• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.156-166
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• 2021

Objectives The purpose of this study is to confirm the regulate effect of T helper (Th) 2 differentiation that Baekho-tang extract may produce to improves skin lipid barrier damages. Methods Four-weeks-old NC/Nga mice were divided into four groups: control group (Ctrl, n=10), lipid barrier eliminated group (LBE, n=10), Dexamethasone treatment after lipid barrier elimination group (DxT, n=10), and Baekho-tang extract treatment group after lipid barrier elimination group (BHTT, n=10). Baeko-tang extract was administered for 3 days after removal of the skin fat barrier in BHTT group. Then, we identified changes in external symptoms of the skin, factors affecting skin barrier such as potential of hydrogen (pH), filaggrin (FLG), transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and Th2 differentiation factors like Interleukin (IL)-4, Kallikrein Related Peptidase 7 (KLK7) and protease activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) through our immunohistochemistry. Results After lipid barrier elimination, the reduction of morphological skin inflammations was less in BHTT group than in LBE group and DxT group. Also, pH and TEWL were significantly decreased with BHTT group. However, FLG was significantly increased in BHTT group compared to LBE, DxT, and Ctrl group. All kinds of Th2 differentiation factors (IL-4, KLK7 and PAR-2) were also decreased in BHTT compared to the LBE and DxT. Conclusions As a result of this study, BHT administration decreased pH, TEWL, and increased FLG, thus participating in recovering damaged skin barrier. Since Th2 differentiation factors were decreased as well, BHT's regulatory effect in sequential immune reactions may be a possible explanation of how it enhances recovery of the damaged lipid barrier.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.57-64
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• 2022

Objectives The purpose of this study is to confirm the regulate effect of T helper (Th) 2 differentiation that Sabaek-san extract may produce to improves skin lipid barrier damage. Methods Four-weeks-old NC/Nga mice were divided into four groups: control group (Ctrl, n=10), lipid barrier eliminated group (LBE, n=10), Dexamethasone treatment after lipid barrier elimination group (DXT, n=10), and Sabaek-san extract treatment group after lipid barrier elimination (SBT, n=10). Sabaek-san extract was administered for 3 d after removal of the skin fat barrier in SBT group. Then, we identified changes in external symptoms of the skin, factors affecting skin barrier such as potential of hydrogen (pH), filaggrin, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and Th2 differentiation factors like Interleukin (IL)-4, Kallikrein Related Peptidase 7 (KLK7), and protease activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) through our immunohistochemistry. Results After lipid barrier elimination, the reduction of morphological skin inflammations was less in SBT group than in LBE and DXT group. Also, pH and TEWL were significantly decreased with SBT group. However, filaggrin was significantly increased in SBT group compared to LBE, DXT, and Ctrl group. All kinds of Th2 differentiation factors (IL-4, KLK7 and PAR-2) were also decreased in SBT compared to the LBE and DXT. Conclusions As a result of this study, SBT administration decreased pH, TEWL, and increased filaggrin, thus participating in recovering damaged skin barrier. Since Th2 differentiation factors were decreased as well, SBT's regulatory effect in sequential immune reactions may be a possible explanation of how it enhances recovery of the damaged lipid barrier.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.53-72
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• 2001

Dry skin is caused mainly by the perturbation of stratum corneum lipids which affected by ageing, change of season, excess use of surfactant and the effect of disease like atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Intercellular lipid structures in stratum corneum are responsible for the barrier function of mammalian skin. The major lipd classes that can be extracted from stratum corneum are ceramides, cholesterol and fatty acid, which make up approximately 50, 25, 10 percent of the stratum corneum lipid mass, respectively. Small amount of cholesterol sulfate, phospholipids, glycosylceramide and cholesterol esters are also present. Recent studies have shown that application of one or two these lipids to the perturbed skin delays barrier recovery; only equimolar mixtures allow normal recovery. We observed that barrier recovery rate was improved in hairless mouse by topical application of single neutral lipids (ceramide, free fatty acid, cholesterol) and lipid mixtures. Whereas the application of single lipid didn’t allows a significant enhancement comparing with normal barrier repair, the equimolar mixtures of 3 components(including synthetic pseudoceramide PC104) improved barrier repair, as assessed by the transepidermal water loss. At clinical study to the volunteers aged over sixty, skin dryness recuperated by the increase of moisture(capacitance) and the reduction of scaling. Utilization of physiologic lipid mixture containing natural ceramides or synthetic pseudoceramide could lead to new forms of topical therapy for the dryness and dermatoses(e.g., psoriasis, atopic dermatitis and irritant dermatitis).

