• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1993.11a
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• pp.34-35
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• 1993

Glycine은 GABA와 함께 뇌에 작용하는 중요한 억제성 신경전달 물질이다. GABA가 대뇌등에서 중요한 역할을 하는 반면, GLYCINE은 연수, 척수, 간뇌에 특히 다량 존재한다. GLYCINE은 GLYCINE RECEPTOR에 작용하여 수용체와 연결된 chloride channel의 conductance를 증가시킴으로써 target세포의 활성을 억제한다. 그러므로, glycine의 신경전달체계에 이상이 오면 spastic mouse등에서 볼수 있는 것처럼 neuromuscular disorder가 유발된다. 신경전달 물질은 presynaptic 세포에 자극이 오면 synaptic cleft로 분비가 된후 presynaptic이나 Postsynaptic 세포에 위치한 수용체에 작용하여 생리 활성을 나타내거나, 분해효소에 의해서 생리활성이 없는 물질로 바뀌든지, presynaptic cell에 위치한 transporter(수송체)에 의해서 presynaptic 세포로 reuptake되서 cycle를 끝낸다. Glycine의 경우는 synaptic cleft로 분비된 후 glycine transporter에 의해서 reuptake된다. 그러므로 glycine transporter의 활성 정도는 sysnapse내의 glycine의 농도를 조절하며 더 나아가 glycine이 glycine receptor에 작용하는 시간에 영향을 줌으로써 target 세포의 활성정도를 결정한다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.1754-1760
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• 2007

This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary glycine betaine on pork quality in different muscle types. A total of 80 female pigs ($Landrace{\times}Yorkshire{\times}Duroc$) were randomly allotted into one of four experimental diet groups. Each group of pigs were fed a commercial diet (Control) with 0.2 g glycine betaine (T1), 0.4 g glycine betaine (T2) and 0.6 g% glycine betaine (T3)/kg for 40 days. pH of belly was significantly higher in the control than dietary glycine betaine groups at 13 days of storage, whereas pH of picnic shoulder and ham were significantly lower in control than glycine betaine groups. At 13 days of storage, redness (a*) of belly was significantly higher in control than dietary glycine betaine groups, whereas picnic shoulder and ham were significantly higher in glycine betaine groups than in the control. Water-holding capacities (WHC) of all muscle samples were significantly higher in the control than glycine betaine groups until 5 days of storage. Sarcomere length was significantly longer in the control than glycine betaine groups. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) value of belly was much higher than other muscle types at 13 days of storage. In fatty acid composition, dietary glycine betaine increased the ratio of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and decreased unsaturated fatty acids (USFA) in loins.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.410-416
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• 1995

The proton transfer energies of gas phase glycine and alanine and those of hydrated glycine and alanine were calculated both with Hartree-Fock and $M{\Phi}ller-Plesset$ ab initio molecular orbital (MO) calculations with 6-31G** basis set. The transition states of the proton transfer of gas phase glycine was also investigated. For zwitterions, both for glycine and alanine, the water bound to -NH3+ site stabilize the complex more compared with the water bound to -CO2-. The proton transfer energy, ΔEpt, of glycine, alanine, mono-hydrated glycine, mono-hydrated alanine, di-hydrated glycine and di-hydrated alanine were obtained as 30.78 (MP2: 22.57), 31.43, 23.99 (MP2: 17.00), 24.98, 22.87, and 25.63 kcal/mol, respectively. The activation energy for proton transfer from neutral (Nt) glycine to zwitterion (Zw) glycine, Ea, was obtained as 16.13 kcal/mol and that for reverse process, Ear, was obtained as 0.85 kcal/mol. Since the transition state of the proton transfer of gas phase glycine locate near the glycine zwitterion on the potential energy surface and the shape of the potential well of the zwitterion is shallow, the zwitterion easily changed to neutral glycine through the proton transfer.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.120-124
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• 2021

