• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• 제17권3호
• /
• pp.245-251
• /
• 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of fluvastatin on the pharmacokinetics of repaglinide in rats. The effect of fluvastatin on P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 activity was evaluated. The pharmacokinetic parameters and blood glucose concentrations were also determined after oral and intravenous administration of repaglinide to rats in the presence and absence of fluvastatin. Fluvastatin inhibited CYP3A4 activity in a concentration-dependent manner with a 50% inhibition concentration($IC_{50}$) of 4.1 ${\mu}M$ and P-gp activity. Compared to the oral control group, fluvastatin significantly increased the AUC and the peak plasma level of repaglinide by 45.9% and 22.7%, respectively. Fluvastatin significantly decreased the total body clearance (TBC) of repaglinide compared to the control. Fluvastatin also significantly increased the absolute bioavailability (BA) of repaglinide by 46.1% compared to the control group. Moreover, the relative BA of repaglinide was 1.14- to 1.46-fold greater than that of the control. Compared to the i.v. control, fluvastatin significantly increased the $AUC_{0-{\infty}}$ of i.v. administered repaglinide. The blood glucose concentrations showed significant differences compared to the oral controls. Fluvastatin enhanced the oral BA of repaglinide, which may be mainly attributable to the inhibition of the CYP3A4-mediated metabolism of repaglinide in the small intestine and/or liver, to the inhibition of the P-gp efflux transporter in the small intestine and/or to the reduction of TBC of repaglinide by fluvastatin. The study has raised the awareness of potential interactions during concomitant use of repaglinide with fluvastatin. Therefore, the concurrent use of repaglinide and fluvastatin may require close monitoring for potential drug interactions.

• 약학회지
• /
• 제50권2호
• /
• pp.118-123
• /
• 2006

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of fluvastatin on the pharmacokinetics of diltiazem and its active metabolite, desacetyldiltiazem, in rats. Pharmacokinetic parameters of diltiazem and desacetyldiltiazem were deter-mined after an oral administration of diltiazem (15 mg/kg) to rats pretreated with fluvastatin (0.5 and 1.5 mg/kg). Compared with the control (given diltiazem alone), the pretreatment of fluvastatin significantly (p<0.05) increased the area under the plasma concentration (AUC), peak plasma concentration $(C_{max})\;and\;K_a$ of diltiazem. Relative bioavailability $(RB\%)$ of diltiazem increased from 1.36- to 1.55-fold. However there were no significant changes in $t_{max},\;K_{el}\;and\;t_{1/2}$ of diltiazem. The pretreatment of fluvastatin also altered the pharmacokintic parameters of desacetyldiltiazem. The pretreatment of fluvastatin (1.5 mg/kg) significantly (p<0.05) increased the AUC of desacetyldiltiazem, whereas the metabolite parent ratio (MR) of desacetyldiatlazem was decreased significantly (p<0.05), suggesting that fluvastatin might inhibit the metabolism of diltiazem. The pretreatment of fluvastatin enhanced the bioavailability of diltiazem in a dose dependent manner at doses ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 mg/kg. further studies for the drug Interaction will be needed in the clinical trials when dilitazem is administrated concomitantly with fluvastatin in humans.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• 제22권2호
• /
• pp.193-201
• /
• 2018

Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a novel fibrotic mediator, which is considered to mediate fibrosis through extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis in diabetic cardiovascular complications. Statins have significant immunomodulatory effects and reduce vascular injury. We therefore examined whether fluvastatin has anti-fibrotic effects in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and elucidated its putative transduction signals. We show that advanced glycation end products (AGEs) stimulated CTGF mRNA and protein expression in a time-dependent manner. AGE-induced CTGF expression was mediated via ERK1/2, JNK, and Egr-1 pathways, but not p38; consequently, cell proliferation and migration and ECM accumulation were regulated by CTGF signaling pathway. AGE-stimulated VSMC proliferation, migration, and ECM accumulation were blocked by fluvastatin. However, the inhibitory effect of fluvastatin was restored by administration of CTGF recombinant protein. AGE-induced VSMC proliferation was dependent on cell cycle arrest, thereby increasing G1/G0 phase. Fluvastatin repressed cell cycle regulatory genes cyclin D1 and Cdk4 and augmented cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p27 and p21 in AGE-induced VSMCs. Taken together, fluvastatin suppressed AGE-induced VSMC proliferation, migration, and ECM accumulation by targeting CTGF signaling mechanism. These findings might be evidence for CTGF as a potential therapeutic target in diabetic vasculature complication.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제32권10호
• /
• pp.3748-3751
• /
• 2011

