• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.8-13
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• 2021

Pediatric kidney transplantation is the best option since it can achieve near normal glomerular filtration rate, adequate fluid balance, and autonomic endocrine function of the kidney in end-stage kidney disease. However, pediatric kidney transplantation is difficult because children are developing and growing, management and complications of pediatric kidney transplantation are different from those of adults. This review covers the current status of pediatric kidney transplantation in Korea, key considerations that must be taken before kidney transplantation in children, and management strategy of immunosuppression and common complications.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.1-20
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• 2021

Objectives : This study aims to examine the background of how the theory of there being no excess pattern of the Kidney has been carried on by looking at contents on Kidney excess patterns pre-Qianyi and at those negating the possibility of Kidney excess post-Qianyi. The history of the Kidney draining method for Kidney excess patterns was studied as well. Methods : Key words such as 腎實(kidney excess), 腎無實(no excess of the kidney), 瀉腎(draning the kidney) were entered into major database such as the Sikuquanshu to excavate contents on both Kidney excess and non-excess from medical classics. Results & Conclusion :In the Neijing, there are few mentions of symptoms due to Kidney excess. The theory of Kidney non-excess marks its beginning with Qianyi, who argued that Kidney manages deficiency in children only. Afterwards, some doctors expanded this theory beyond children and applied it as a general principle of the body. Based on the theory of there being no excess of the Kidney, it could be thought that while there could be excess symptoms of the Kidney, the root mechanism lies in Kidney deficiency. The importance of the Kidney as the basis of heaven-bestowed life, which is responsible for reproduction, growth and development, is what motivated the theories on the Kidney as what needs to be preserved and never drained. It could also be argued that the symptoms of Kidney excess, which were mentioned post-Neijing, got dealt with within the context of other Zhangfu differentiation patterns and deficiency symptoms, and became increasingly less designated to Kidney excess.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.101-122
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• 2014

Objectives : The comparison of symptoms of hypoadrenocorticism with symptoms according to spleen and kidney show how many points of similarity they are. And by analysis of symptoms of hypoadrenocorticism it was examined that Kidney Jeonggyeok help to cure many different symptoms including symptoms of hypoadrenocorticism. Methods : The symptoms of hypoadrenocorticism were compared and analyzed according to standards of the book of korean traditional medical pathology. First, this study was designed to show to found out how many symptoms of hypoadrenocorticism belong to symptoms of kidney qi-deficiency and slpeen qi-deficiency and how similar they are. Second, the symptoms of kidney qi deficiency were compared with the indicant of kidney Jeonggyeok suggested by two of korean traditional doctors to find out kidney Jeonggyeok can help to cure symptoms of kidney qi deficiency. And then on the basis of those, the symptoms of hypoadrenocorticism were compared with the symptoms of kidney qi deficiency. Results : The hypoadrenocorticism seems to be kidney yang(陽) deficiency. But because hypoadrenocorticism doesn't have body temperature decline, symptoms of hypoadrenocorticism are more similar symptoms of kidney qi deficiency than symptoms of kidney yang deficiency. The symptoms of hypoadrenocorticism seems to be correlated with the functions of spleen. But because of vomiting and pigmentation(skin and mucous membrane), they seem to have less to do with the functions of spleen than the functions of kidney. The comparison analysis of indicant of Kidney Jeonggyeok and symptoms of kidney qi deficiency shows that acupuncture stimulation help to cure kidney qi deficiency and hypoadrenocorticism. Conclusions : Symptoms of hypoadrenocorticism are expected to be more similar symptoms of kidney qi deficiency. And Kidney Jeonggyeok is helpful for treatment of Kidney qi deficiency and hypoadrenocorticism.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.179-185
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• 2012

Paecilomyces sinclairiis (PS) is known as a functional food or human health supplement. However concerns have been raised about its kidney toxicity. This study was performed to investigate the kidney toxicity of PS by 13 week-oral administration to rats. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine, and kidney damage biomarkers including beta-2-microglobulin (${\beta}2m$), glutathione S-transferase alpha (GST-${\alpha}$), kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1), tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), calbindin, clusterin, cystatin C, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and osteopontin were measured during or after the treatment of PS. BUN, creatinine and kidney damage biomarkers in serum were not changed by PS. However, kidney cell karyomegaly and tubular hypertrophy were observed dose-dependently with higher severity in males. KIM-1, TIMP-1 and osteopontin in kidney and urine were increased dose dependently in male or at the highest dose in female rats. Increased urinary osteopontin by PS was not recovered at 2 weeks of post-exposure in both genders. Cystatin C in kidney was decreased at all treatment groups but inversely increased in urine. The changes in kidney damage biomarkers were more remarkable in male than female rats. These data indicate that the PS may provoke renal cell damage and glomerular filtration dysfunction in rats with histopathological lesions and change of kidney damage biomarkers in kidney or urine. Kidney and urinary KIM-1 and cystatin C were the most marked indicators, while kidney weight, BUN and creatinine and kidney damage biomarkers in serum were not influenced.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.236-248
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• 1986

