• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.17-27
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• 2012

Objectives : This study proposes developing Sasang Medical Diagnosis Program using Facial form for increase in Sasang Constitution Diagnosis objectivity and putting the Diagnosis Program into practical use. The author presents a review of extant research on Sasang constitution diagnosis utilizing facial feature analysis and suggests an agenda for further research. Methods : For this thesis, a collection of dissertations on the subject of 'Usage of facial form for constitution diagnosis' published until September of 2012 such as RISS4U, OASIS, KISTI, Korean TK were reviewed. The final 33 dissertations were classified into two categories, basic or clinical research and then analyzed. Results : 9 out of 33 dissertations were of basic research and 24 were of clinical research. 1) As result of review of references, a uniform tendency was found in facial form according to Sasang Constitution. 2) In the grade of practical use, facial element is repeatedly used and the facial element of important use has constitutional differences. 3) Standard faces per Sasang Constitution were derived as result of 2-dimensional research. 4) 3-dimensional research focused on improvement of accuracy and reliability of 3D-AFRA, and there has been an attempt to develop a prototype for identification. Conclusions : For practical use of facial feature in Sasang Constitution Diagnosis, 1) Standardization of diagnosis through establishing Sasang Medical Diagnosis clinical protocol must be preceded. After the standardization, practical purpose and direction of facial form in general may be decided. 2) Information on high quality facial form of constitutional and conditional patients must be collected to form extensive database. 3) Subdivided symptomatology, as well as Sasang Constitution must be considered for diagnosis in order for diagnosis technique to acquire clinical practicality.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.218-222
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• 2015

Facial diagnosis based on quantitative facial features has been studied in many Korean medicine fields, especially in Sasang constitutional medicine. By the rapid growing of 3D measuring technology, generic and cheap 3D sensors, such as Microsoft Kinect, is popular in many research fields. In this study, the possibility of using Kinect in facial diagnosis is examined. We introduce the development of facial feature extraction system and verify its accuracy and repeatability of measurement. Furthermore, we compare Sasang constitution diagnosis results between DSLR-based system and the developed Kinect-based system. A Sasang constitution diagnosis algorithm applied in the experiment was previously developed by a huge database containing 2D facial images acquired by DSLR cameras. Interrater reliability analysis result shows almost perfect agreement (Kappa = 0.818) between the two systems. This means that Kinect can be utilized to the diagnosis algorithm, even though it was originally derived from 2D facial image data. We conclude that Kinect can be successfully applicable to practical facial diagnosis.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.29-39
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• 2017

Objectives Facial features can be utilized as an indicator of Korean medical diagnosis. They are often measured by using the diagnostic device for an objective diagnosis. Accordingly, it is necessary to verify the reliability of the features which are obtained from the device for the accurate diagnosis. In this study, we attempt to evaluate the repeatability of facial feature variables using the Sasang Constitutional Analysis Tool(SCAT) for the Sasang Constitutional face diagnosis. Methods Facial pictures of two subjects were taken 24 times respectively for two days according to a standard guideline. In order to evaluate the repeatability, the coefficient of variation was calculated for the facial features extracted from frontal and profile images. Results The coefficient of variation was less than 10% in most of the facial features except the upper lip, trichion, and chins related features. Conclusions It was confirmed that the coefficient of variation was small in most of the features which enables the objective and reliable analysis of face. However, some features showed the low reliability because the location of facial landmarks related to them is ambiguous. In order to solve the problem, a clear basis for the location discussion is required.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.440-444
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• 2006