• 생명과학회지
• /
• 제31권4호
• /
• pp.418-424
• /
• 2021

자외선과 병원미생물 감염 등으로 야기되는 다양한 피부조직의 손상은 피부염증을 일으킨다. 피부염 치료제로 염증을 완화시키는 항히스타민 또는 스테로이드 계열 약물이 처방되고 있다. 하지만 부적절한 스테로이드 복용은 피부 장벽 약화나 골다공증 등의 부작용을 초래할 수 있어, 부작용이 적은 피부염 치료 약물은 임상적으로 중요하다. 콜레스테롤 합성에 필요한 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A 환원효소를 억제하는 statin은 혈청 콜레스테롤 수준을 낮추는 약물로 고지혈증이나 심혈관질환에 널리 처방되고 있다. 이러한 콜레스테롤 생성 억제 기능에 더하여, 흥미롭게도, statin 약물은 골관절염과 관련된 여러 연구에서 항염증 효과가 있는 것으로 보고되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 피부 장벽의 주요 구성 세포인 각질형성세포(HaCaT 세포주)에서 atorvastatin 및 fluvastatin의 잠재적인 항염증 효과를 조사하였다. IL-1β 자극에 반응하여 HaCaT 세포에서 염증반응의 주요한 인자인 COX2 단백질의 발현이 증가하였다. 이러한 COX2 단백질의 발현 증가는 atorvastatin 또는 fluvastatin 약물 처리로 억제되었다. 비슷하게, IL-1β에 의해 발현이 증가된 다른 염증반응 유전자(iNOS 그리고MMP-1 등)의 발현양도 atorvastatin 또는 fluvastatin 약물 처리로 감소되었다. 종합하면, 본 연구결과는 HaCaT 세포에서 IL-1β 로 유도된 염증반응이 atorvastatin 및 fluvastatin 약물 처리로 하향 조절될 수 있음을 보여준다. 따라서, 본 연구결과는 atorvastatin 및 fluvastatin 약물이 피부염증을 완화시키는 조절제로 응용될 수 있다는 것을 제시한다.

• 대한본초학회지
• /
• 제30권6호
• /
• pp.69-75
• /
• 2015

Objectives : This study was designed to investigate effects of the combination with Korean Red Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer), Gastrodia Rhizoma (Gastrodia elata Blume) and Polygoni Multiflori Radix (Polygonum multiflorum Thunberg) on metabolic disorders including cholesterol and erectile dysfunction in hyperlipidemia rats.Methods : Animals were divided into six groups; Control with normal diet, high fat/cholesterol-diet (HFCD), fluvastatin, Korean Red Ginseng treated (KRG), and the combination treated (Korean Red Ginseng, Gastrodia Rhizoma and Polygoni Multiflori Radix; 1:1:1 for KGP1 and 2:1:1 for KGP2). The experimental groups initially received HFCD for 10 weeks and then treated orally with fluvastatin, KRG, KGP1 and KGP2 during the final 6 weeks. Erectile function was determined by the measurements of intracavernosal pressure (ICP) and maximal arterial pressure (MAP) after electrical stimulation of the cavernosal nerve.Results : KGP2 decreased the level of total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in the sera of HFCD rats without no changes of body weights. KRG, KGP1 and KGP2 decreased the level of C-reactive protein (CRP) levels except of fluvastatin, synthetic HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. KRG, KGP1 and KGP2 significantly increased the ICP, ICP/MAP ratio, area under the curve (AUC) compared with those of normal rat. Morphometric analyses showed that KRG, KGP1 and KGP2 increased the volume of smooth muscle and the regular arrangement of collagen fibers in corpus cavernosum of HFCD rats. The penile expression of eNOS was increased by KRG, KGP1 and KGP2.Conclusions : Based on these results, we suggest that the combination with Korean Red Ginseng, Gastrodia Rhizoma and Polygoni Multiflori may improve hyperlipidemia through regulating the lipid profiles and erectile dysfunction in rats.

