• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.455-466
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• 1999

Western missionary nurses practiced in Korea from 1891. and the first trial to begin missionary public health nursing service in 1909 could not put into practice for short of nursing staff and budget. The main focus of missionary medical practice was not in public health program but in the management of missionary hospitals. A few of missionary western R.N. tried district nursing in 1910s. but their activities were personal and focused on the rescue of poor and sick patients. In 1917 the North American Methodist Church dispatched R.N. Elizabeth S. Roberts to begin district nursing in Korea. Roberts began maternal and child district nursing service. Her service was focused on teaching the method of bringing up children. bathing service, and home visiting for delivery. She could not but stop district-nursing service in 1918 to serve for a hospital in Siberia. The North American Methodist Church dispatched a few of R.N. to Korea in early 1920s and the missionary public health nursing of Korea could be activated. R.N. E. T. Rosenberger began public health nursing program in Seoul with Korean graduate nurse, Shin-gwang Han, and missionary M.D. Hall. Their public health nursing program was focused on maternal and childcare. They did home visiting in the morning, and served at a well baby clinic in the afternoon. The first baby competition began in 1925. and contributed to the teaching the method of bringing up children. They expanded public health nursing activity to school health nursing and milk station. Their public health nursing program was such a success that In 1929 Severance hospital. Eastgate Hospital. Taehwa Social Evangelistic center organized Seoul Child Health Union. Maren P. Bording, another missionary R.N. and midwife dispatched by the North American Methodist Church began public health nursing program at Kongjoo in 1924. Her program was focused on the maternal and childcare and close to that of Seoul. She started the first milk station in Korea in 1926. As she was a midwife and could get M. D. license in Korea, her program was more focused on maternal care than that of Seoul. The first day nursery school in Korea and the first graduate course for public health nursing in Korea began at Kongjoo in 1930. As the city of Choongcheongnam Province moved from Kongjoo to Daejeon in 1932, missionary public health nursing service in Kongjoo extended to Daejeon. There were lots of public health nursing program in Korea in 1920s and 1930s by missionary western nurses and Korean nurses. There were 13 missionary public health-nursing center in Korea in 1932. But in the late 1930s. Japan extended colonial war and drove out western missionaries. The missionary service in Korea was daunted. and the missionary public health nursing service could not but shrink.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.71-78
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to call on better understanding and having interest in Shepping(1880~1934)'s life and nursing missionary work which are represented in 'Not success, but service' and especially to review the course of her sacrificial life as a nursing missionary during Japanese colonial period. The structure of the contents is as follows: First, the outline of Shepping's missionary life is described. Second, understanding of her nursing missionary work and nursing missionary work is reviewed in detail. Third, future directions of nursing education that puts its core value on human life-respect and is based on principles of loving and serving are provided.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.49-62
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate and analyze the building process and characteristics of Suncheon American missionary compound-missionary dwellings, medical clinics, schools and churches, for the sake of giving fundamental facts to the researcher of this field. The results of the study is summarized as follows. The construction participants of Suncheon missionary architecture are American supervisor- Rev. Preston, Elder Swinehart and Doctor Timmons, Korean christian labors, Chinese masons and Japanese carpenters. The characteristics of architectures are described as the space composition according to American life style, the architectural form of American colonial style. And also the masonry structure using the Korean domestic stones and bricks and imported various materials- such as the cements, timbers, glasses, doors and windows, etc- from the North America.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.77-86
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• 2014

The paper describes the practice and purpose of the medical missionaries research on the traditional Chinese drugs(中藥). Searches were made using the journal of the China Medical Missionary Association. The China Medical Missionary Association established the committee of the Chinese Materia Medica in 1890. This committee aimed to research on the traditional Chinese drugs. Then why did the medical missionaries study traditional Chinese drugs? This is because the western drugs(西洋藥）was not easy to acquire, especially in land areas. Also, some western drugs have poor quality and expensive. Therefore they need to understand that Chinese drugs will help in the production of the western drugs. But from around 1920, the main purpose of the research was changed. The scientific and systematic investigation on the Chinese medicine itself became more important. And this change partly influenced that medical missionaries' views on traditional Chinese drugs.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.13 no.2 s.38
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• pp.57-70
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• 2004

Since Korea disclaimed to open the ports, Korean architecture has met the impetuous transformation. Although there would be various factors of this transformation, the new-coming architecture by missionary seemed to be a significant one, and many researches have been carried out on this theme in diverse viewpoints. However, because these researches have preponderated on the Catholic tradition, it is deficient for clarify the whole history of mission architecture. Therefore, this research has the meaning to enrich the history of Korean modern architecture by making balance. First of all, this paper is focused on the activities of one missionary, Graham Lee. He is a practical missionary at the beginning, his architecture made a critical influence in Korean traditional architecture. Graham Lee was born in Rock Island, Illinois, 1861, and he determined to become a missionary through grown up. He spent his boyhood by working as a plumber for his purpose and studied in a university afterward. Graduating of McComick Theological Seminary, he was nominated as a pioneer of Pyeng Yang Mission Station and set foot in Korea, September of 1892. Since then he started to erect missionary facilities in Pyeng Yang, such as Well House(1898), Pyeng Yang Central Church(1900-1901), Pyeng Yang Academy(1902). These all his works are designed with eclectic style which shows western and Korean traditional style intermingled. This unique characteristic made a profound influence to the Korean mission architecture afterwards. Especially, the L-type plan of Pyeng Yang Central Church, which is first shown by him, is recognized very unique, and this plan type had been spread all over the country. Therefore the L-type plan became the peculiar feature of the early Korean churches. Furthermore, working with Korean carpenters, he taught them new skills of modem buildings. After that, they were expanded out northern part of Korea and took the roles of master builders. According to this expansion, his particular style had got spread and had been settled as a unique eclectic style in Korean modern architecture. In the conclusion, he is evaluated to be a critical pioneer missionary, who left a big influence on the frame work of Korean modern architecture in the transitional times.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.60-71
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• 2016