Purpose: The nasal bone fracture is the most common type of facial bone fracture. In making a diagnosis, physical findings are much more important than the simple radiologic findings. Facial bone CAT scan can provide the accurate diagnosis and the correct location of nasal bone fractures, so it can be lessoned with proper intervention. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of facial bone CAT scan in the diagnosis of nasal bone fractures. Methods: The medical records and facial bone CAT scan of 45 patients clinically suspected nasal bone fracture but was not diagnosed on simple radiologic findings were analyzed. Results: All of the 45 patients were confirmed as nasal bone fractures in the facial bone CAT scan. The most common cause of fracture was assault. The mean age was 23.2 years. Physical findings were tenderness (100%), swelling(93.3%), epistaxis(66.6%), deviation (42.2 %), external wound(17.7%) and crepitus(4.4%) in order. Conclusions: It was concluded that the simple radiologic findings can not be conclusive, where the physical findings indicate a suspected nasal bone fracture. The facial bone CAT scan was more reliable for the correct diagnosis and follow-on treatment.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.326-331
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• 1998

Facial nerve paralysis is a common pain clinical diagnosis. But ipsilateral or contralateral recurrent facial paralysis is found in about 2.6~19.5% of facial paralysis and especially bilateral facial paralysis is rare. While idiopathic facial paralysis is the most common diagnosis, a comprehensive evaluation must be completed prior to this diagnosis in patients with bilateral facial paralysis. A representative case of bilateral alternating facial paralysis treated with stellate ganglion block (SGB) is presented. A 57 years old male patient who had the onset of a right facial paralysis 7 months ago visited pain clinic. Five months after the onset of right facial paralysis, as it was improving, he developed a left facial paralysis. He had history of hypertension, diabetus mellitus and pain episode on mastoid process before facial paralysis developed. Electrical test showed incomplete neuropathy on both side and computed tomography (CT) scan was normal. He was treated with SGB, physical theraphy and aspirin medication. After 25 times SGB, he was recovered almost completely.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.68-71
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• 2010

Facial nerve schwannomas (FNSs) are usually painless, slow-growing, and without specific symptoms, so that early diagnosis may be difficult. They are particularly liable to being misdiagnosed as parotid gland origin benign tumor before surgery, which can lead to unnecessary parotidectomy or unexpected facial nerve injury. To prevent these complications, it is important that the correct diagnosis is performed at least in intraoperative time. When an adhesion between the mass and the facial nerve is exist or when electrical stimulation of the mass triggers facial movement, FNS is highly suggested diagnosis. In such cases, frozen section analysis should always be performed. In this case, the pre-operative diagnosis from clinical examination and MRI was pleomorphic adenoma. However, intraoperative features led us to suspect that the mass originated from facial nerves, and intraoperative frozen section analysis yielded results consistent with a schwannoma. Based on this intraoperative diagnosis, we carried out a successful conservative treatment with preservation of facial nerve.

• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.72-82
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• 2005

Background and purpose: Bell‘s Palsy is a condition that causes the facial muscles to weaken or become paralyzed. It's caused by trauma to the 7th cranial nerve, and is not permanent. The aim of this study is to be convinced of differences between facial electrodermal activities of paralyzed side and those of normal side in acute stage of Bell's Palsy patients Methods: Electrodermal activity (EDA) was performed within 1 week after the onset of facial palsy and facial nerve electromyography (EMG) at 2 weeks after the onset. The recovery of facial nerve function was documented by House and Brackmann grading. All the patients were followed up weekly until recovery or up to 6 weeks. Results: There was significant differences (conductivity A: t=3.319, p=0.002; conductivity C: t=2.699, p=0.010) between facial electrodermal conductivities of paralyzed side and those of normal side in acute stage of Bell's Palsy patients (N=45). And the result showed that logarithmic scale of electrodermal conductivity A value ratio obviousely decreased with logarithmic scale of EMG zygomatic branch amplitude ratio (r=-0.472, p=0.143); logarithmic scale of capacitance B, logarithmic scale of EMG temporal branch amplitude ratio (r=-0.422, p=0.133); logarithmic scale of conductivity C, logarithmic scale of EMG buccal branch amplitude ratio (r=-0.545, p=0.083) (N=12). Conclusion: Electrodermal conductivities increased in paralyzed facial side in acute stage of Bell's Palsy patients.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.39-51
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• 2011

