• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.41-56
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• 2015

Objectives : This research is aimed to compare the visceral figures published during the Song Dynasty, and to reveal the differences between anatomical and physiological knowledge in the presence of Taoist theoretical background and in its absence. It is also aimed to discuss the theoretical differences among existing medicines. Methods : First, we will find the commonalities and the differences in the drawings describing the internal organs of a human body in the two publications, and study what made such commonalities and differences and how they affected medical theories. Secondly, we will analyze and update the internal organ data specified in the two publications as it relates to the five viscera and six bowls. Finally, we will analyze the commonalities and the differences, and study the background and the significance of medical theories. Results & Conclusions : 1. The positions of the liver and the spleen in the drawing of the Yanluozi's and Huatuo's visceral figures are inverted in the drawing of the Huatuo's visceral figures. The positions of other internal organs are similar. 2. The section of the five viscera in the Yanluozi's and Huatuo's visceral figures describes the Taoist gods necessary to build up discipline by the means of meditation. 3. In the Zhutidian's visceral theory, a belly button is recognized as a very important organ for the activity of life. 4. In the Huatuo's visceral figures, the 'Zangzhen' generated from foods is described as the energy source for the vitality of the five viscera. 5. The Huatuo's visceral figures mentioned the functionality of a gall bladder and an Tripple Energizer, which was not mentioned in the Yanluozi's and Huatuo's visceral figures. 6. Both the "Yanluozi's and Huatuo's visceral figures" and the "Huatuo's visceral figures" specify that the moisture filtered through small intestines turns into urine.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Oriental Medical Informatics
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-63
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• 2012

Objective : "Huatuoxuanmenneizhaotu" is a Huatuo's about 5~6 century works are estimated to be voted for. Scored the first Anatomical Pictures. Expand your knowledge on the anatomy of the later set the foundation. This books is part of two volumes, which is largely divided into six parts. We have concern on the content and features. Method : Through "Huatuoxuanmenneizhaotu" text translation, we will try to categorize two ways : classifying 1) The first volume of Chapter 1, Pictures 2) The second volume divided into four parts, Chapter 2, Viscera Disease and Chapter 3, Viscera metastasize and Chapter 4, Viscera and Bowel each for metastasize, explained. Result : In consideration against Disease symptom classification, Medicine classification, processing of medicinals examine. Viscera Disease symptom each wind pattern(風證), qi pattern(氣證), heat pattern(熱證), cold pattern(冷證), deficiency pattern(虛證) was classified as. Same method were explained as Viscera into Viscera, as Viscera into Bowel. Viscera Disease also not mentioned in the Bowel Disease symptoms were found to be viewed. Conclusion : These results explain "HuatuoXuanmenNeizhaotu" were really diverse and various.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.733-739
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• 2008

It was said that the epigastric region was the outbreak region of chest bind on Shanghanlon. But successive medical men annotated the epigastric region as the chest, which caused the misunderstanding that chest bind was a chest trouble. However Youzaijing, a medical man in Qing dynasty, presented that the epigastric region meant stomach and the middle of stomach did intestines, comparing Dachengqi-tang with Daxianxiong-tang. This view agreed with Huatuo's six-region-transmutation theory. Taojiean and Zhangjingyue also criticized on the six-meridian-transmutation theory, proposing that the change of cold damage didn't go by the fixed rules. This reflected the oriental medical pathologic view that pathogen invaded and advanced to the weak region by the relations between healthy qi and pathogen, and it criticized on the doctrinarian interpretation of Shanghanlon as Neijing. Huatuo insisted that stomach was the final stage of cold damage by presenting that theory. And this theory became a philological basis on Youzaijing's pathologic view.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.75-88
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• 2012

Objective : Huatuoxuanmenneizhaotu(華陀玄門內照圖) is a Huatuo's book in two volumes, The second volume classifies poisonous and nonpoisonous medicines with explaining processing of medicinals. We, authors have concern on processing of medicinals in Huatuoxuanmenneizhaotu. Methods : Through Huatuoxuanmenneizhaotu text translation, we will try to categorize four ways : classifying 1) poisonous and nonpoisonous medicines, 2) methods of making medicines, 3) processing of medicinals using weter and fire and 4) methods of supplements in processing of medicinals. Result : There are some miss-matching in poisonous and nonpoisonous medicines category in Huatuoxuanmenneizhaotu comparing with Bencaogangmu. There are several methods in making medicines, processing of medicinals and supplements in processing of medicinals. Conclusion : These results explain that processing of medicinals in Huatuoxuanmenneizhaotu were really diverse and various.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.71-87
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• 2018