Purpose: This study was to present education and holistic care of Elizabeth J. Shepping (1880~1934), a nursing missionary and a founder of the Chosun Nursing Association who visited Korea during the Japanese colonial period. Methods: Primary and secondary sources were collected and analyzed. Results: This study provides important implications regarding Shepping's holistic nursing as follows: First, she came to Korea after studying nursing and bibliology and being trained for nursing missionary works. Second, she cared for many Koreans, especially Korean women, to protect them from poverty, oppression, ignorance, and illnesses. Third, she continued to spread holistic care in hospitals and other local communities. She trained nurses, developed nursing education, and produced a large number of domestic nursing leaders by establishing women's Bible school. Fourth, she founded the Chosun Nursing Association, serving as its first president for 10 years and applied to join the International Council of Nurses (ICN). Conclusion: Finally, suggestions were provided for future research, and it will be necessary to study thoroughly nursing achievements by nurses from other countries who practiced their nursing activities in Korea, and such studies are expected to lead to analysis of nursing missionaries' experiences.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.91-108
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• 2010

The objective of this paper is to clarify the architectural characteristics of the Korean-Western eclectic houses at Ojeong-dong Missionary Village in Daejeon city, focused on the spatial and structural changes due to eclecticism. The consequences of the comparative analysis between the eclectic houses and two reference buildings, Myeongjae residence and Moore house, are as follows. The diverse aspects due to eclecticism can be summarized as two concepts; transformation and simplification. The transformation has appeared in the characteristic spatial elements such as an-madang, entrance and corridor, in the territory organization and the connection between building and yard, and in the roof and wall structures. The simplification has appeared in the layering of the building space, and in the joint of roof and wall. The methods of eclecticism and the resultant aspects from them that are clarified through this study are expected to be referred in examining the new possibilities of the hanok.

• Journal of the Korean Association of African Studies
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• v.43
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• pp.89-111
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• 2014

This article deals with the characteristics and limitations of Edwin W. Smith's study of African religions. He was born as son of British Primitive Methodist missionary in South Africa, 1876. He was trained to become a Bible translator. After marriage he moved to Africa with his wife and translated the Bible into the Ila language. Most Western missionaries despised African cultures and religions, but Smith proposed a new way to study African cultures and religions on the anthropological basis of respect and understanding. Though he kept the mission mind to convert Africans to Christians and supported the fulfillment theology, he accepted the values and significance of African religions. With scientific and object approaches, Smith regarded Africans as rational and philosophical human beings. He rejected the traditional concept of mission that Western form of Christianity should be forced upon the mind and heart of Africans. Rather Smith encouraged Africans to build up their own churches and theologies with creative and dynamic worldviews including magic, Dynamism, Spiritism, ancestor worship and the faith to the Supreme Being. In conclusion, despite his limitations as missionary, Smith has been remembered as 'the founder of African Studies' and 'the ancestor of British phenomenological school.' His missionary experience became the solid foundation for becoming scholar of African religions.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.107-115
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• 2017

This study was to summarize in Nursing perspective nursing missionary activities of Elizabeth J. Shepping, R, N(1880~1934), a Southern Presbyterian nursing missionary and explore Korean women's lives and Korean nursing history during the Japanese Colonial Period. Shepping committed herself to nursing activities, providing care to the lepers and patients mainly in Gwangju Jejung Hospital, Gunsan Guam Jesus Hospital, and Severnce Hospital, as well as engaging in nursing activities for disease prevention in local communities. She put much effort in educating women and nurses to help recover women's human rights, simultaneously spreading gospel for salvation. She founded the Chosun Nursing Association to help Korean community oppressed under Japanese colonial. Shepping's life based on her motto,"Not success, but service,"was holistic nursing missionary work.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.69-83
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• 2004

The objective of this study is to clarify the early state of modern architecture, specifically mission architecture, with the introduction of the Christianity, and for the goal it deals with the architectural activities of pioneer missionaries. Especially it is a piece in a series of those researches after on Graham Lee, and it is focused on the other representative missionary, R. M. Wilson, A. M. Sharrocks, and C. A. Clark. Although coming in the capacity of a medical doctor or an educator, they should play all kinds of roles, such as carpenters, educators, and officers. For this mission, even they didn't have a professional knowledge for construction, they should carried on to establish mission compounds, only with their experience and informations. In this process they needed to be assisted by Korean carpenters, surely. The architectures born by them-selves are designed with a unique eclectic style compounded with those of Korean traditional and occidental. That is to say, the pioneer missionaries made a profound influence to create a new tradition of modern architecture in Korea, which is called as Korean-occidental eclectic style in the period of transition. Moreover, some pioneer missionary, such as Sharrocks, took a part in education of architectural skills. The educated carpenters seemed to be called from outside, and the unique styles could get spread away. On this point this paper has the meaning to clarify historically the continuous development of the Korean architecture through the survey on their activities, on the contrary of the existed recognition that Korean modern architecture has been evaluated to be imported from outside; therefore having a crevice with the its own architectural tradition.