• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.107-112
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• 1989

In order to compare the nocturnal penile erection and the erection induced by intracavernosal injection of papaverine, digital palpation of penis, erectile angle, and the rigigram using $Rigiscan^{(R)}$ were evaluated in 38 erectile dysfunction patients(13 psychogenic, 18 vasculogenic, 1 neurogenic, 3 vasculo-neurcgenic, and 3 undetermined). The following results were obtained. 1. Among the 32 patients of the nocturnal penile erection > 40% on rigigram, only 15 patients(46.9 %) demonstrated rigidity > 4+, a sufficient rigidity for sexual intercourse, on papaverine test. 2. The maximal degree of rigidity was also measured by the erectile angle of the penis. Among the 32 patients of nocturnal penile erection > 40% on rigigram, 23 patients(71.9%) had an angle > $45^{\circ}$. 3. Sixteen patients(42.1%) demonstrated similar increase in the maximal circumferential expansion of the distal portion of the penis on nocturnal penile erection and papaverine-induced erection. Nineteen patients showed larger circumferential expansion on nocturnal penile erection than on papaverine-induced erection. Fifteen patients showed similar circumferential increase of the basal portion of the penis on nocturnal penile erection and artificial erection, while 12 patients(31.6 %) showed larger circumferential increase on artificial erection than on nocturnal penile erection. 4. In the 15 patients of nocturnal penile erection > 40 % on rigigram and > 4+ on papaverine test, the duration of maintenance of the maximum erection on nocturnal penile erection and artificial erection proved to be not proportional. Thus, the arthficial erection induced by papaverine and the nocturnal penile erection can not to be said to be of same in nature and therefore, in order to make more definite diagnosis, both tests should be done and compared.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.980-990
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• 2003

The effect of Gamigyuibi-tang on the penile erection induced by apomorphine HCI and on the erectile dysfunction induced by p,p-DDE, an environmental hormone derivate of DOT, were monitored using male cats. The changes of penile length, diameter, erectic periods and histological profiles of corpus cavernosum and corpus spongiosum were observed with blood testosterone levels. In conclusion, dose-dependent and significant increase of penile length, diameter, erectic periods and blood testosterone levels were detected in the Gamigyuibitang-dosing groups compared to other groups. In addition, it is also demonstrated that the increasement of congestion of blood vessels and dilation of connective tissues, and decreasement of adipocytes in the corpus cavernosum and/or corpus spongiosum of the Gamigyuibitang-dosing groups. According to these results, it is considered that Gamigyuibitang has some augmentation effect against to apomorphine HCI inducing penile erection and it also suggested that Gamigyuibitang has favorable effect to treatment of erectic dysfunctions induced by p,p-DDE.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.74-83
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• 2006

Ssanghwatang (SHT) has been known to prove effective in the treatment for erectile dysfunction (ED), and its modified formula is widely used in clinical practice. However, its fundamental mechanism of action is not clearly known. It is well known that endothelial cells can achieve the relaxation of vascular smooth muscles by the release of nitric oxide (NO). NO is synthesized by the enzyme NO synthase (NOS) from L-arginine and oxygen. It is widely accepted that NO plays an important role in the relaxation of corpus cavernous smooth muscle and vasculature. In addition, in terms of the penile erection, the NO/cGMP pathway is more potent than the PCE1/cAMP pathway. The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the mechanism of the erectile effects of SHT by focusing on its direct effects on corpus cavernous smooth muscle cells. We investigated the NOS activity, nitrite concentration and cGMP levels in rat corpus cavernous smooth muscle cell lines activated by SHT extracts. Furthermore, we evaluated the effect of SHT extracts on penile smooth muscle relaxation following oral administration of SHT extract powder to rats by the dosage of 1 g/kg over fifteen days. As a result, we found that SHT stimulated NO release. NOS activity and cGMP levels were increased by SHT respectively. Furthermore, SHT relaxed the corpus cavernous smooth muscle. These results are consistent with the concept that penile erection by SHT is carried out through the NO/cGMP pathway. In conclusion, the present study shows that SHT increases the NOS activity, synthesizes NO and augments the cGMP, which mediates penile erection. Further determination of the SHT mechanism related with the NO/cGMP pathway strongly indicates that SHT can be used as a remedy for erectile impotence.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.471-476
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• 2000