In order to understand the vegetative role of Glycine soja, we studied the basic physiological characteristics between Glycine soja and Glycine max. For this study, the light intensity (μmol m^-2 s^-1) on leaf surface, leaf temperature (℃), transpiration rate (mmol m^-2 s^-1), photosynthetic rate (μmol m^-2 s^-1), substomatal CO₂ partial pressure (vpm) of Glycine soja and Glycine max were measured, and the quantum yield, photosynthesis rate per substomatal CO₂ partial pressure were calculated. In the results of simple regression analysis, the increasing quantum yield decreases leaf temperature both of Glycine soja and Glycine max and the increasing leaf temperature decreases transpiration rate in case of Glycine soja. However, in case of Glycine max, the increasing leaf temperature decreases substomatal CO₂ partial pressure, photosynthetic rate, and photosynthetic rate per substomatal CO₂ partial pressure as well as transpiration rate. Also, increasing transpiration rate increases substomatal CO₂ partial pressure while decreases photosynthetic rate per substomatal CO₂ partial pressure. Thus, Glycine soja is relatively more easily adaptable to severe environments with low soil nutrients and high light levels. Compared to Glycine max susceptible to water loss due to a water-poor terrestrial habitat, the physiological traits of Glycine soja has a high average transpiration rate and are less susceptible to water loss will act as a factor that limits the habitat according to soil moisture.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.229-238
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• 2022

Severe bacterial infections are frequently accompanied by depressed neutrophil functions. Thus, agents that increase the microbicidal activity of neutrophils could add to a direct antimicrobial therapy. Lysophosphatidylcholine augments neutrophil bactericidal activity via the glycine (Gly)/glycine receptor (GlyR) α2/TRPM2/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. However, the direct effect of glycine on neutrophil bactericidal activity was not reported. In this study, the effect of glycine on neutrophil bactericidal activity was examined. Glycine augmented bactericidal activity of human neutrophils (EC₅₀ = 238 μM) in a strychnine (a GlyR antagonist)-sensitive manner. Glycine augmented bacterial clearance in mice, which was also blocked by strychnine (0.4 mg/kg, s.c.). Glycine enhanced NADPH oxidase-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and TRPM2-mediated [Ca²⁺]_i increase in neutrophils that had taken up E. coli. Glycine augmented Lucifer yellow uptake (fluid-phase pinocytosis) and azurophil granule-phagosome fusion in neutrophils that had taken up E. coli in an SB203580 (a p38 MAPK inhibitor)-sensitive manner. These findings indicate that glycine augments neutrophil microbicidal activity by enhancing azurophil granule-phagosome fusion via the GlyRα2/ROS/calcium/p38 MAPK pathway. We suggest that glycine could be a useful agent for increasing neutrophil bacterial clearance.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.312-317
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• 2003

The addition of glycine up to 0.5％ (w/v) to Luria broth (LB) media on the secretion of levansucrase in a recombinant strain Escherichia coli JM109/pUPLK1 was observed to enhance the release of periplasmic proteins from the cell to the broth, without significantly affecting the cell growth rate and protein productivity. However, the glycine concentration at 1 ％ (w/v), the cell density attainable at the stationary phase fell to about 50％ and the extracellular activity of levansucrase corresponded to about 80％ of the total (extracellular plus intracellular) activity and increased by 2.6-fold, comparing to the cells grown in the absence of glycine. The increased pH at stationary phase accelerated the degradation of levansucrase. Maximal extracellular activity was attained when 1 ％ glycine was supplemented at the onset of strain growth.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.197-202
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• 1985

Different spheroplasting methods using glycine were tried to fast and slow-growing R. japonicum. Although one of the fast growers, R-271 showed normal growth in the presence of 4mg/ml glycine, cell morphology and colony forming unit (CFU) were greatly different from the cells of late log phase grown in the medium without glycine. In parallel, R-271 became sensitive to lysozyme after 6hr incubation in medium containing glycine (3.5mg/ml). After 24hr cultivation in glycine $(100{\mu}g/ml)$ medium, one of the slow growers, R-214 was also susceptible to lysozyme action. Spgeroplasting frequency of both strains was over 96% by glycine and lysozyme. Spheroid cell was also found in bacteroids from root nodule and soluble glycine content was relativiely smaller than other amino acids in soybean nodule extracts.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.126-134
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• 1998

