• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.34-46
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• 2012

Objectives: The object of this study was to observe the in vitro antibacterial effects of Wandae-tang extracts and combination of Wandae-tang extracts and Clindamycin against Gardnerella vaginalis ATCC14018. Methods: Antibacterial activities against Gardnerella vaginalis ATCC14018 of Wandae-tang extracts were detected using standard agar microdilution methods. In addition, the effects on the bacterial growth curve were also monitored at minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC) and $MIC{\times}2$ levels. The combination effects of Wandae-tang extracts with Clindamycin were observed by Checkerboard microtiter assay, and the effects of bacterial growth curve was treated with Wandae-tang extracts MIC+Clindamycin MIC, 1/2 MIC and 1/4 MIC, respectively. Results: MIC of Wandae-tang extracts and Clindamycin against Gardnerella vaginalis ATCC14018 were detected as $1.719{\pm}0.856$(0.782~3.125) $mg/m{\ell}$ and $0.010{\pm}0.006$ (0.004~0.016) ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$. In addition, Clindamycin and Wandae-tang extracts were also showed marked dosage-dependent inhibition of bacterial growth, and more dramatical inhibitions were detected in Clindamycin+Wandae-tang extracts MIC treatment. Fractional inhibitory concentration index in combination of Wandae-tang extracts and Clindamycin were detected as $0.294{\pm}0.052$(0.250~0.375) at Checkerboard microtiter assay. Conclusions: The results obtained in this study suggest that Wandae-tang extracts showed antibacterial effects against Gardnerella vaginalis ATCC14018, and they also showed dosage-dependent inhibitory effects on the bacterial growth. In addition, combination treatment of Wandae-tang extracts with Clindamycin showed more synergistically potent inhibitory effects on the growth of Gardnerella vaginalis.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.1-12
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• 2011

Objectives: The object of this study was to observe the in vitro antibacterial effects of Chungdae-tang aqueous extracts, traditionally used for treating various gynecological diseases including vaginitis in Korea against Gardnerella vaginalis, and combination effects of Chungdae-tang extracts with Clindamycin were also monitored in this study. Methods: Antibacterial activities against Gardnerella vaginalis of Chungdae-tang aqueous extracts were detected using standard agar microdilution methods. In addition, the effects on the bacterial growth curve were also monitored at MIC and MIC${\times}$2 levels. The combination effects of Chungdae-tang aqueous extracts with Clindamycin were observed by Checkerboard microtiter assay, and the effects of bacterial growth curve treated with or Chungdae-tang aqueous extracts MIC+Clindamycin MIC, 1/2MIC and 1/4MIC, respectively. In the present study, Gardnerella vaginalis were incubated under $37^{\circ}C$, 10% $CO_2$; and bacterial growth curves were calculated at 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120hrs after incubations. Results: MIC of Chungdae-tang aqueous extracts against Gardnerella vaginalis were detected as $3.906{\pm}2.344$(0.782~6.250) mg/$m\ell$, respectively. MIC of Clindamycin was detected as $0.010{\pm}0.006$(0.004~0.016) ${\mu}g/m\ell$ at same conditions. In addition, Clindamycin and Chungdae-tang aqueous extracts also showed marked dosage-dependent inhibition of bacterial growth, and more dramatical inhibitions were detected in Clindamycin+Chungdae-tang aqueous extracts MIC treatment as compared with each of single Clindamycin MIC and Chungdae-tang aqueous extracts MIC treatments, respectively. In addition, quite similar inhibitory effects on bacterial growth were detected in Clindamycin 1/4 MIC+Chungdae-tang aqueous extracts MIC treatment as compared with single Clindamycin MIC treatment in the present study. FIC index in combination of Chungdae-tang and Clindamycin were detected as $0.775{\pm}0.285$ (0.500~1.250) at Checkerboard microtiter assay. Conclusions: The results obtained in this study suggest that Chungdae-tang aqueous extracts showed antibacterial effects against Gardnerella vaginalis, and it also showed dosage-dependent inhibitory effects on the bacterial growth. In addition, combination treatment of Chungdae-tang aqueous extract with Clindamycin showed more potent inhibitory effects on the growth of Gardnerella vaginalis with FIC index $0.775{\pm}0.285$(0.500~1.250), respectively. It means, the combination of Chungdae-tang aqueous extract with Clindamycin is partially synergistic effects. It, therefore, is expected that effective dosages of Clindamycin will be reduced to 1/4 or over 1/4 levels as combination with Chungdae-tang extracts, respectively.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.65-80
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• 2014