The aims of this study were to investigate whether the facial skeletal patterns previously reported to be related to temporomandibular disorder (TMD) in other studies could be consistently observed in the TMD patients diagnosed according to Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorder (RDC/TMD) Axis I and evaluate its usability in the orthodontic clinics to examine the patients with TMD related symptoms. The clinical records and radiographs of female patients who visited the TMD and Orofacial Pain Clinic of Seoul National University Dental Hospital and were diagnosed as TMD were consecutively filed for this study. Patients were clinically examined and diagnosed according to the revised diagnostic algorithms of RDC/TMD Axis I and the lateral cephalogram, panoramic orthopantomogram, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) orthopantomogram, and transcranial radiograph of each patient were taken and digitalized. The data of patients who were under 18 years of age or had any systemic disease, trauma history involving the TMJ, or skeletal deformity at the time of the first examination were excluded. The remaining data of 96 female patients were finally analyzed. The obtained results were as follows: 1. There are no significant differences of cephalometric measurements between RDC I (muscle disorders) diagnostic groups. 2. Only the articular angle of the RDC group IIc (disk displacement without reduction without limited opening) patients was larger than patients of the no diagnosis of RDC II group (disk displacement). 3. Larger articular angle and smaller facial height ratio were observed in RDC IIIc group (osteoarthrosis) compared to IIIa group (arthralgia). Larger articular angle, larger Bjork sum, smaller posterior facial height, and smaller facial height ratio were observed in RDC group IIIc compared to no diagnosis of RDC III group (arthralgia, arthritis, and arthrosis). 4. According to the results of cephalometric analysis in simplified RDC groups, smaller overjet was observed in muscle disorders (MD) group. Facial height ratio and IMPA were smaller and articular angle was larger in disk displacements (DD) group than in no diagnosis of DD group. In arthrosis (AR) group, posterior facial height, and facial height ratio were smaller, and articular angle, gonial angle, facial convexity, FMA, Bjork sum, and ANB were larger than in no diagnosis of AR group. In joint pain (JP) group, only posterior facial height was smaller than no diagnosis of JP group. In conclusion, Facial morphologic patterns showing posterior-rotated mandible and lower posterior facial height is related to RDC group II and III diagnosis of the TMJ in female TMD patients. RDC/TMD Axis I diagnosis can provide a good clinical diagnostic tool for the standardized examination of the TMJ in orthodontic clinics.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.102-119
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• 2021

Objectives: Facial diagnosis is an important part of clinical diagnosis in traditional East Asian Medicine. In this paper, using a fully automated facial shape analysis system, we show that facial morphological features are associated with cold pattern. Methods: The facial morphological features calculated from 68 facial landmarks included the angles, areas, and distances between the landmark points of each part of the face. Cold pattern severity was determined using a questionnaire and the cold pattern scores (CPS) were used for analysis. The association between facial features and CPS was calculated using Pearson's correlation coefficient and partial correlation coefficients. Results: The upper chin width and the lower chin width were negatively associated with CPS. The distance from the center point to the middle jaw and the distance from the center point to the lower jaw were negatively associated with CPS. The angle of the face outline near the ear and the angle of the chin line were positively associated with CPS. The area of the upper part of the face and the area of the face except the sensory organs were negatively associated with CPS. The number of facial morphological features that exhibited a statistically significant correlation with CPS was 37 (unadjusted). Conclusions: In this study of a Korean population, subjects with a high CPS had a more pointed chin, longer face, more angular jaw, higher eyes, and more upward corners of the mouth, and their facial sensory organs were relatively widespread.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.28-31
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• 2014

Intraparotid facial nerve schwannoma is a rare benign neoplasm. Due to its rarity, it is not usually a prioritized diagnosis before surgery and may therefore lead to an unintentional treatment error. In this article, we report a single case of intraparotid facial nerve schwannoma. We were able to make a diagnosis with frozen biopsy. A complete resection of the mass while preserving the facial nerve was performed. Herein we present our clinical experience with regards to the treatment process of intraparotid facial nerve schwannoma.