• Toxicological Research
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.109-118
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• 1992

Streptozotocin (STZ) is a naturally occurring nitrosoamide used extensively to produce diabetes in experimental animals. Since streptozotocin reportedly decrease deformability of red blood cells (RBC), we sought to investigate its potential toxicity at RBC. In addition to elevation blood glucose, 100mg/kg iv streptozotocin caused significant RBC hemolysis in female Sprague-Dawley at 48 hrs post treatment. Streptozotocin induced hemolysis was found to be dose and time-dependent` complete hemolysis required a relatively high streptozotocin concentration (500 mM, 4 hrs incubation), which is much more than in vivo dose.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.81-92
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• 1990

Ten college women were treated with either corn oil(CO< as a source of C18:2, $\omega$6) or fish oil concentrates(FO, as a source of C20:5+C22:6, $\omega$3) with experimental diet for 7 days and then returned to normal home made diet. Kinetic changes of plasma and RBC lipids, tocopherol, MDA levels and hemolysis were observed at day-0, -3, -7, -8, -10, -14 and -21 of experimental periods. Plasma and RBC tocopherol contents were significantly increased at day-3 and -7 by tocopherol tocopherol supplement in dietary oil, but there was no significant difference between CO and FO diet with large dose of tocopherol supplement. After stop experimental regimen at day-7, plasma tocopherol content was sustained at high level until day-10 but drastically decreased at day-14 and remained at low level at day-21. However, RBC tocopherol level was not greatly responded to the dietary intake of tocopherol and was varied in the very narrow range. MDa levels of plasma and RBC were not responded in the same way as tocopherol content of plasma. MDa content of RBC was very low compared to that of plasma. RBC hemolysis by incubation in hypotonic solution was negatively correlated to plasma tocopherol level and was not correlated to the level of MDa in either plasma or RBC. There were no significant change in the levels of plasma cholesterol, HDL-chol, triglyceride, phospholipid, and lipoprotein pattern throught experimental periods.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.65-73
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• 2007

Water and alcohol extracts were prepared from dried and powdered leaves of Thuja orientalis (T. orientalis). The reducing power, total phenolic content, the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity, inhibitory effect on Fe (II)-EDTA-$H_{2}O_{2}$ (Fenton reaction system) induced DNA damage and inhibitory effect on human red blood cell (RBC) hemolysis were evaluated in the present study. At a concentration of 200 mg, water and alcohol extracts of T. orientalis inhibited the hydrolysis of DNA by 72.859% and 65.312%, respectively. Water and alcohol extracts of T. orientalis also inhibited 2,2'-Azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride induced RBC hemolysis to the extent of 69.30% and 54.55%, respectively. The reducing power and antioxidative activity of water extract was found to be more than that of alcohol extract. This is attributable to the presence of higher amount of phenolic compounds in water extract. The present results indicate that the T. orientalis extracts are rich sources of natural antioxidants and can protect DNA and human red blood cells against free radical induced oxidative damage.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.289-294
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• 1995

The action mechanism of hemolysin rendering virulency of Vibrio anguilarum has not clarified as yet, even though there were several possible factors explained. We have studied hemolytic kinetics performed by hemolysin from V. anguillarum strain V7 as well as binding of hemolysin to RBC membrane. Maximal rate of hemolysis and duration of lag phase were directly and inversly correlated to the concentration of hemolysin used. Hemolysin molecules are known to bind consumptively with proper diameter, while other protectants with smaller diameter could not. In conclusion, hemolysin should bind irreversibly to RBC membrane exert hemolysis distorting osmotic pressure. The binding could be hindered by spatial structure of the RBC surfacem which might be caused by sialic acid.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.167-178
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• 2000