Objectives: The object of this study was to observe the in vitro antibacterial effects of Gagam-seopyoungjeon aqueous extracts (GGSYJ) against Gardnerella vaginalis and the possible synergic combination effects with clindamycin. Methods: Antibacterial activities against Gardnerella vaginalis of GGSYJ were detected using minimal inhibition concentration (MIC), and the effects on the bacterial growth curve were also monitored at MIC and MIC${\times}$2 levels. The combination effects of GGSYJ with clindamycin were observed by checkboard microtiter assay, and the effects of bacterial growth curve treated with GGSYJ MIC+clindamycin MIC, 1/2 MIC and 1/4 MIC, respectively. The effects on the bacterial invasion and intracellular killing of GGSYJ were also observed using human vaginal epithelial (VK2) and murine macrophage (Raw264.7) cells with combination effects with clindamycin after treatment of GGSYJ MIC+clindamycin 1/2 MIC, 1/4 MIC and 1/6 MIC, respectively. Results: The MIC of clindamycin and GGSYJ against Gardnerella vaginalis were detected as $0.012{\pm}0.006$ (0.004~0.016)${\mu}g/ml$ and $1.016{\pm}0.524$ (0.391~1.563) mg/ml, respectively. Clindamycin and GGSYJ were also showed marked dosage-dependent inhibition of bacterial growth, and significant decreases of viable cells were detected in clindamycin MIC+GGSYJ MIC and clindamycin 1/2 MIC+GGSYJ MIC treatment as compared with each of single clindamycin MIC and GGSYJ MIC treatments. And significant decreases of intraepithelial and intra-macrophage viable bacteria numbers were detected in clindamycin 1/2 MIC+GGSYJ 1/2 MIC and clindamycin 1/4 MIC+GGSYJ 1/2 MIC treatment as compared with each of single clindamycin GGSYJ 1/2 MIC treatments, respectively. Conclusions: GGSYJ showed slight antibacterial effects against Gardnerella vaginalis, but they showed dosage-dependent inhibitory effects on the bacterial growth and VK2 epithelial invasions of bacteria with favorable accelerating effects of intracellular killing activities of macrophages. In addition, combination of GGSYJ also increased the inhibitory effects of clindamycin on the epithelial invasions of Gardnerella vaginalis and intracellular killing activities of macrophages against Gardnerella vaginalis as 2-fold higher as compared with clindamycin single treatment, respectively. Therefore, we expected that the clinical dosages of clindamycin can be reduced as 1/2 levels as combination with GGSYJ.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.124-130
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• 2001

The in vitro activities of 2,2'-dipyridyl, an iron-chelator, against clinical isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis, Candida albicans, and Gardnerella vaginalis was evaluated and compared with those of four other vaginal suppositories, ornidazole, clotrimazole, povidone-iodine, and $Cenacert^{\circledR}$ (Methylbezethonium Chloride mixed with 9-aminoacrydine undecylenate and hydrochloric acid N-myristyl-3-hydroxy butyl amine). The 2,2'-dipyridyl killed T. vaginalis and G. vaginalis at concentrations of $410\;{\mu}g/ml$ and $205\;{\mu}g/ml$, respectively, however, ths agent was less active against C. albicans (80% of which was inhiited at $410\;{\mu}g/ml$). The inhibition of these three pathogens by 2,2'-dipyridyl was similar to clotrimazole. In addition, the effect of 2,2'-dipyridyl on the ultrastructure of T. vaginalis, C. albicans, an G. vaginalis was examined. Transmission electron microscopy indicated that 2,2'-dipyridyl induced modifications of the cellular contents and cell envolope concumitant with the degradation of the three pathogens. These results suggest that 2,2'-dipyridyl has an inhibitory effect on C. albicans and G. vaginalis, as well as T. vaginalis.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.239-244
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• 2015

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is caused by microbial imbalance of the vaginal ecosystem and overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria. The antibiotic treatment often results in very high recurrence of BV because it disturbs the vaginal ecosystem. The high recurrence rates suggest a need for alternative therapeutic methods and probiotics are being recognized as alternative or additional treatment method for BV. The purpose of this study was to investigate how human vaginal isolates of Lactobacillus spp. inhibit the BV-associated pathogen Gardnerella vaginalis. Results show that selected strains significantly reduced the viability of G. vaginalis. Among these selected strains KLB410 and KLB416 were further selected based on acid/bile tolerance and identified through 16S rRNA gene sequencing being Lactobacillus plantarum. Further studies are underway to demonstrate that the selected strain can be applied as potential probiotics for recovering vaginal ecosystem.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.40-45
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• 2016