Alterations of renin-angiotensin system have been suggested as one of the mechanisms increasing arterial blood pressure in experimental and clinical hypertension. But the exact nature of high blood pressure in the early and late phase of renal hypertension is still controversial. To clarify the nature of renin release in both unclipped and clipped kidney of two kidney one clip Goldblatt lypertensive rat, experiments have been done in kidney slices, which were obtained from the rats of 3 and 7 days of operation. Basal rate of renin release was suppressed in unclipped kidney slices compared to clipped kidney Norepinephrine increased renin release from unclipped kidney slices, but not from clipped kidney slices. Suppressions by angiotensin Il and arginine vasopressin of renin release were attenuated in the clipped kidney slices compared to unclipped and sham-operated kidney slices. Increases by verapamil and trifluoperazine of renin release were attenuated in the clipped kidney slices compared to unclipped and sham-operated kidney slices. These results suggest that the negative feedback control mechanism of the renin-angiotensin system by angiotensin Il and arginine vasopressin is attenuated in the clipped kidney of two kidney one clip Goldblatt hypertensive rat, and that one of the altered mechanisms may be caused by certain regulatory changes of intracellular calcium and/or calcium-calmodulin complex in the juxtaglomerular cells.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.460-467
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• 2001

Heavy metals, such as Al, As, Cd, Cr Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, Si, Sn, V and Zn, were analysed on kidney cortex and medulla of Korean obtained from 154 forensic medical autopsy cadavers. Heavy metals were analysed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry In kidney cortex, the concentrations of Al, Cd, Cu, Mn, Mo, Pb, Se, Si and Zn were significantly higher than in the kidney medulla (Cd, Cu, Mn, Mo, Zn : p<0.01, AA, Pb, Se, Si : p<0.05). No significant local differences were found between kidney cortex and kidney medulla in the concentrations of As, Cr Fe, Hg, Ni, Sn and V. In kidney cortex and kidney medulla, Cd concentrations correlated positively with age, but Mn concentrations correlated negatively with age. A significantly positive correlation between Cd and Zn, Cd and Cu, Zn and Cu, Al and Si, Se and As was found in kidney cortex and kidney medulla. A significantly positive correlation between Hg and Se was only observed in kidney cortex. These results indicate that the distribution of hazardous heavy metals is similar to that of essential elements in the tissues.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.139-154
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was presented basic data for management of living kidney donor to make bioethical decision. The research subjects were the documents and progress notes of Doctor's and Nurses in medical records related to kidney donation and nephrectomy of 20 kidney donors who received nephretomy at 4 general hospitals in Pusan. The result of this study, a desirable documents to help the living kidney donor might include following : 1st, identification of the donor and the guardian. 2nd, confirmation of the intension of kidney donor which is based on humanity or not and 3rd, a written oath about Nephrectomy. Especially it is more desirable to participate of paramedical personnels such as the religious, the social workers, the counsellors, and etc when assess the motivation of kidney donor and to use of a formulated visual educational materials about renal angiography and nephrectomy which required written consent of kidney donor. Further more, the donor should be educated sufficiently about the kidney itself and procedure for nephrectomy-the anatomical position of kidney, the function of the kidney, the operative maneaver, pre and post operative complication, the prevention of the complication, the possiblity of rejection phenomenon and loss of the transplanted kidney etc. In conclusion, medical team members for kidney transplantation must suggest not only physical problem but also psychological problem And the educated donor ought to have enough time before a making decision and all these process should be recorded in medical records

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.23-35
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• 2020