DA-8159, a new phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor, was assessed for its erectogenic potential by a penile erection test in rats, the relaxation of isolated rabbit corpus cavernosum (CC), and estimation of the intracavernous pressure (ICP) in the anesthetized dog. Oral administration of DA-8159 (0.3 to 1 ${\mu}g/kg$ ) increased the number of erections in rats with increasing dosage, with the highest penile erection index at 10 ${\mu}g/kg$ DA-8159 induced the relaxation of phenylephrine (PHE)-induced contractions in the rabbit CC and decreased the $IC_{50}$ of the nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) in a dose-dependent fashion. In pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs, the intravenous administration of DA-8159 (1~300 ${\mu}g/kg$ ) potentiated the increase in ICP induced by the intracavernosal SNP in a dose-related manner. These findings suggest that DA-8159 has significant therapeutic potential in the treatment of erectile dysfunction.

• The World Journal of Men's Health
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.123-130
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• 2021

Purpose: To perform real-time quantitative measurements of penile rigidity for patients with erectile dysfunction (ED) using shear-wave elastography (SWE). Materials and Methods: A total of 92 patients with clinically diagnosed ED filled out an abridged five-item version of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) questionnaire and underwent SWE as well as penile color Doppler ultrasound (CDUS) after intracavernosal injection for penile erection. Elasticity measurements were repeated on two sites of the corpus cavernosum (central and peripheral elasticity of corpus cavernosum [ECC]) and the glans penis during the erection phase. Correlations between penile elasticity and rigidity scores or IIEF-5 were evaluated statistically. Penile elasticity was also compared with the ED types based on CDUS. Results: The mean age of all patients was 53.5±13.4 years, and the mean IIEF-5 score was 9.78±5.01. The rigidity score and central ECC value demonstrated a significant correlation (r=-0.272; 95% confidence interval: -0.464 to -0.056; p=0.015). The IIEF-5 score was not significantly correlated with penile elasticity. Vascular ED patients showed significantly higher central ECC values than nonvascular ED patients (p<0.001). At a cut-off value of 8.05 kPa, the central ECC had a specificity of 41.5%, a sensitivity of 84.6%, and an area under the ROC curve of 0.720 with a standard error of 0.059 (p=0.019) for predicting vascular ED. Conclusions: Quantitatively measuring Young's modulus of the corpus cavernosum using SWE could be an objective technique for assessing penile erectile rigidity and the vascular subtype in patients with ED.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.38 no.3 s.150
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• pp.239-244
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• 2007

The herbal formulation (KH-204) mainly consisted of the fruits of Lycium chinense, Cornus officinalis, Rubus coreanus, Cuscuta chinensis and Schizandra chinensis. We investigated the effects of this herbal formulation on the penile erection and corpus cavernosum of spontaneous hypertensive male Rats (SHR). We used male SHR aged 16 weeks as a model of hypertension. The treatment groups received once a day oral doses KH-204 100 and 300 mg/kg per day for 4 weeks. Distilled water was administered in the control group. To investigate the penile erection, intracavernosal pressure (ICP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were recorded in all groups. We analyzed the distribution of NOS by immunohistochemical staining and the expression of nNOS, eNOS concentration in the isolated corpus cavernosum by western blotting. In the control group, ICP/MAP ratio was $14.9{\pm}1.4%$ after pelvic nerve stimulation. ICP/MAP ratio was markedly increased in the treatment group with KH-204 100, 300 mg/kg, compared with control group. Immunohistochemical staining for NOS showed that eNOS and nNOS was stained as brown color. Compared with the control group, NOS activities of KH-204 100, 300 mg/kg were increased significantly. Also the penile expression levels of nNOS, eNOS in KH-204 100, 300 mg/kg treatment group were more increased significantly than control group by western blotting. This study showed that KH-204 enhances the penile erection and the level of eNOS and nNOS expression of penile corpus cavernosum of male SHR.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.232-237
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• 2003

