt addition, and magnetic stirring) were optimized. The coefficients of determination ($R^2$) for PCE and TCE were 0.9951 and 0.9831, respectively when analytes concentration ranges from 10 to 300$\mu$g/L. The relative standard deviations were 3.4 and $2.1\%$ for concentration of 10$\mu$g/L(n=5), respectively. The detection limits of PCE and TCE were 0.5 and l.3$\mu$g/L, respectively.