• Journal of architectural history
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.35-54
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• 2010

This study aims to examine the development process of the early stone pagodas of Unified Silla. The history of stone pagodas traces back to both Baekje and Silla in the Three Kingdoms period, but the styles and structures of pagodas began differently. In other words, Baekje attempted to recreate the wooden pagoda style, while Silla attempted to recreate China' brick pagoda style. These different stone pagoda cultures, around the unification of Three Kingdoms, underwent new style changes, and after the mid-7th century, some changes in the five-storied stone pagodas in Tapri appeared, and the milestone perfection of Silla's stone pagodas was achieved through those of Gameusa Temple and Goseonsa Temple. After the mid-7th century, Silla's stone pagodas accommodated some of Baekje's wooden pagodas' elements, shifted from the wooden pagoda style and developed into its own stone pagoda style. This is shown in numerous stone pagodas. However, in Silla's stone pagodas, including the three-storied stone pagoda in Hwagboksa Temple in 692, the size of the pagoda became small and underwent sudden changes. In other words, a new direction of Silla stone pagodas was presented in terms of how massive stones could be reduced, but they differed only in the reduced stone amount; the basic developed style of the Gameunsa Temple stone pagoda and the Goseonsa Temple stone pagoda inherited the traditional style. Thus, the construction of these two pagodas is considered to be significant in the Silla's history of stone pagodas.

• Acta Via Serica
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.119-128
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• 2019

This paper attempts to reveal little-known pages from the history of relations between the peoples of Central Asia and Korea based on materials derived from written sources and modern scientific literature, as well as from medieval wall paintings from the early medieval Afrasiab Palace of Varhuman, the ruler of Samarkand, and from stone sculptures of Sogdian figures contained in Silla royal tombs. Korea's interest in the western lands led to its contact with Buddhism, which spread and later flourished in all three Korean kingdoms (Koguryo, Paekche and Silla). The spread of Buddhism in turn motivated a number of Korean monks to undertake pilgrimages to India via Central Asia. Hyecho, a young Silla pilgrim, left evidence of his journey via the South China Sea to India in 723 AD. Paul Pelliot discovered a report from Hyecho's journey entitled Notes on Pilgrimage to Five Regions in India (Wang Wu Tianzhuguo zhuan) in the Dunhuang caves in 1908. Hyecho's contributions are worthy of attention, substantially complementing knowledge available for this little-studied period in the history of South and Central Asia. The information contained in Hyecho's manuscript is, in fact, considered the most significant work of the first half of the 8th century. Research regarding the relationship between Central Asia and Korea remains underdeveloped. Existing historical evidence, however, including the above mentioned Samarkand wall paintings, depicts the visits of two Korean ambassadors to Samarkand, and evidence from Silla tombs suggests the presence of diplomatic relations in addition to trade between the two regions. Overall, the history of the relationship between Central Asia and Korea yields new insights into how and why these distant countries sustained trade and diplomatic and cultural exchange during this early period. Taking into account Korea's growing interest in Uzbekistan, especially in its history and culture, this article can act as a catalyst for studying the history of the two country's relations.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2000.06a
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• pp.205-218
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• 2000

Hull forms of Jiao Yi Ship for shipping and foreign trade in Silla and Tang Dynasty were transformed and developed in accordance to their voyage and rational routes. The trade ship was a sea ship, used by Chang Po Go's, the Silla great sea merchant ship, in the marine trade with China during the 8th and 9th century. It is not easy to presume the hull type and trade formal of Chang Po Go's Jiao Yi Ship of the 8th and 9th Century. Studying on the ship type of the trade ship is the urgent problem to be solved, in the sphere of leaning about the history of communication between China and Korea. The authors take the initial prove into this subjects, by researching Chang Po Go's marine activities, and point out that the trade ship's original type should be the Sha Ship which was the sea ship sailing th sea in northern China, in the Tang Dynasty. This study aims to present materials concerning hull forms of Chang Po Go's Jian Yi Ship by analysing ancient voyage history, foreign trade history, and ship history of Silla, Tang and Japan during the 8th and 9th century.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.7-17
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• 2021

Bang walls surround the four sides of Band in ancient capital cities of East Asia where the Bang system was in operation. There are ongoing research efforts for the structure of a capital city and Bang system around the capital of Silla, but there is a huge shortage of research on Bang walls. This study thus set out to examine Bang walls in the capital of Silla around the Hwangnyongsa Temple and its surroundings. The findings show that the Bang walls in the capital of Silla were built with a mix of earth and stone and with tiled roofs on top. The sizes of Bang walls were distinguished from the walls of individual structure groups inside Bang and closely related to the Bang size and the width of adjacent roads.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.37-45
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• 2014

It was identified by the excavation that architecture remains were confirmed buddhist temple consist of ruins of main building of a temple, auditorium site, ruins of stone pagoda, embankment, pedestrian Facilities and drainage etc. in the Gwangmyeong-dong site. The site has been held temple arrangement with 1 main building of a temple, twin Pagodas from the Unified Silla period to Goryeo dynasty. The temple constructed after that was destroyed the architecture in the Unified Silla period. It seems that aristocrat or royalty power of within group of the nearby remains of city which was constructed in the Unified Silla period build and visit the temple. Considering there are excavations, it assumes that the temple had been constructed during the last days of the Unified Silla, was closed up during the mid-Goryeo Dynasty.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.27-41
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• 2019

