• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.94-99
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• 2022

The discovery of biomarkers related to pattern identification (PI), the core diagnostic theory of Korean medicine (KM), is one of the methods that can provide objective and reliable evidence by applying PI to clinical practice. In this study, 40 diabetic patients and 41 healthy control subjects recruited from the Korean medicine clinic were examined to determine the human electrical response related to the deficiency pattern, a representative pattern of diabetes. Qi-Blood-Yin-Yang deficiency pattern scores, which are representative deficiency patterns for diabetes mellitus, were obtained through a questionnaire with verified reliability and validity, and the human electrical response was measured non-invasively using a bioimpedance meter. In ANCOVA analysis using gender as a covariate, the 5 kHz frequency resistance and 5-250 kHz frequency reactance were significantly lower in the diabetic group than in non-diabetic control group. In addition, the multiple regression analysis showed a positive correlation (R2=0.11~0.19) between the Yang deficiency pattern score and resistance value for the diabetic group; the correlation was higher at higher frequencies of 50kHz (R2=0.18) and 250kHz (R2=0.19) compared to 5kHz(R2=0.11). In contrast, there was no such significant association in the control group. It implies that bioimpedance resistance measured at finite frequencies may be useful in predicting Yang deficiency, which is closely related to diabetic complications by reflecting the decrease in body water content and metabolism. In the future, large-scale planned clinical studies will be needed to identify biomarkers associated with different types of PI in diabetes.

• Journal of Platform Technology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.38-45
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• 2021

A frequently used bioimpedance analytical method in Korea is the segmental multi-frequency BIA (SMF-BIA) method, but it is not directly determined at a segmented impedance. This study was to compare SMF-BIA determinations with direct segmented determinations for accuracy and appropriateness of segment parameters. This study is to compare the segment parameters, accuracy and appropriateness of the multi-frequency segmental bioimpedance analysis. To this end, 108 elderly individuals were measured. Segmented bioelectrical measurements obtained from a SMF-BIA (Inbody S10) at 50 kHz and measured with a phase sensitive single frequency device (SF-BIA, bia-101, RJL / akern systems) were compared. The significant difference (%) was demonstrated between single - and multiple frequency determinations of the right upper limb (R = 35.5 ± 6.2%, P < 0.001; Xc = 2.7 ± 7.6%, P < 0.01), left upper limb difference (R= 33. 9 ± 6.0%, P < 0.001; Xc = 2.8 ± 8.3%, P < 0.01), right lower limb difference (R = 18.6 ± 4.3%, P < 0.001; Xc = 25.8 ± 10.0%, P < 0.001), left lower limb difference (R = 18.0 ± 4.7%, P < 0.001; Xc = 31.8%). Of the results determined with the two BIA methods, the impedance measurements of the limbs and whole body showed a high correlation (RA: R = 0. 950, LA: R = 0. 949, RL: R = 0.899, LL: R = 0.88), and in the agreement test, the impedance values of the upper limbs and whole body also showed strong agreement (ICC > 0.9), but in the Xc, the correlation was weak. In conclusion, it was found that although bioimpedance devices had significantly different characteristics and inconsistent cross sectionally, there was a high population level agreement in the upper and lower extremities in determining segmental resistance value changes. But a large error was found on the trunk. Further studies were needed for reducing the error.

• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.25-31
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• 2014

Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis(BIA) is a widely used method for estimating body composition changes which is a non-invasive, inexpensive, safety and reproductive method. We studied the bioimpedance change and the distinction of blood pressure according to body posture and conducted three kinds of experiments: the real-time bioimpedance measurement, the simulation using equivalent circuit model and the blood pressure measurement. Bioimpedance is measured during 4 minutes at the multi-frequency(1 kHz, 10 kHz, 20 kHz, 50 kHz, 70 kHz, 100 kHz). From the experiment results, the changes in body postures result in changes of resistance and reactance, with an average rapid increase of body impedance when going from standing, sitting to supine. Specially, the laying resistance on average was 16.49% higher than supine resistance at 50 kHz and the laying reactance measurement was also 26.05% higher than sitting reactance at 1 kHz. Blood pressure in standing posture was higher than those in other postures both in maximum($125.14{\pm}12.30$) and in minimum($75.57{\pm}10.31$). The results of BIA and blood pressure in this study will be contributed to the research on acute illness, extreme fat, and body shape abnormalities.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.121-126
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• 2017

In this study, we measured the bioelectrical impedance of whole body in various frequency bands by non-invasive method by four electrode method using a portable small impedance measurement system developed to understand the bioimpedance characteristics of intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid components through a skin equivalent model. The measurements were performed on 10 male subjects (mean age $24{\pm}3.0$, body mass index(BMI) $20.3kg/m^2$) for four weeks and the bioimpedances were measured at multi-frequencies (1 kHz, 5 kHz, 50 kHz, 70 kHz, 100 kHz and 500 kHz). Experimental results show that the impedance is the highest in the low frequency range of 1 kHz and the lowest in the high frequency range of 500 MHz. Especially, it was confirmed through experiments that the impedance is rapidly lowered above 50 kHz band. In addition, it was confirmed that similar characteristics to the measured values of the bioimpedance measuring system were obtained in the simulations for understanding the impedance characteristics of the intracellular fluid and the extracellular fluid through the skin equivalent circuit model.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.34-44
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• 2018

An early detection of intravenous (IV) infiltration is essential to minimize the injuries during infusion therapy, which is one of the most important tasks for nurses in nursing settings. We report that bioelectrical impedance analysis is useful in the early detection of infiltration at puncture sites. When infiltration was intentionally induced in the vein of a pig's posterior ear, impedance parameters (R, $X_C$, $C_m$) showed significant differences before and after infiltration. In particular, the relative resistance ($R/R_{BI}$) decreased significantly at infiltration and then slowly decreased. This indicates that the vein in pig's ear is thin and the amount of surrounding subcutaneous tissue, and hence the infiltrated solution accumulates slowly after infiltration. However, when infiltration was induced in the vein of human's forearm, the relative resistance at 20 kHz decreased gradually over time. In the $R-X_C$ graph, the positions in the case of infiltration induced in the pig' ear shifted rapidly before and after infiltration, whereas the positions in the case of infiltration induced in the human's forearm moved gradually during infiltration. Our findings suggest that the impedance parameters (R, $R/R_{BI}$, $X_C$, R vs. $X_C$, and $C_m$) are effective indicators to detect the infiltration early in a non-invasive and quantitative manners.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.409-416
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• 2022

Since the detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is increasing due to regular cervical cancer screening, there is a high demand for simpler tools to diagnose and treat CIN in the clinic. In this study, we proposed an electric property of cervical tissue to verify treatment using a laser. At first, we observed the depth and width of ablated cervical tissues for 29 samples according to four different pulse energy of the fractional CO₂ laser to find enough pulse energy to reach the basement layer for initiated CIN. And then, the relative frequency differences in impedance spectrum before and after laser irradiation for ten non-CIN samples were collected using bioimpedance spectroscopy with a multi-electrode probe. As a result, the laser ablated the cervical tissues with a depth of more than 300 ㎛ at 100 mJ pulse energy. Also, we confirmed that the relative changes of electrical property for cervical tissue increased as the pulse energy of laser output increased, and the variation between samples decreased. Since the relative change in electrical properties of cervical tissue can be easily and quickly measured, the proposed technique paves the way for further verification and follow-up study of laser treatment for CIN.