Purpose: Compliance in kidney transplant recipients is critical for a positive prognosis. Especially compliance with medications after kidney transplantation is a major health care issue with implications for graft rejection and graft loss. But the definition of compliance in transplantation varies among centers. The purpose of this study was to clarify the concept of compliance in kidney transplant recipients. Methods: A literature search was conducted using RISS, MEDLINE, CINAHL. The concept analysis was guided by the methodology posited by Walker and Avant. Results: In this study, we found the attributes of the concept: 'compliance with immunosuppressive medication', 'compliance with follow-up', 'compliance with early detection of graft rejection and complication', and 'compliance with prevention of complication'. The antecedents of 'compliance in kidney transplant recipients' included 'having a kidney transplant surgery' and 'normal function of transplanted kidney'. The consequences of 'compliance in kidney transplant recipients' included 'affecting the function of the transplanted kidney' and 'affecting the health of kidney transplant recipients. Conclusion: This study may contribute to the development of tools for measuring compliance in kidney transplant recipients, as well as benefit nursing interventions research to increase compliance in kidney transplant recipients.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.222-243
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to present basic data in the nursing practice for the management of living kidney donor by understanding the nature and meaning of kidney donors, experiences. The research subjects were 11 living kidney donors who had donated from Mar 1991 to Feb. 1994 and discharged from the 3 hospitals in Pusan. Data has been collected by Intensive interview with donors. The data analysis has made by phenomenological method of Van Kaam for understanding the phenomenon and meaning of their experiences. The experiences of kidney donors were analyzed into the 4 situations, that is,'motivation of kidney donor', 'decision time to make kidney donation', 'pre-opperation','after donation'. The descriptive expression and common elements were drawn from original data of each situation on the basis of subjects' own words. From each situation, the com-mon elements of kidney donors' experiences were integrated, summarized and described as follows 1. Motivation of kidney donation They wanted to donate their kidney because of empathy of pain on the groung of love to the recipient and with exppectation of successful kidney transplant or as a solution of economic difficulty. 2. Experiences in deciding to make kidney do-nation In deciding to make kidney donation, donors had love toward the recipients. But they experienced conflict too. 3. Experiences before being operated on donated kidney In experiences from deciding to make kidney do nation to preoperation, donors had love toward the recipients. But they also felt anxiety or dissatisfaction. Therefore, they controlled their mind by their faith, support of medical staff or support of society. And they experienced regret for the sociological cognition or financial apprehension. 4. Experiences after kidney donation After kidney donation, donors experienced satis-faction and accompplishment in spite of mental and physical discomfortness, while they felt sense of loss / disappointment, repentance, regret, and apprehension of progress toward their condition. Thus, kidney donors donated their kidney on the ground of empathy and love to the recipient and with expectation of successful kidney transplant. But during the process of kidney donation, they ex perienced conflict, love, anxiety, regret, apprehension of economy. And after donation, they felt sense of satisfaction and accomplishment, while they felt sense of discomfortness, loss / disappointment, re-gret, repentance, or apprehension of progress toward their condition. This result contribute to nurses' role not only for the management of living kidney donors but also for the management of cadaver donors' family.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.43-60
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• 1998

This study examined the histomorphomeric and histological changes of the left and right kidney in uninephrectomized rat. The results were as follows: 1. In the control, the right kidney was more prominent than the left in the basement membrane of glomerular capillaries. The podocyte had well developed Golgi apparatus in the left kidney and rough endoplasmic reticulum in the right kidney. 2. At the 30 days after unilateral nephrectomy, the basal lamina of glomerular capillaries was prominently thickened in the right kidney. The cytoplasm of the podocyte of the left kidney was markedly increased and had free ribosomes, developed Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum. 3. At the 30 days, the section of the glomeruli were more enlarged in the left kidney than in the right. 4. At the 20 day, the nuclear section of the podocytes were markedly enlarged in the right kidney, but those of the left kidney were diminished. The mitochondrial section of the podocytes were prominently increased in the right kidney. 5. The nuclear section of the parietal layer lining cells was no significant change in the right kidney. That of the left kidney was increased at the 20 days and decreased at the 40 days. The nuclear section of glomerular endothelium of the left kidney increased earlier than the right. 6. In the morphometry of the control kidney, the section areas, long and short diameters, the nuclear section, the mitochondrial section of the proximal tubule cells, and the changes of those were more large in the right kidney than in the left. 7. The luminal secretory vesicles and peroxisomes of the left kidney were more than the right at the 20 days. The increase of mitochodrial section in the proximal tubule cells of the left kidney was more prominent than the right. The large cytoplasmic vacuoles were more prominent in the left kidney than in the right. 8. The thickness of cytoplasm and brush border was more thick in the control left kidney than in the control right. The change of cytoplasmic thickness of the left kidney was increased earlier than in the right and both kineys were increased in the thickness of brush border at the 30 days.