• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.137-147
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• 1997

The writers have treated in hospital a two-year and 4 month boy child with Guillain-Barre syndrome whose chief complaints are flaccid tetraparalysis and hypesthesia for about three months from December 2, 1996. In the early stage, the principles and methods of treatment such as wind expelling and removal of dampness(?風濕) and obstruction in meridians and collaterals(通經活絡) were used and in the late stage the principles and methods of treatment to invigorate the spleen, replenish Ki(健脾益氣), and nourish the liver and kidneys(滋補肝腎) were applied, together with acupuncture, indirect moxibustion and massotheraphy. Since then, the symptom has gradually improved. Six months after onset, the boy child was recovered to a nearly normal condition. Therefore, this case of treatment is reported, together with consideration of literature.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.4_2
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• pp.975-986
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• 2003

Introduction: Guillain-Barre syndrome(GBS) is defined as a recognizable clinical entity that is characterized by rapidly evolving symmetric limb weakness, a loss of tendon reflexes, absent or mild sensory signs, and variable autonomic dysfunctions. Recently there is an opinion that Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy'(AIDP) is more effective than 'GBS' for the symptoms. These symptoms are applicable to rheumatic arthritis(痺), flaccid paralysis of limb(?) caused by wind, cold and dampness(風, 寒, 濕) from an oriental medical view point. On this, we reported one case that diagnosed as 'complex of rheumatic arthritis(痺) and flaccid paralysis of limb(?)' at our oriental medical hospital. Result: we considered these symptoms as 'complex of rheumatic arthritis(痺), flaccid paralysis of limb(?)'. In accordance with the result, we treated the patient with Chung-Sang Tong-Jung On-Ha(淸上通中溫下). We concluded that external factors such as wind, cold and dampness(風, 寒, 濕) and internal factors like vital energy's disharmony(生氣不調和) affected the patient.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.255-257
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• 1993

Shoulder Hand Syndrome is used to describe painful disabilities of the upper extremity due to disturbances of sympathetic nerve supply. A 72 year old male developed hemiplegia on left side on the 5 days after open heart surgery of aortic valve replacement. Three months later, the patient complained of severe pain in the left upper extremity involving shoulder. The left hand showed swelling and flaccid paralysis. Thereafter the left stellate garglion block with 10 ml of l% lidocaine produced prompt pain relief. Thereafter the patient received 94 stellate ganglion block during 7 months which produced permanent remission of pain throughout a 1 year follow period. We recommand sympathetic block for of Shoulder Hand Syndrome following hemiplegia.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.49-51
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• 2005

A 61-year-old man with an antecedent febrile illness presented with progressive flaccid paraparesis, but no sensory or sphincter involvement. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the spine was negative and nerve conduction study (NCS) showed the absence of F-waves in his legs, suggesting $Guillain-Barr{\acute{e}}$ syndrome (GBS). However, abdominal pain after admission led to the consideration of the spinal cord ischemia secondary to aortic dissection confirmed by computed tomography. We report the rare condition of painless aortic dissection simulating GBS.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.25-27
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• 2005

The Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is an acute polyradiculoneuropathy marked by flaccid areflexic paralysis. Although the pathogenesis of GBS remains incompletely defined, considered as an autoimmune disease most frequently triggered by an previous infection. Antecedent infections with Campylobacter jejuni, cytomegalovirus, Ebstein-Barr virus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, human immunodeficiency virus, enterovirus, rotavirus are common. But, it is rare that GBS following typhoid fever. We present a case of typical GBS after antecedent Salmonella typhi infection.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.57 no.10
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• pp.457-460
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• 2014

A flaccid tetraparesis in Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis (BBE) is presumed to be a sign of overlapping Guillain-Barr$\acute{e}$ syndrome (GBS). In addition, BBE and Fisher syndrome, which are clinically similar and are both associated with the presence of the immunoglobulin G anti-GQ1b antibody, represent a specific autoimmune disease with a wide spectrum of symptoms that include ophthalmoplegia and ataxia. A 2-year-old boy presented with rapidly progressive ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, hyporeflexia, weakness of the lower extremities, and, subsequently, disturbance of consciousness. He experienced bronchitis with watery diarrhea and had laboratory evidence of recent infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). He was diagnosed as having overlapping GBS and BBE associated with EBV and received treatment with a combination of immunoglobulin and methylprednisolone, as well as acyclovir, and had recovered completely after 3 months. In addition, he has not experienced any relapse over the past year. We suggest that combinations of symptoms and signs of central lesions (disturbance of consciousness) and peripheral lesions (ophthalmoplegia, facial weakness, limb weakness, and areflexia) are supportive of a diagnosis of overlapping GBS and BBE and can be helpful in achieving an early diagnosis, as well as for the administration of appropriate treatments.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 2023