Vaginitis, also known as vaginal infection and vulvovaginitis, is an inflammation of the vagina and possibly vulva. The three main kinds of vaginitis are bacterial vaginosis, vaginal candidiasis, and trichomoniasis. The purpose of this study was to characterize Lactobacillus plantarum MG989 and L. fermentum MG901 isolated from the vaginas of healthy Korean women in terms of their inhibitory activity against the vaginitis associated pathogens such as Gardnerella vaginalis and Candida albicans. Co-culture experiments showed that the two Lactobacillus strains MG989 and MG901 significantly reduced the viability of G. vaginalis and C. albicans. Also, the two strains were resistant to bile acid up to 1% and their autoaggregation rates were as high as 83.33%. Further studies are underway to demonstrate that the two strains can be applied as pharmaceutical agents for recovering healthy vaginal ecosystem.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.70-73
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• 2006

To investigate the potential of treatment, antimicrobial activity of various oriental herb extracts were tested for Gardnerella vaginalis, which is the predominant organism in bacterial vaginosis. Among the tested 14 oriental herbs, water-extracts of Kalkeun, Kosam, Nuro, Pakjakyak, Sukchangpo, Shiyup, Junghyang and Hwangryun represented antibacterial activities against G. vaginalis. The minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) of Shiyup against G. vaginais was 0.63 mg/mL, and those of Pakjakyak and Hwangryun, Kalkeun and Nuro, Kosam, Sukchangpo and Junghyang were 1.25 mg/mL, 2.5 mg/mL, and 5 mg/mL, respectively. There-fore, the water-extracts of Kalkeun, Kosam, Nuro, Pakjakyak, Sukchangpo, Shiyup, Junghyang and Hwangryun were considered to be potential treatment of bacterial vaginosis caused by G. vaginalis.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.20-37
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• 2010

Purpose: The objective of this study was to observe the antibacterial effects of Sasangjasaebang (SSJSB) aqueous extracts, traditionally used for treating various gynecological diseases including vaginitis in Korea and their individual components - Cnidi Fructus(CF), Zanthoxyli Fructus(ZF) and Alumen(AL) against Gardnerella vaginalis ATCC14018, and combination effects of SSJSB extracts and Metronidazole were also monitored in this study. Methods: Antibacterial activities against Gardnerella vaginalis ATCC14018 of SSJSB (CF : ZF : AL = 10 : 3 : 3) aqueous extracts and their individual components were detected using standard agar microdilution methods. In addition, the effects on the bacterial growth curve were also monitored at MIC and $MIC{\times}2$ levels. The combination effects of SSJSB aqueous extracts and Metronidazole were observed by Checkboard Microtiter Assay and effects on bacterial growth curve treated with SSJSB aqueous extracts MIC + Metronidazole MIC, 1/2MIC and 1/4MIC, respectively. In the present study, Gardnerella vaginalis ATCC14018 were incubated under $37^{\circ}C$, 10% CO2 and bacterial growth curves were calculated at 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hrs after incubations. Results: MIC of CF aqueous extracts, ZF aqueous extracts, AL powders and SSJSB aqueous extracts against Gardnerella vaginalis ATCC14018 were detected as $27.5\;{\pm}\;13.693$(12.5~50), $6.875\;{\pm}\;3.423$(3.125~12.5), $4.375\;{\pm}\;1.713$(3.125~6.25) and $2.188\;{\pm}\;0.856(1.563{\sim}3.125)mg/m{\ell}$, respectively. MIC of Metronidazole was detected as $7.6\;{\pm}\;5.367(2{\sim}16){\mu}g/m{\ell}$ at same conditions. In addition, Metronidazole, CF aqueous extracts, ZF aqueous extracts, AL powders, and SSJSB aqueous extracts showed marked dosage-dependent inhibition of bacterial growth, and more dramatical inhibitions were detected in Metronidazole 1/2 MIC + SSJSB aqueous extracts MIC treatment as compared with each of single Metronidazole MIC and SSJSB aqueous extracts MIC treatments, respectively. Especially, quite similar inhibitory effects on bacterial growth were detected in Metronidazole 1/4 MIC + SSJSB aqueous extracts MIC treatment as compared with single Metronidazole MIC treatment in the present study. FIC index were detected as $0.475\;{\pm}\;0.137$(0.375~0.625) at Checkboard Microtiter Assay. Conclusion: The results obtained in this study suggest that CF aqueous extracts, ZF aqueous extracts, AL powders, and SSJSB aqueous extracts showed antibacterial effects against Gardnerella vaginalis ATCC14018, and they also showed dosage-dependent inhibitory effects on the bacterial growth. More potent antibacterial effects were detected in SSJSB aqueous extract as compared with individual components, respectively. In addition, combination treatment of SSJSB aqueous extract and Metronidazole showed more potent inhibitory effects on the growth of Gardnerella vaginalis with FIC index $0.475\;{\pm}\;0.137$(0.375~0.625). According to these results, the combination of SSJSB aqueous extract and Metronidazole is synergistic, and it is expected that effective dosages of Metronidazole could be reduced to 1/4 levels in combination with SSJSB extracts. And it might be needed to make further studies to seek the herbs which have antibacterial effects on the Gardnerella vaginalis ATCC14018.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.1016-1021
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• 2005

