• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권10호
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• pp.1478-1483
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• 2006

This experiment was carried out to determine the effects of supplementation of L-carnitine and humic substances alone or in combination in laying hen diets on performance, egg traits and blood parameters. A total of 180 IGH type brown laying hens aged 22 weeks were employed in a completely randomized block design with one control group and three treatment groups. Each group was divided into five replicates as subgroups, each comprising 9 hens. The diets of the first, second and third treatment groups were supplemented with 0.1 g/kg L-carnitine, 1.5 g/kg humic substances (Farmagulator$^{(R)}$ Dry Plus) and 0.1 g/kg L-carnitine+1.5 g/kg humic substances, respectively. The experimental period lasted 18 weeks. Feeding supplemental carnitine, humic substances or carnitine+humic substances resulted in increases in body weight gain (p<0.05). Dietary treatments did not significantly affect daily feed intake, daily metabolizable energy intake, egg production, egg weight, feed efficiency, mortality, egg shape index, egg breaking strength, egg shell thickness, egg albumen index, egg yolk index, egg Haugh unit and the percentages of egg shell, albumen and yolk. Supplementation of humic substances reduced egg yolk cholesterol as mg per g yolk and mg per yolk (p<0.05). Blood serum parameters were not affected by the supplementation of carnitine, humic substances or carnitine+humic substances. The results in this study demonstrated that humic substances supplementation reduced egg cholesterol without adverse effects on performance, egg traits and blood parameters of laying hens. It was concluded that the usage of L-carnitine alone or in combination with humic substances in diets had no beneficial effects in laying hens.

• 산업기술연구
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• 제27권B호
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• pp.109-114
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• 2007

Humic substances generally comprise 30-50% of the dissolved organic carbon in water. They can affect water quality adversely in several ways and they are important from a water treatment perspective due to their role as precursors for the formation of chlorination by-products such as trihalomethanes. The objectives of this research are to investigate the characteristics of organic matter using raw water of Chuncheon area, to isolate the humic substance fractions from natural water samples, and characterize the extracted humic substances. Humic substances were fractionated according to "isolation of IHSS aquatic humic and fulvic acids" using XAD resin adsorption technique. Characteristics of humic substances were analyzed through DOC, $UV_{254}$, $SUVA_{254}$, FT-IR spectra, fluorescence analysis.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.1113-1126
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• 2000

매립지 침출수에 의한 지하수의 오염으로 생성되는 대수층내 오염대 내에서 휴믹물질이 다른 오염물질의 이동 및 변환에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위한 기초연구로서 매립지의 매립년한에 따른 침출수중에 존재하는 휴믹물질을 추출하여 그 특성을 분석하였다. 추출된 휴믹물질에 대해 원소분석을 실시하였으며, 분광학적 분석으로서 자외선-가시광선, 적외선, 형광 분광분석과 $^1H$ 및 $^{13}C$ 핵자기공명 분석을 실시하였다. 침출수중에 존재하는 휴믹물질은 토양 및 수중으로 부터 추출된 휴믹물질에 비해 구조적으로는 지방족 화합물에 의한 특성이 방향족 화합물에 의한 특성에 비교하여 우세하였으며, 이로부터 침출수 휴믹물질의 휴믹화 정도가 상대적으로 낮음을 알 수 있었다. 한편 매립지의 매립년한이 증가할수록 침출수 휴믹물질의 휴믹화 정도는 증가하는 특성을 보였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권9호
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• pp.1266-1270
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• 2004

Humic substances include several biological active and inactive compounds that are commonly used for improving soil fertility. Use of humic substances in swine diets is a novel concept. Humic substances contain 8,700 mg/kg of iron but its bioavailability is unknown. This study was conducted to test the bioavailability of iron in humic substances for nursery pigs. One hundred twenty five pigs (Newsham, Colorado Springs, CO) were not given supplemental iron while nursing for 21 d. Pigs were weaned on d 21 and allotted to one of five treatments (four control treatments with different levels of supplemented iron; 0, 30, 70 and 88 mg/kg from ${FeSO}_4$ and one treatment with 70 mg/kg iron from humic substances). Pigs were fed diets for 5 wk ad libitum and water was accessible freely. Body weight and feed intake were measured weekly. Blood samples were taken from pigs on d 28 to measure the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin concentration. Pigs fed a diet with the humic substances grew faster (p<0.05) during the first week postweaning, but performance was not different during the entire 5 wk period. Feed intake and gain/feed were the same among treatments. The slope ratio technique was used to estimate relative iron bioavailability. The concentration of blood hemoglobin did not respond to dietary iron levels using this model. However, the number of red blood cells (106/$\mu$l) was modeled by 4.438+0.017${\times}$ 'ron (mg/kg) from ${FeSO}_4$'0.012${\times}$'ron (mg/kg) from the humic substances' Based on the comparison between the slopes (0.012 from humic substances and 0.017 from ${FeSO}_4$), iron in humic substances was 71% as available as the iron in ${FeSO}_4$. The slopes for dietary feed intake of ${FeSO}_4$ and the iron in humic substances did not differ (p>0.05). Humic substances can replace ${FeSO}_4$ as an alternative iron source for pigs at 71% relative bioavailability.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.67-73
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• 1973

