• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.1-3
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• 2003

To investigate the receptors mediating the regulation of norepinephrine (NE) release in human cerebral cortex slices, we examined the effects of opioid agonists for ${\mu}$-, ${\delta}$-, and ${\kappa}$-receptors on the high potassium (15 mM)-evoked release of [$^3H$]NE. [$^3H$]NE release induced by high potassium was calcium-dependent and tetrodotoxin-sensitive. [$D-Pen^2$, $D-Pen^5$]enkephalin (DPDPE) and deltorphin II (Delt II) inhibited the stimulated release of norepinephrine in a dose-dependent manner. However, Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-(Me)Phe-Gly-ol and U69,593 did not influence the NE release. Inhibitory effect of DPDPE and Delt-II was antagonized by naloxone, naltrindole, 7-benzylidenaltrexone and naltriben. These results suggest that both ${\delta}_1$ and ${\delta}_2$ receptors are involved in regulation of NE release in human cerebral cortex.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2002년도 하계종합학술대회 논문집(3)
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• pp.127-130
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• 2002

Human's brain action can divide by recognition and intelligence. recognition is sensing voice, image and smell and Intelligence is logical judgment, inference, decision. To this concept, Define function of cerebral cortex, and apply the result. Current expert system is lack, that reasoning by cerebral cortex and thalamus, hoppocampal and so on. In this paper, With human's brain action, wish to embody human's action artificially Embody brain mechanism using Modular Neural Network, Applied this result to snake robot.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.44.1-44.10
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• 2020

Background: Congenital portosystemic shunt (cPSS) is one of the most common congenital disorders diagnosed in dogs. Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a frequent complication in dogs with a cPSS and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Despite HE been a major cause of morbidity in dogs with a cPSS, little is known about the cellular changes that occur in the central nervous system of dogs with a cPSS. Objectives: The objective of this study was to characterise the histological changes in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum of dogs with cPSS with particular emphasis on astrocyte morphology. Methods: Eight dogs with a confirmed cPSS were included in the study. Results: Six dogs had substantial numbers of Alzheimer type II astrocytes and all cases had increased immunoreactivity for glial fibrillary acidic protein in the cerebral cortex, even if there were minimal other morphological changes. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that dogs with a cPSS have marked cellular changes in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum. The cellular changes that occur in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum of dogs with spontaneously arising HE are similar to changes which occur in humans with HE, further validating dogs with a cPSS as a good model for human HE.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2002년도 하계종합학술대회 논문집(3)
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• pp.139-142
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• 2002

The brain of the human is the best model for the artificial intelligence and is studied by many natural, medical scientists and engineers. In the engineering department, the brain model becomes a main subject in the area of development of a system that can represent and think like human. In this paper, we approach and define the function of the brain biologically and especially, make a model for the function of cerebral cortex, known as a part that performs behavior inference and decision for sensitive information from the thalamus. Therefore, we try to make a model for the transfer process of the brain. The brain takes the sensory information from sensory organ, proceeds behavior inference and decision and finally, commands behavior to the motor nerves. We use the modular neural network in this model. finally, we would like to design the intelligent system that can sense, recognize, think and decide like the brain by learning the information process in the brain with the modular neural network.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.19-25
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• 1994

On the basis of morphological and functional studies, it is now established that there exist multiple motor representation areas in the frontal lobe of subhuman primates. Recent development of analysis on cerebral critical organization in human subjects, utilizing novel techniques of PET and MRI, provides evidence of corresponding motor areas. Each area has its unique sources of inputs from the thalamus and from other parts of the cerebral cortex. To understand functional roles of these multiple motor areas, it is necessary to study neural activity while subjects are performing a variety of motor tasks. In view of high accuracy in spatial and temporal resolution, the analysis of single cells in relation to specific aspects of motor behavior remains to be a powerful research technique. It is with this technique that a number of novel concepts on functional roles of multiple motor areas have been proposed.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.171-177
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• 2010

A recent report demonstrated that in human aging brain after menopause/andropause luteinizing hormone (LH) is localized in the cytoplasm of pyramidal neurons of hippocampus and a significant increase of LH is also detected in the cytoplasm of pyramidal neurons and neurofibrillary tangles of Alzheimer's disease brain compared to age-matched control brain. It was suggested that the decreased steroid hormone production and the resulting LH expression in the neurons vulnerable to Alzheimer's disease pathology may have some relevance to the development of Alzheimer's disease. It is, however, unclear whether the presence of LH in neurons of human aging and Alzheimer's disease brain is due to intracellular LH expression or to LH uptake from extracellular sources, since gonadotropins are known to cross the blood brain barrier. Moreover, there is no report by using the brain of experimental animal that LH is expressed in such neurons as found in the human brain. In the present study, we found that LH immunoreactivity is localized in the pyramidal neurons of cerebral cortex and hippocampus of 12 and 18 months old rats but can not detect any immunoreactivity for LH in the young adult (3-5 months old) rats. To confirm that these LH immunoreactivity results from de novo synthesis in the brain but not the uptake from extracellular space, we performed RT-PCR and found that mRNA for LH is detected in several regions of brain including cerebral cortex and hippocampus. These findings suggest us that LH expression in old rat brain may play an important role in aging process of rat brain.