• 한국응용약물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국응용약물학회 1996년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.286-286
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• 1996

In order to elucidate the mechanism of action of transdermal absorption-enhancing compounds, i.e., pyrrolidone derivatives (2-pyrrolidone, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, 1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone, 1,5-dimethyl-pyrrolidone and 5-methyl-2-pyrrolidone), multilamellar liposome was prepared from the simulated stratum corneum lipid and employed as a model system for the barrier function of the stratum corneum. The liposomal membrane of the stratum corneum lipid liposome (SCLL) behaves as an osmometer and has an excellent barrier function. In addition, its phase transition temperatures are similar to those of human stratum corneum intercellular lipid region. Therefore, SCLL seems to be a useful skin model. To estimate the barrier function of SCLL, the osmotic behavior of SCLL was measured in the presence of pyrrolidone derivatives and the effect on the phase transition temperature of SCLL was also investigated using differential calorimetry. Above a certain concentration (MLAC), enhances perturb the barrier function of the liposome. The relationship between MLACs and the partition coefficient of the pyrrolidone derivatives was observed; the greater the partition coefficients, the smaller the MLAC. This suggests that the more hydrophobic enhancers penetrate into the lipid layer more easily and reduce the barrier function of membrane more effectively. The results of differential scanning thermograms of the SCLL suggest that the pyrrolidone derivatives had incorporated into the lipid layer in the liposome and increased the fluidity of the lipid layer in the liposome. Such activity might have some correlation with the transdermal absorption-enhancing activity these compounds.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.40-47
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• 2021

Objectives The purpose of this study is to confirm the effect of alleviating inflammation through creating skin fat barrier from Scutellaria baicalensis extract. Methods Four-week-old Balb/C mice were divided into four groups: control group (Ctrl), lipid barrier eliminated group (LBEG), dexamethasone (DM) treated group after lipid barrier elimination (DMTG), and Scutellaria baicalensis (SB) treated group after lipid barrier elimination (SBTG). Scutellaria baicalensis extract were administered for 5 days after removal of the fat barrier. Changes in skin condition, improvement of the fat barrier, and relief of inflammation were observed in each group. Results Compared to LBEG and DMTG, pathological skin damage and tissue changes were less in SBTG, and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and pH were also significantly reduced. Filaggrin was also significantly increased in SBTG. KLK7, PAR-2, and TSLP in SBTG also showed significant reduction compared to the LBEG and DMTG. Conclusions Scutellaria baicalensis extract restores skin barrier and relieves inflammation through the creation of skin fat barrier. This means that the Scutellaria baicalensis extract can regulate Th2 differentiation through the creation of the epithelial fat barrier.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.25-33
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• 2023

Objective This study aimed to confirm the effect of Sabaek-san extract on the recovery of skin damage in atopic dermatitis-induced mice. Methods In this study, we used 4-week-old NC/Nga mice that were assigned to four groups: control (Ctrl), lipid barrier elimination (LBEG), dexamethasone (Dx) administration after lipid barrier elimination (DxAG), and Sabaek-san extract administration after lipid barrier elimination (SBAG). Ten rats were assigned to each treatment group. After drug administration for 3 days following lipid barrier elimination, ceramide kinase, caspase 14, sodium hydrogen antiporter (NHE), cathelicidin, claudin, and Toll-like receptor (TLR2) were observed to confirm restoration of skin moisturizer production, antimicrobial barriers, and tight junctions in the skin barrier. Results Ceramide kinase and caspase 14 positive reactions were significantly higher in the SBAG group than in the LBEG or DxAG groups. NHE and cathelicidin showed a higher positive reaction in the SBAG group than in the LBEG and DxAG groups. Claudins and TLR2 showed a higher positive reaction in the SBAG group than in the LBEG or DxAG groups. Conclusion It was confirmed that Sabaek-san extract may have the potential to restore damaged skin barrier in atopic dermatitis.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2024

Objective The purpose of this study was to confirm the effects of Galgeunhwanggeumhwangryeon-tang (PSCG) extract on skin moisturizing, antibacterial, and tight junction recovery in atopic dermatitis-induced mice. Methods In this study, we used 4-week-old NC/Nga mice divided into four groups: control (Ctrl), lipid barrier elimination (LBE), dexamethasone (Dx) after lipid barrier elimination (DEX), and PSCG after lipid barrier elimination (PSC). Ten rats were assigned to each treatment group. Three days after drug administration following lipid barrier elimination, ceramide kinase, caspase 14, sodium hydrogen antiporter (NHE), cathelicidin, claudin, and toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 were observed to confirm the restoration of skin moisturizer production, antimicrobial barriers, and tight junctions in the skin barrier. Results Ceramide kinase and caspase 14 positive reaction were significantly higher in PSC than in LBE and DEX. Both NHE and cathelicidin showed higher positive reactions in PSC than in LBE and DEX. Claudin, and TLR-2 showed higher levels of positive staining in the PSC group than in the LBE and DEX groups. Conclusion It was confirmed that the PSCG extract can have the potential to restore the damaged skin barrier in atopic dermatitis.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.74-85
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• 2018