Our previous study demonstrated that dietary taurine or glycine supplementation significantly lowered plasma and hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in rats fed a cholesterol-free diet. In the present study, the effect of long term dietary taurine or glycine supplementation, for the purpose of preventing and/or treating of hyperlipidemia and other known biological functions, on plasma and hepatic free amino acid concentrations and profiles were evaluated in rats. Three groups of male rats(110-130g) were fed a control diet(CD), taurine-supplemented diets(TSD ; CD+ 1.5% taurine) or glycine-supplemented diet(GSD ; CD+1.5% glycine) for 5 weeks. Plasma and hepatic free amino acid concentrations were determined by an automated amino acid analyzer based on ion-exchange chormatography. The feeding of TSD for 5 weeks yielded a 444% higher plasma taurine concentration , and the feeding GSD for the same period resulted in a 143% higher plasma glycine level in rats compared to those fed DB. Hepatic taurine concentration was significantly higher in rats fed TSD(145% increase) compared to the control rats. However, hepatic glycine concentration was not influenced by dietary glycine supplementation , which implies that the massive dose of glycine entering the body was more rapidly metabolized or excreted than taurein. Dietary taurine or glycine supplementation resulted in similar changes in plasma free amino acid concentrations, except in levels of taurine and glycine. Plasma levels of histidine, lysine, phenylalanine , alanine, proline, hydroxypoline, $\alpha$-aminogutyric acid, cystathionine and ethanolamine were significantly higher in rats fed TSD or GSD than those fed GD. Glycine supplementation did not change hepatic free amino acid concentrations as compared to CD. Concentrations of most hepatic free amino acids were not influenced by dietary taurine supplementation with the exception of significantly higher levels of asparate and tyrosine(56-63% increase) and lower levels of histidine and glutamate(33-34% decrease) compared to the control rats. These results suggest long-term dietary taurine or glycine supplementation resulted in increases in most plasma free amino acid levels, but did not cause a characteristic change in plasma aminogram pattern compared to rats fed CD.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.200-207
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• 2018

At high salt concentration, glycine betaine is transported into Bacillus subtilis and growing rate of the cell is not suppressed. Also according to recent studies, cell growth is maintained normal growth rate at low temperature. Low temperature results in a stress response of Bacillus subtilis that is characterized by strong repression of major metabolic activities such as translation machinery and membrane transport. In this regards, genes showing cold sensitive phenotype are cold-induced DEAD box RNA helicases (ydbR, yqfR) and fatty acid desaturases (bkdR, des). Therefore to understand the effect of glycine betaine on cold growth of Bacillus subtilis, we investigated the effect of glycine betaine on growth rate of these deletion mutants showing cold sensitive phenotype. Glycine betaine strongly stimulated growth of wild type Bacillus subtilis JH642 and deletion mutants of ydbR and yqfR at $20^{\circ}C$ (190~686 min $T_d$ difference). On the other hands, glycine betaine does not show growth promoting effects on deletion mutants of bkdR, and des at cold conditions. Same cold protectant growth results were shown with the precursor choline instead of glycine betaine. We investigated the effects of detergents on the cell membrane in bkdR and des deficient strains associated with cell membrane. It was identified that bkdR deficient strain shows retarded growth with detergent such as Triton X-100 or N-lauryl sarcosine compared with wild type cell. Thus, it is possible that deletion mutation of bkdR modifies membrane structure and effects on transport of glycine betaine.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.252-256
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• 1990

Characteristics of brewing product, Mageoly mashes diluted by the same ratio of water was investigated for alcohol formation, pH change, acid formation nucleotide content and sensory evaluation stored at $3^{\circ}C\;or\;30^{\circ}C$ during 7 days. Each sample was mixed with lysozyme 270ppm and glycine 0.27%, or lysozyme 450ppm and glycine 0.45% on the secondary brewing process in Mageoly brewing. The brewing was not affected by addition of lysozyme and glycine mixture. When the lysozyme-glycine mixture was added during brewing, that resulted in a decrease in pH, a suppression of acid formation and an increase in IMP and inosine content Therefore ere was significantly improved in taste and palatability.