This study investigated Hua Tuo's Shang-han theory, which precedes the period of Zhang Zhong Jing's Shang-han theory, and considers the relationship between the two approaches. Researchers compared terminology and language of Hua Tuo's Shang-han theory as published in Theory in Qian Jin Yao Fang and Wai Tai Mi Yao, with Zhang Zhong Jing's Shang-han theory. In Hua Tuo's theory, Shang-han involves pathogenic invasion of the body surface, where the pathogen transforms to 6 different stages, Pi (皮), Fu (膚), Ji (肌), Xiong (胸), Fu (腹), Wei (胃). Among these, the stage sof Pi (皮), Fu (膚), Ji (肌) can be considered as exterior syndrome (表證). Those that invade the lower chest can be considered as lower chest disease, and those that violate the abdomen or stomach can be considered as Interior heat excess syndrome (裏熱實證). Stomach heat excess syndrome (胃中實熱證) is the most severe and is similar to septicaemia or bubonic plague. Hua Tuo's treatment used three methods which are 汗 (perspiration), 吐 (emesis), 下 (purgation). In the case of Phlegm syndrome (痰?證), HuoTuo's theory was similar to Zhang Zhong Jing's Shang-han exterior syndrome (傷寒表證) and therefore used Zhuling-powder (猪?散). In the case of deficiency hot flush Syndrome (虛煩證) in Shang-han disease, HuoTuo uses ZhuYe-decoction (竹葉湯), of which the drug contents is the same as Zhang Zhong Jing's ZhuYeShiGao-decoction (竹葉石膏湯), which was used for the same condition.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.39-61
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• 2008

Objectives : The present study was performed to investigate whether acupuncture stimulation in the rats affected regeneration properties of the injured sciatic nerve. A differential effect of acupuncture stimulation on the one point near the spinal nerve root controlling sciatic nerve activity and the other point in the peripheral area subordinated by injured nerve was compared. Materials and Methods: Rat sciatic nerves were injured by crush, and the effects on axonal regeneration on injured sciatic nerves were evaluated by acupuncture stimulation at two different regions. In proximal acupuncture stimulation group, acupuncture stimulation was performed on Huatuo Jiaji(EX B2) points located from L5 to S1 vertebral levels to stimulate the nearest spinal nerve root that innervates sciatic nerves. In distal acupuncture stimulation group, acupuncture stimulation was performed on Zusanli(ST 36) and Weizhong(BL 40) points to stimulate at peripheral area dominated by injured sciatic nerves. Acupuncture stimulation was given every other days for 1 or 2 weeks. Sciatic nerve tissues collected from acupuncture stimulation experimental groups, injury control group, and intact animal group were used for protein analysis by Western blotting or Hoechst nuclear staining. To determine axonal regeneration, Dil fluorescence dye was injected into the sciatic nerve 0.5 cm distal to the injury site in individual animal groups and Dil-labeled cells by retrograde tracing were measured in the DRG at lumbar 5 or in the spinal cord. DRG sensory neurons prepared from individual animal groups were used to measure the extent of neurite outgrowth and for immunofluorescence staining with anti-GAP-43 antibody. Results : Animal groups given proximal or distal acupuncture stimulation showed upregulation of GAP-43 and Cdc2 protein levels in the sciatic nerve at 7 days after injury. Cdk2 protein levels were strongly induced by nerve injury, but did not show changes by acupuncture stimulation. Phospho-Erk1/2 protein levels were elevated by acupuncture stimulation above those present in the injury control animals. These increase in regeneration-associated protein levels appeared to be related with increase cell proliferation in the injured sciatic nerves. Hoechst 33258 staining of sciatic nerve tissue to visualize nuclei of individual cells showed increased Schwann cell number in the distal portion of the injured nerve 7 and 14 days after injury and further increases by acupuncture stimulation particularly at the proximal position. Measurement of axonal regeneration by retrograde tracing showed significantly increased Dil-labeled cells in proximal acupuncture stimulation group compared to distal acupuncture stimulation group and injury control group. Finally, an evaluation of axonal regeneration by retrograde tracing showed increased number of Dil labeled cells in the DRG at lumbar 5 or in the ventral horn of the spinal cord at lower thoracic level at 7 days after nerve injury. Conclusions : The present data show that the proximal acupuncture stimulation at Huatuo Jiaji(EX B2) points governing injured sciatic nerves was more effective for axonal regeneration than the distal acupuncture stimulation. Further studies on functional recovery or associated molecular mechanisms should be critical for developing animal models and clinical applications.