• 영재교육연구
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.637-648
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• 2013

대뇌 피질과 지능과의 관련성은 다양한 방법으로 연구되어 왔으며, 지능 발현에 관여하는 뇌 영역이 속속 밝혀지고 있다. 이와 함께 소뇌도 대뇌처럼 언어와 기억, 정보 처리 등 다양한 인지 기능 수행에 밀접한 관련이 있다는 사실도 연구 결과 나타났다. 그러나 특정 과제 수행 때 지능별 대뇌와 소뇌 영역들의 활성도 차이를 밝힌 연구 결과는 찾기 어렵다. 본 연구는 공간유추 과제를 수행할 때 나타난 대뇌와 소뇌의 활성 영역을 탐색하고, 그 차이를 분석하였다. 건강한 81명(평균 16세 3개월)의 남자 청소년을 대상으로 WAIS 지능 검사를 하여 5개 지능 범주로 나누고, 도형 유추 과제를 수행하게 하면서 기능성자기공명영상기술(fMRI)로 뇌 영상을 촬영하였다. 그 결과 12개 뇌 영역에서 활성이 나타났는데, 대뇌 피질에서는 시각영역인 양측 하후두회 외에 양측 상두정회와 우측하전두회, 양측 미상회, 그리고 소뇌의 5개 세부 영역들이다. 특히 지능(IQ)이 높을수록 이들 영역의 활성이 강하게 나타났으며, 영재 중에서도 지능이 아주 높은 140~147 범주의 피험자들은 다른 지능그룹에 비해 월등히 높은 활성을 보였다. 이런 결과는 아주 높은 지능의 영재들의 뇌 활용 특징일 수 있기 때문에 '슈퍼 영재'들의 판별에 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2003년도 하계종합학술대회 논문집 Ⅲ
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• pp.1243-1246
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• 2003

It is known that structure of Human's brain information system is controlled by cerebral cortex mainly. Cerebral cortex is divided by sensory area, motor area and associated area largely. Sensory area takes part in information from environment and motor area is actuation by decision as associated area determined. It is possible to copy brain information system by input-output pattern. but there is difficulty in modeling of memorizing new information. Such action is performed by Limbic Lobe and Papez circuit which is controlled by intrinsic emotion. So we need of definition of emotion's role in decision. In this paper, we define roles of emotion in intrinsic decision using Dynamic Cognitive Maps(DCMs). The emotion is evaluated by outside information then intrinsic decision performed as how much emotion variated. The dynamic cognitive maps take part in emotion evaluating process.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.73-79
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• 2009

Purpose: Recently, neurostimulation studies involving manipulation of cortical excitability of the human brain have been increasingly attempted. We investigated whether transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) applied to the underlying cerebral cortex, directly induces cortical activation during fMRI scanning. Methods: We recently recruited five healthy subjects without a neurological or psychiatric history and who were right-handed, as verified by the modified Edinburg Handedness Inventory. fMRI was done while constant anodal tDCS was delivered to the underlying SM1 area?? immediately after the pre-stimulation for eighteen minutes. Results: Group analysis yielded an averaged map that showed that the SM1 area and the superior parietal cortex in the ipsilateral hemisphere were activated. The voxel size and peak intensity were, respectively, 82 and 5.22 in the SM1, and 85 and 5.77 in the superior parietal cortex. Conclusion: Cortical activation can be induced by constant anodal tDCS of the underlying motor cortex. This suggests that tDCS may be an effective therapeutic device for enhancing? physical motor function by modulating neural excitability of the motor cortex.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.180-185
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• 2006

Objective : Middle cerebral artery occlusion[MCAO] has widely been used to produce ischemic brain lesions. The lesions induced by MCAO tend to be variable in size because of the variance in the collateral blood supply found in the mouse brain. To establish a less invasive and reproducible focal ischemia model in mice, we modified the technique used for rat photo thrombosis model. Methods : Male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to focal cerebral ischemia by photothrombosis of cortical microvessels. Cerebral infarction was produced by intraperitoneal injection of Rose Bengal, a photosensitive dye and by focal illumination through the skull. Motor impairment was assessed by the accelerating rotarod and staircase tests. The brain was perfusion-fixed for histological determination of infarct volume four weeks after stroke. Results : The lesion was located in the frontal and parietal cortex and the underlying white matter was partly affected. A relatively constant infarct volume was achieved one month after photothrombosis. The presence of the photothrombotic lesion was associated with severe impairment of the motor performance measured by the rotarod and staircase tests. Conclusion : Photothrombotic infarction in mice is highly reproducible in size and location. This procedure can provide a simple method to produce cerebral infarction in a unilateral motor cortex lesion. In addition, it can provide a suitable model for study of potential neuroprotective and therapeutic agents in human stroke.