Andersen-Tawil syndrome (ATS) is a rare genetic disease characterized by a triad of episodic flaccid muscle weakness, ventricular arrhythmias, and physical anomalies. ATS patients have various cardiac arrhythmias that can cause sudden death. Implantation of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) is required when life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias do not respond to medical treatment. An 11-year-old girl underwent surgery for an ICD implantation. For general anesthesia in ATS patients, anesthesiologists should focus on the potentially difficult airway, serious cardiac arrhythmias, such as ventricular tachycardia (VT), and delayed recovery from neuromuscular blockade. We followed the difficult airway algorithm, avoided drugs that can precipitate QT prolongation and fatal cardiac arrhythmias, and tried to maintain normoxia, normocarbia, normothermia, normoglycemia, and pain control for prevention of sympathetic stimulation. We report the successful application of general anesthesia for ICD implantation in a pediatric patient with ATS and recurrent VT.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.1689-1693
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• 2005

In this case, it is considered that the cause of the lower limb Flaccidity-syndrome is the peripheral neuropathy accompanied with inflammation and in oriental medicine, it is understood that the factors such as lung fluid consumption caused by heat-evil, wetness-heat evil cause the lower limb Flaccidity-syndrome. Because the peripheral neuropathy is regarded as a neuropathy with a series of inflammation reaction producing inflammatory neuropeptides such as substance P, prostaglandin ect., in western medicine, nonsteroidal antiinflammation drug;NASID, lidocaine, capsaicine are prescribed to control this neuropathy. In the view of treatment of the lower limb weakness, Wooseul-tangkami is used to remove the wetness-heat evil and we had a electronic acupuncture on the Yangmyung channel(陽明經) selected in The Yellow Emperor's of internal Medicine and also on Panggwang channel(膀胱經) considered as painful lesion. We experineced a case of the lower limb Flaccidity-syndrome diagnosed as the peripheral neuropathy the patient was treated by wooseul-tangkami, a acupuncture on Yangmyung channel and also Panggwang channel and had a significant improvement in gait ability and the range of motion.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.251-266
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• 1997

The results are as follows. 1. Oriental medical terms which express abnormal sensations are Bulin, Mamok, Mamokbulin. 2. Bulin, Oriental medical terminology, was used from Naegyeong's era to the Song Dynasty era and expressed as one of the symptoms in Jungpung(Stroke), Bi syndrome(Obstruction syndrom of Gi and Hyeol), Wi syndrome(Flaccid paralysis of the limbs), Hyeolbi(One of the Bi syndroms). But since the Keum Dynasty era, Mamok or Mamokbulin were more used than Bulin and that was refered as seperated disease. 3. Ma is paresthesia or dysthesia on the skin and the limbs, and the symtoms are not itchy, patients are felt like insect's crawling or bite. Mok is a stubborn symptom , the patients are felt like tree, which don't know pain and itching sensation. And therefore Ma is similar to positive phenomena and Mok is similar to negative phenomena in clinical aspect. 4. Mamok is GiHyeol(Gi is functional activities, Hyeol is blood) and Gyeonglak(Meridian system)'s disease. It's main causes are Giheo(Deficiency of Gi) and Hyeolhel(dificiency of Blood) and inducing tactors are Pung-Han-Seub(pathogenic wind-cold-dump) and Damtak(Phlegm-turbity), Eohyeol(Stagnated blood). 5. Mamok is induced from mononeuritis, multiple mononeuritis, polyneuropathy in the peripheral nervous lesions and also induced from cervical spondylosis, spinal tumour, multiple sclerosis, cerebrospinal vascular disease in central nervous systems.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.81-88
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• 2000

Background : Guillain-$Barr{\acute{e}}$ syndrome(GBS) is characterized clinically by acute flaccid paralysis, areflexia, and albumino-cytologic dissociation. Based on electrophysiology and pathology, GBS can be divided into either predominantly demyelinating or predominantly axonal patterns. Objectives : The clinical and laboratory status of probable acute axonal GBS occurring at a mental hospital was evaluated. Methods : Eight schizophrenia patients with probable acute axonal GBS were analyzed. Results : The mean age of the patients was 38 years old. Most of the patients were men. All patients showed an acute ascending paraparesis and/or quadriparesis with areflexia, and all have a history of schizophrenia for 3~20 years. The diseases occurred predominantly in the summer and electrodiagnostic studies revealed axonal patterns. The patients were treated by supportive care, except one patient with intravenous immunoglobulin. The prognosis was improved in 3 ; no change in 4 and 1 became aggravated. One patient with acute motor-sensory axonal neuropathy had a recurrence after 10 months of the first attack. Conclusions : Axonal GBS has been considered uncommon clinically or electrophysiologically, but 8 probable acute axonal GBSs occurring at a mental hospital have been diagnosed in 3.5 years.