The purpose of this thesis is to dedicate to get the objectivity of herbal medicine treatments by choosing herbs likely to work as antibacterial agents, Moutan Cortex Radicis, Caesalpiniae Lignum, Houttuyniae Herba, Forsythiae Fructus, Prunellae Herba, Scrophulariae Radix against Gardnerella vaginalis which is associated with Bacterial vaginosis, making experiments on them and getting the significant results. Each herb's efficacy on control the number of Bacterial vaginosis is noticed by using Disk Susceptibility test with six herbs medicine and Broth dilution assay of the culture. Disk Suseptibility Test : The efficiency strength is as follows in a row : Caesaipiniae Lignum, Moutan Cortex Radicis, Prunellae Herba, Forsythiae Fructus, Houttuyniae Herba, Scrophulariae Radix. MIC Prunellae Herba is 1.5 mg/ml, Caesalpiniae Lignum is 5 mg/ml, Forsythiae Fructus and Moutan Corex Radicis is 10mg/ml for G. vaginalis. As a results, herbmed which tested in this study have an antibacterial effects against G. vaginalis and that may be used for treament of Bacterial vaginosis. Assistant use of external medicine to p.o medicine is expected to bring the good effect of treatment which is used for the origin of this disease.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.17-32
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• 2006

Purpose : The aim of this study is to investigate the antibiotic effects of 14 herbs among blood-activating stasis-dispelling medicinals on vaginal microorganisms. Methods : Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and Gardnerella vaginalis were used for vaginal pathogenic microorganisms. Lactobacillus gasseri, Streptococcus spp. and Escherichia coli HB101 were used for vaginal normal flora. The blood-activating stasis-dispelling medicinals, Mucunae Caulis, Salviae Radix, Persicae Semen, Myrrha, Zedoariae Rhizoma, Achuranthis Radix, Leonuri Herba, Melandrii Herba, Gleditsiae Spina, Lycopi Herba, Scirpi Rhizoma, Caesalpiniae Lignum, Corydlais Tuber and Polygoni Cuspidati Radix were used in this study. In vitro antibiotic activities were observed by optical density and colony test. Results : The optical density and colony test showed that Gleditsiae Spina, Scirpi Rhizoma, Corydlais Tuber, Polygoni Cuspidati Radix and Melandrii Herba of herbs among blood-activating stasis-dispelling medicinals had antimicrobial effect. Gleditsiae Spina had antimicrobial susceptibility and selective toxicity in Gardnerella vaginalis and MRSA. Scirpi Rhizoma had antimicrobial susceptibility and selective toxicity in Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA. Corydlais Tuber had antimicrobial susceptibility and selective toxicity in MRSA. Polygoni Cuspidati Radix had antimicrobial susceptibility and selective toxicity in Gardnerella vaginalis, Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA. Melandrii Herba had antimicrobial susceptibility and selective toxicity in Gardnerella vaginalis. Conclusion : According to the above results, we could suggest that Gleditsiae Spina, Scirpi Rhizoma, Corydlais Tuber, Polygoni Cuspidati Radix and Melandrii Herba of herbs among blood-activating stasis-dispelling medicinals be available to antimicrobial agent of vaginal pathogenic microbial species in vitro.