• 대한환경공학회지
• /
• 제39권3호
• /
• pp.124-131
• /
• 2017

생물활성탄 공정과 안트라사이트를 여재로 사용한 biofilter에서 공탑 체류시간(EBCT)과 수온의 변화에 따른 8종의 고지혈증 치료제류(blood lipid regulator agents, BLLAs)의 생물분해 특성을 평가하였다. 수온 $8^{\circ}C$, $16^{\circ}C$ 및 $24^{\circ}C$에서 공탑 체류시간을 5분~15분까지 변화시켰다. 생물활성탄 공정에서 고지혈증 치료제류 8종의 생물분해 제거율은 공탑 체류시간과 수온의 변화에 많은 영향을 받았으며, 공탑 체류시간과 수온이 증가할수록 생분해 제거율이 증가하였다. 고지혈증 치료제류의 종류에 따른 생물활성탄 공정에서 생분해 제거율은 statin계의 경우 simvastatin이 가장 높았으며 다음으로 mevastatin, fluvastatin 및 atorvastatin 순이었다. 또한, Fibrate계 고지혈증 치료제들의 생물분해능은 fenofibrate가 가장 높았으며 다음으로 gemfibrozil, bezafibrate, clofibric acid순이었다. BAC 공정에서 생물분해 제거능이 가장 낮은 clofibric acid와 atorvastatin의 생물분해 속도상수($k_{bio}$)는 수온이 $8^{\circ}C$에서 $24^{\circ}C$로 상승하였을 경우, 각각 $0.0075min^{-1}$과 $0.0122min^{-1}$에서 $0.0540min^{-1}$과 $0.0866min^{-1}$으로 증가하여 각각 7.2배 및 7.1배 정도 증가하였다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
• /
• 제32권1호
• /
• pp.43-50
• /
• 2018

Korean Red Ginseng (RG) are used as a traditional treatment for improve blood circulation. This experimental study was designed to investigate the inhibitory effects of Korean red ginseng on lipid metabolism in high fat/cholesterol diet (HFCD)-induced hypertriglyceridemia. Sprague Dawley rats were fed the HFCD diet with/without fluvastatin (Flu, positive control) 3 mg/kg/day, and RG 125 or 250 mg/kg/day, respectively. All groups received regular diet or HFCD diet, respectively, for 13 weeks. The last three groups treatment of Flu and RG 125, and RG 250 orally for a period of 9 weeks. Group 1, reular diet; group 2, HFCD diet; group 3, Flu + HFCD diet; group 4, RG 125 + HFCD diet; group 5, RG 250 + HFCD diet. As a result, treatment with low or high doses of RG markedly attenuated plasma levels of triglycerides and augmented plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in HFCD-fed rats. RG and Flu also led to an increase in lipoprotein lipase activity in the HFCD group. On the other hand, RG and Flu led to an decrease in fatty acid synthase and free fatty acid activity in the HFCD group. Treatment with RG suppressed increased expressions of $PPAR-{\alpha}$ and AMPK in HFCD rat liver or muscle. In addition, the RG attenuated triglyceridemia by inhibition of $PPAR-{\gamma}$ and FABP protein expression levels and LXR and SREBP-1 gene expression in liver or muscle. The RG significantly prevented the development of the metabolic disturbances such as hypertriglyceridemia and hyperlipidemia. Taken together, the administration of RG improves hypertriglyceridemia through the alteration in suppression of triglyceride synthesis and accentuated of triglyceride decomposition. These results suggested that RG is useful in the prevention or treatment of hypertriglyceridemia.