Soil humic substances are defined as a humified part of the soil organic matters and regarded to play beneficial roles for colloid chemical properties and the fertility of the soils. This paper is referred to review the present trend of the studies on the forming processes of humic substances and on the effect on plant metabolism by some organic compounds that are directly absorbed by plants. It is generally considered that the humic substances are formed organic matters in soil or plant materials through numerous organic or biochemical processes. However, the nature of the constituting "core" and of attachment of carbohydrate, nitrogen containing compounds like protein, phenolic compounds and metals to the core are unclear though various models are suggested. It is reviewed that some organic compounds, phenclic acids, derived from humic substances are effective on plant metablism in many cases, although the mechanisms are remained to be clarified.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.271-282
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• 2002

The sonochemical process has been applied as a treatment method to investigate its effect on the decomposition of humic substances (HS). The reaction kinetics and mechanisms in the process of sonochemical treatment for humic substances in wastewater have also been discussed. It was observed that the metal ions such Fe(II) and Mn(II) showed catalytic effects, while Al(III), Ca(II), and Mg(II) had inhibitory effects on the decomposition of humic substances in sonochemical reaction with hydrogen peroxide. Experimental results also showed factors such as hydrogen peroxide dose affected the formation of disinfection by-products. Two trihalomethanes, chloroform and dichlorobromomethane were formed as major disinfection by-products during chlorination. The depolymerization and the radical reaction of HS radicals appear to occur simultaneously. The final step of the reaction is the conversion of organic acids to carbon dioxide.

• Environmental Sciences Bulletin of The Korean Environmental Sciences Society
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• 제10권S_3호
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• pp.127-137
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• 2001

The sonochemical Process has been applied as a treatment method and was investigated its effect on the decomposition of humic substances(HS). The reaction kinetics and mechanisms in the Process of sonochemical treatment for humic substances(HS) in wastewater have also been discussed. It was observed that the metal ions such as Fe(II) and Mn(II) showed catalytic effects, while Al(III), Ca(II), and Mg(II) had inhibitory effects on the decomposition of humic substances in sonochemical reaction with hydrogen peroxide. Experimental results also showed factors such as hydrogen peroxide dose affected the formation of disinfection by-products. Two trihalomethanes, chloroform and dichlorobromomethane were formed as major disinfection by-products during chlorination. The mechanism of radical reaction is controlled by an oxidation process. The radicals are so reactive that most of them are consumed by HS radicals and hydroxyl radicals can be acted on organic solutes by hydroxyl addition, hydrogen abstraction, and electron transfer. The depolymerization and the radical reaction of HS radicals appear to occur simultaneously. The final steps of the reaction are the conversion of organic acids to carbon dioxide.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.73-82
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• 2003

Various forest humic substances were collected at different climate regions with different forest types, and adsorption of heavy metals such as Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II) and Cr(III) were characteristically conducted to obtain optimal adsorption conditions and to evaluate the removal efficiency of heavy metals by each forest humic substance. The adsorption isotherms for Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II) and Cr(III) conformed to Langmuir's equation. In the stirred reactor, the removal efficiencies of Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) by forest humic substances were more than 90% but that of Cr(III) was less than 60%. The adsorption capacities of heavy metals in the stirred reactor were considerably varied depending on the type of forest humic substances. Among humic substances, the one from deciduous forest at subtropical region showed the highest removal efficiency for Cu(II). There was no significant difference in removal efficiency by each heavy metal depending on reaction temperature ranged from 20 to 50oC except for Cr(III), and the adsorptions of Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) were occurred rapidly in the incipient stage within 10 min, while Cr(III) needed more reaction time to be adsorbed. The stirred and packed bed column reactors showed similar adsorption characteristics of heavy metals by humic substances, but the removal efficiency was considerably higher in the packed bed column reactor than in the stirred reactor. Therefore, in actual operation process, a continuous packed bed column reactor was more economical.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.109-115
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• 1992

Diazinon과 부식물질인 humin, HA, FA에 대한 토양미생물의 기질 선호성을 알아보기 위하여 한정비재에 diazinon과 부식물질을 각각 처리하여 항온($30^{\circ}C{\pm}1$)으로 유지하면서 토양미생물의 균수와 MO 활성, ${\alpha}$, -${\beta}$-ES 활성을 측정하였으며, 각각의 부식물질 첨가에 따른 diazinon의 분해속도를 조사하였다. 1. 토양미생물의 균수가 부식물질 처리구에서는 초기 1일부터 급격히 증가한 반면 dizainon 처리구에서는 3일후 부터 증가하였으며, 10일후 부식물질 처리구가 diazinon 처리구보다 약 1.5배 많았다. 2. MO 활성은 부식물질 처리구에서 diazinon처리구보다 3일까지 높았으며, HA > FA > humin의 순이었다. 3. ${\alpha}$-ES와 ${\beta}$-ES 활성은 비슷한 경향이었으며, humin과 HA에서는 diazinon보다 5일이후 높았지만, FA는 diazinon과 거의 비슷한 수준이었다. 4. 부식물질을 첨가함으로써 diazinon의 분해속도는 지연되었으며, 10일후의 분해율은 humin, HA, FA 첨가구에서 각각 51.4%, 58.9%, 62.4%이었고, 무첨가구에서는 71.9%이었다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제22권10호
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• pp.1093-1100
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• 2001