Objectives: HTD treatment is a traditional preventive therapy for neonatal inflammatory diseases such as AD. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of HTD treatments for the maintenance and formation of lipid barrier in Dermatophagoides farina-induced obese NC/Nga mice. Methods: 20 mg/kg of CRGR extracts as HTD treatments were orally administered to NC/Nga mice. To induce obesity, high fat diet was served. Dermatophagoides farina extracts was applied on the 4th-6th and 8th-10th weeks to induce AD-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice. Changes of skin conditions in mice were observed by histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. Results: The results showed that HTD treatments effectively maintained and formed the lipid barrier. In the experimental groups, restorations of Lass2 expression and distributions of filaggrin, involucrin, loricrin, ASM, and LXR means that HTD treatments maintained and generated the lipid barrier. In the dermal papillae, HTD treatments reduced PKC production accompanied by epidermis damage. Furthermore, levels of IL-4, and STAT6 was low. HTD treatment may be effective for preventing inflammation induced by Th2-skewed condition by suppressing the main pathway of Th2 differentiation. Conclusions: HTD treatment alleviated the inflammatory damage in the skin tissues of the NC/Nga mice by maintaining the lipid barrier and suppressing Th2 differentiation.

• 대한화장품학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한화장품학회 2003년도 IFSCC Conference Proceeding Book I
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• pp.765-779
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• 2003

Physiological lipid mixtures comprised of cholesterol, ceramide and free fatty acid better maintain epidermal homeostasis and have been recently used for dermatoses induced by skin barrier damage, for example for atopic dermatitis and xerotic skin. Itching and dry atopic dermatitis of the skin may be related to altered skin barrier function. In a previous study, the use of multi-lamellar emulsion (MLE), which is a lipid mixtures containing cholesterol, pseudoceramide and free fatty acid, has been shown to accelerate the recovery of the epidermal permeability barrier. In this study, we assessed the efficacy of MLE compared with a currently used anti-itch moisturizer (AIM), the active ingredients of which are menthol and camphor, on barrier recovery after barrier disruption. To clarify the effect of MLE and AIM after acute barrier perturbation, we measured the relation between transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and the barrier recovery rate at 3, 6, 24, and 48 hours after tape stripping hairless mice and then observed changes in the stratum corneum (SC), including the intercellular lipid structure and secretion of lamellar bodies, by electron microscopy. MLE treated skin recover skin barrier function more rapidly, and AIM treated skin delayed barrier repair. Morphological changes in the epidermis, of MLE treated skin revealed well-conserved lipid multi-lamellar structures at 24 h after tape stripping, whereas AIM treated skin showed altered lamellar bilayers within the SC interstices at 48 h. In addition, MLE treated skin showed an increase in the number of LBs and in their secretions and a decrease in the number of SC layers versus AIM treated skin. These results suggest that MLE may accelerate the production of an epidermal permeability barrier in hairless mice by increasing the number and secretion of LB and improve the dryness and itch associated with an altered epidermal permeability barrier.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.67-75
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• 2020

Objectives This study is conducted to evaluate Th2 skewed condition control through skin fat barrier formation from the treatment using Coptidis Rhizoma and Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract. Methods The 6-week-old NC/Nga mice were divided into 4 groups: Control group (Ctrl), lipid barrier eliminate treatment group (LBET), Coptidis Rhizoma and Glycyrrhiza uralensis feeding treatment after lipid barrier elimination group (CGFT), dexamethasone feeding treatment after lipid barrier elimination group (DxFT). After 3 days, differences in skin condition, improvement of skin fat barrier, and control of Th2 skewed condition of each group were observed. Results Pathologic skin damage and tissue changes were less in the CGFT group than in the LBET and DxFT groups, and Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and pH were also significantly decreased (p < 0.05). The filaggrin intensity and positive response also increased significantly in the CGFT group (p < 0.05). Kallikrein-related peptidase (KLK) 7, Protease activated receptor (PAR)-2, Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), Interleukin (IL)-4, and the products of the Th2 differentiation process also showed a significant decrease compared to the LBET and DxFT groups (all p < 0.05). Conclusions The Coptidis Rhizoma and Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract causes skin barrier recovery and function recovery through the formation of skin fat barrier. This leads to the conclusion that Coptidis Rhizoma and Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract can control Th2 differentiation through the formation of skin fat barrier.