The present study examined functional effects of a new selective phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor, 1-[4-ethoxy-3-(6,7-dihydro-1-methyl-7-thioxo-3-propyl-1H-pyrazolo[ 4,3]pyrimidin-5-yl)phenylsulphonyl]-4-methyl piperazine (KJH-1002), in the isolated rabbit corpus cavernosum (RCC). Relaxing effects of KJH-1002 were also compared with those of sildenafil, which is currently used as an oral therapy for penile erectile dysfunction. In the isolated RCC precontracted with phenylephrine, both KJH-1002 and sildenafil in the concentration range of 1 to 1000 nM, produced a comparable potentiation of the electical field stimulation-induced relaxation in a concentration-dependent manner. In the sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced relaxation, the $IC_{50}$/ values, concentrations of SNP required to produce a 50％ relaxation of the phenylephrine-induced contraction, were significantly decreased to the similar extent by treatments with KJH-1002 and sildenafil. The results suggest that a new selective phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor, KJH-1002, has an augmentative effect on penile erection comparable to that of sildenafil and can be useful for the treatment of erectile dysfunction.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.218-221
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• 2017

A 14-year-old castrated Shih Tzu weighing 5.4 kg presented with painful penile erection and dysuria that had been ongoing for 2 days. Treatment with salbutamol and gabapentin was initiated, but after 24 hours, the dog had not responded, so it was decided to proceed with penile amputation. The patient went into cardiac arrest during the surgery and died, despite attempted cardiopulmonary resuscitation. During the surgery, the penis was found to have an enlarged, tortuous, purple blood vessel located dorso-caudally to the bulbus glandis. A hemi-circular fibrous mass was found inside the vessel on histopathological examination; this mass may have induced the ischemic priapism by occluding the vein. This report describes a rare case of ischemic priapism in dogs.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.139-146
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• 2009

Objectives : This study was conducted to investigate the effect of HTE001, a multi-herbal mixture consisting of 10 herbs, Cornus Frutus, Schizandrae Fructus, Rubi Fructus, Cnidi Fructus, Acanthopanacis senticosi Radix, Cinnamomi Cortex, Eucommiae Cortex, Allii Bulbus, Rehmanniae Radix and Ginseng Radix, on electrostimulation-induced penile erection in rats. Methods : Intracavernous pressure (ICP) and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) were simultaneously monitored through electric stimulation of the cavernous nerve after the oral administration of HTE001 (30, 100, 300 mg/kg) in normal rats. Statistical analysis was performed on maximal intracavernous pressure (ICP), maximal intracavernous pressure/mean arterial blood pressure (ICP/MAP) ratio, and the area under the curve (AUC) of ICP/MAP ratio. Results : Oral administration of HTE001 300 mg/kg caused the ICP to increase in a frequency-dependent manner. And HTE001 300 mg/kg treatment group showed the highest value in the ICP/MAP ratio and the AUC value of the ICP/MAP ratio compared to the control group at 2 Hz, 6 Hz and 10 Hz, respectively without an effect on the mean arterial blood pressure under the same stimulation of the cavernous nerve. Conclusions : These results show that HTE001 improve penile erection and prolong the decay period in normal rats without affecting mean arterial blood pressure, and suggest that HTE001 could be a good therapeutic candidate to treat erectile dysfunction.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.181-185
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• 1986

To estimate the penile blood flow changes during artificial with erection intracorporeal papaverine injection, we injected 99 m Technitium-Human Serum Albumin via antecubital vein simultaneously and calculate the radioisotope activity of the penis using computerized Gamma Camera. We classified the results into 3 groups according to the transit time, erection persistent time and venous index in 67 impotence patients. We defined the arteriogenic impotence with the delayed transit time (more than 600 seconds) in 13 patients and venogenic with the shortened erection persistant time (less than 200 seconds) and decreased venous index (less than 0.8) in 11 patients. The rest of them (43 patients) were regarded as equivocal impotence, probably nonvasculogenic or psychogenic.