This study covered the features and development process of the stylobate of the Sumijwa style, which emerged in Silla around the late 7th century. In the Period of North and South Dynasties, Sumijwa was used as the seat of the Buddha. It was used as a stylobate of tower in the Sui Dynasty and as a stylobate of central buildings in the Tang Dynasty, raising the status of buildings. In the late 7th century, Silla faithfully embodied Buddhist view of the world under its architecture by accepting the latest stylobate of the Sumijwa style. The pagoda of Hwangnyongsa Temple is believed to be the beginning of the stylobate of the Sumijwa style, in Silla. Gradually, in the central buildings within the capital, the stylobate of the Sumijwa style became common. Starting with Bulguksa Temple's Daeungjeon Hall, the materials of stylobate and staircaes will be integrated from the late 8th century. Silla's stylobate of the Sumijwa style can be evaluated as a step-by-step leap in religious, political, technical and aesthetic's terms.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.7 no.1 s.14
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• pp.49-66
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to connect the technics and form from ancient to Korea Dynast But in these period there is no buildings remains but paintings, fine arts, and stupas. In the historical materials there are many architectural form and signature revealings, so as a result these analysis, 1)The building showed in paintings of Silla, and Korea Dynasty reflect the architectural style their own Dynasty. 2)In detail, the architecture of Silla and Korea Dynasy was connected with Chinese architectur Liao, Song. But from the 8Century Koreans were succeeded the one of Silla Dynasty and had originility in architectural style. 3)The architectursl style in Silla and Korea Dynasty were very various and very rich content. And we must more serious study of historical materials so that we improve the ancient a middle age of architcture in Korea.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.93-112
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• 1995

The wooden pagoda was first appeared in about late 4th century in Korea. And between the late 6th century and the eary 7th centry, the multistoried wooden pagoda was replaced with the stone pagodas, in order to improve their stability and durability. In Three-kingdom and Unificated-Silla period, there are two types of stone stupas in Korea. The one is Paekche(百濟)style, and the other is Silla(新羅) style stone pagoda. These two styles are basically different in each part like podium, roof stone, body stone, structure and the others. Two types of stupas are distributed in two regions which devided into the East(Silla territory) and West(Paekche territory) in the Korean peninsular. The origin of the Korean stone pagoda can be traced to the Paekche dynasty and Silla dynasty. The former were the result of the careful study of their skillful wooden pagodas, where the latter were actualy originated from copying their sundried brick pagodas with stone. Two important pagodas of the primitive stage are the stone pagoda of Miruksa(彌勒寺) temple in Iksan and Bunhwangsa(芬皇寺) temple in Kyungju. These two pagodas are compared with each other in the style of their construction. Silla style have sharp straight lines and short distance between roof stone and eaves. They give us strong as well as intelletural feeling. Howerever, Paekche style has curved lines and dull angles of cutting area of stone, they give us soft feeling.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.19-26
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• 2019

The subjects of this study were limited to Silla buddhist temple remains in the 6~8th century, where the excavation survey report was published and the details of the remains of the corridor are revealed. Since the corridor completes the structure of temple and is involved in formation of the space, the building plan for corridors is thought to have an intention linked to the entire temple. Thus, more closer study is required for this construction plan to identify the role of corridors. The corridor is a building that has a low architectural hierarchy and completes the layout and composition of the temple. In the unit planning of the corridor, unit were designed to be of a certain size in the temple layout. Then, the overall scale was made by adding the fixed size of unit. The combination of corridors are the combined points of paths and were used as visual points. The structure of the corridor was constructed to be adjusted according to the size of the main compartment of the building to which it was connected and inserted under the roof of the building. The adjustment of the unit changed in the range of 0.5 to 2 of Silla's system of measurement. The usage of embedded pillar in the corridor presents a new perspective on Silla architecture.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.25-34
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• 2019

"Stupa of Buddhist Monk, YeomGeo"(844) is known as the earliest Seon-stupa relic remains in Korean peninsula, from which, during late Silla and ealy Goryeo period, there were more than 30 of stupa was built on such canon. and became the well-known material culture in Seon Buddhism in late Silla period. In $9^{th}$ century, with the JeonDeong(delivering the light of Seon)from Tang to Silla, the culture of "GeonTapIpBi(building the pagoda and erecting stele)" was also moved in. And it was right after the style of monk's stupa had been methodically changed in china, from having the room in stupa for the corpse, named as "QuanShenSheLi", to the lessened stupa that contain the cremated. Analyzing the "Master ChengGuang's stupa"（807）and its stele, it can be found the correspondences of octagonal plan and the subjects of ornamentation to that of Stupas built in Silla, reveals they were made by the same canon. By the document in the stele, surmising the historical cause of alteration in Chan stupa, there was the most famous zen master ShenHui at the time, who has the most important role of making the NanZongChan to get the authenticity in Chan Buddhism. His reliqury was the first ${\acute{s}}ar{\bar{i}}ra$ casket discovered among Chan monks' relics, consequentially it was to influence to Chan cuture and size the monks 'stupa for his ${\acute{s}}ar{\bar{i}}ra$. The stupa of master ChengGuang, by its shape and geological location, is the lost piece in the Puzzle of Chan stupa culture between Silla and Tang.