The effect of oral vitamin e (800IU/day) and C (500mg/day) supplementation for 10 days and/or smoking cessation for 5 days on oxidative damage to the red blood cells (RBC) of male smokers (22.2$\pm$0.2 years old) was studied. RBC were tested for their ability to protect against smoking-induced oxidative damage by measuring heme proteins (carboxyhemoglobin, hemoglobin, methemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin), hemolysis and thiobarbiturinc acid reactive substances (TBARS). Plasma levels of vitamin c, A, E, $\beta$-catotene, total cholesterol, glutamic pyruvic transaminase(GPT) and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(GOT) were also analyzed. In experiment one, a comparison was made of heme proteins and lipid damage to RBC, plasma antioxidant status (indexed by plasma levels of vitamin C, E, A and $\beta$-carotene) between smokers(n=56) and non-smokers (n=16). No differences were found in plasma antioxidant status, heme protein damage and TBARS concentration of RBC. In experiment two, 46 fasting male smokers from experiment one were divided into 4 groups. The groups were smoking with placebo group(SP, n=14), smoking cessation with vitamins supplementatin group (SV, n=13), smoking cessation with placebo group (NSP, n=9) and smoking cessation with vitamins supplementation group (NSV, n=10). After supplementing antioxidant vitamins, significant increases were seen in plasma vitamins supplementation group (NSV, n=10). After supplementing antioxidant vitamins, significant increases were seen plasma vitamin C (p<0.05) and vitamin E levels (p<0.05). The plasma vitamin E level was highest in the NSV group. Vitmain E and C supplementation provided some protection against heme proteins and lipid damage by lowering methemoglobin, hemolysis and TBARS concentration of RBC. Smoking cessation significantly decreased TBARS of RBC and plasma total cholesterol concentration. Supplementing vitamin E and C with smoking cessation considerably lowered plasma total cholesterol. These results point to a special association among smoking, oxidative damage and plasma antioxidant vitamin status. They indicate that increases in plasma antioxidant status can be detected after the supplementation of vitamin C and E and that smoking cessation had an additional effect on plasma vitamin E level. The present data suggest that improved antioxidant status induced by antioxidant supplementation or smoking cessation may help prevent oxidative damage in smokers.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.373-382
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• 1994

This study was observed the effect of n6 and n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids of dietary corn oil and fish oil which was supplemented with similar levels of tocopherol in high fat diet on the levels of tocopherol, malondialdehyde ( MDA) productions of plasma and tissues of rats. Also RBC hemolysis, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH Px) activities In liver were determined. Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed high fat (40%Cal) diet which was different only In fatty acid composition for 6 weeks. Dietary (arts were beef tallow(BT) as a source of saturated fatty acid, corn oil(CO) for n6 linoleic acid (LA) and fish oil(FO) for n3 eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Plasma and liver tocopherol levels were lowered by n3 PUy4 but there was no difference in malondialdehyde(MDA) level by different dietary PUFA. However, MDA content of RBC and hemolysis were increased by n3 PUFA. MDA content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities in liver were increased in more unsaturated dietary fat groups. Especially, SOD activity was increased in proportion to the degree of fat unsaturation.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.693-701
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• 1992

Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary bypass[CPB] has been associated with a wide variety of hematologic derangements, including a transient deformation and hemolysis of red blood cells[RBCs], which is supposed to be due to mechanical trauma and/or metabolic alterations. Since membrane integrity is, in part, maintained by energy requiring process, inadequate function of erythrocyte glycolytic pathway, which is inevitalble during CPB, may cause depletion of high energy phosphate pool and result in hemolysis. The authors performed an investigation to assess whether administration of Fructose-l, 6-diphsphate [FDP], which has been known to enhance intracellular glycolytic activities, could counteract erythrocyte hemolytic events caused by CPB. Sixty pateints with cyanotic congenital heart diseases, who underwent open heart surgery under CPB longer than 60 minutes, were randomly divided into two groups depending on whether use of FDP[Group FDP] or not[Group Control]. The age, sex, CPB time, preoperative hemoglobin level, disease entities were all similar[Table 1], and membrane type oxygenators were used in all patients. In Group, FDP, a dose of 250mg/kg body weight of FDP was administered by intravenous dripping every 12 hours from the morning of the operation to postoperative 48 hours, To demonstrate the degree and pattern of hemolysis of erythrocyte, reticulocyte count, indirect /direct bilirubin, haptoglobin, plasma hemoglobin, lactate dehydrogenase were measured every 12 hours from the time of cessation of CPB to 48 hours and RBC morphologic study, osmotic fragility test were done every 24 hours. All parameters revealed less hemolytic in group FDP [Fig. 1~5], though the differences between two groups were not significant, except plasma hemoglobin, lactate dehydrogenase changes. A pattern of sequential changes of plasma hemoglobin, lactate deh-ydrogenase showed the highest level at the time of CPB stop and abrupt decrease in following 24 hours in both groups, and statistically significant differences were demonstrated in group FDP at least for the first 12 hours postoperatively[p<0.05]. The authors conclude that they can expect the benificial effect of FDP on the maintenance of membrane stability of RBC probably by energy enhancement during the shock status of CPB, but FDP could not completely prevent the damaging effect on RBC by cardiopulmonary bypass

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.111-117
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• 2017

Leukocytes in blood components are involved in diverse adverse transfusion reactions such as febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reactions. Therefore, leukocyte reduction is required to reduce these adverse reactions. The objective of this study was to compare the efficiency of pre-storage filtration and post-storage filtration. Filtration time, residual leukocyte count, RBC recovery, and hemolysis were assessed after pre-storage or post-storage filtration. Compared to pre-storage filtration, filtration time was prolonged and hemolysis was dramatically increased when post-storage filtration was performed. Residual leukocytes count and RBC recovery after post-storage filtration were similar with those obtained after pre-storage filtration. These results suggest that pre-storage filtration has better efficiency than post-storage filtration. These are thought to contribute to the production of better quality of leukoreduction blood components.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.63 no.8
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• pp.314-320
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• 2020

Background: The accumulation of unpaired α-globin chains in patients with β-thalassemia major may clinically create ineffective erythropoiesis, hemolysis, and chronic anemia. Multiple blood transfusions and iron overload cause cellular oxidative damage. However, α-tocopherol, an antioxidant, is a potent scavenger of lipid radicals in the membranes of red blood cells (RBCs) of patients with β-thalassemia major. Purpose: To evaluate the effects of α-tocopherol on hemolysis and oxidative stress markers on the RBC membranes of patients with β-thalassemia major. Methods: Forty subjects included in this randomized controlled trial were allocated to the placebo and α-tocopherol groups. Doses of α-tocopherol were based on Institute of Medicine recommendations: 4-8 years old, 200 mg/day; 9-13 years old, 400 mg/day; 14-18 years old, 600 mg/day. Hemolysis, oxidative stress, and antioxidant variables were evaluated before and after 4-week α-tocopherol or placebo treatment, performed before blood transfusions. Results: Significant enhancements in plasma haptoglobin were noted in the α-tocopherol group (3.01 mg/dL; range, 0.60-42.42 mg/dL; P=0.021). However, there was no significant intergroup difference in osmotic fragility test results; hemopexin, malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione (GSH), or oxidized glutathione (GSSG) levels; or GSH/GSSG ratio. Conclusion: Use of α-tocopherol could indirectly improve hemolysis and haptoglobin levels. However, it played no significant role in oxidative stress or as an endogen antioxidant marker in β-thalassemia major.

• Korea-Australia Rheology Journal
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.141-146
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• 2004

Shear-induced damage of Red Blood Cell (RBC) is an imminent problem to be solved for the practical application of artificial organs in extra corporeal circulation, as it often happens and affects physiological homeostasis of a patient. To design and operate artificial organs in a safe mode, many investigations have been set up to correlate shear and shear-induced cell damage. Most studies were focused on hemolysis i.e. the extreme case, however, it is important as well to obtain a clear understanding of pre-hemolytic mechanical damage. In this study, the change in deformability of RBC was measured by ektacytometry to investigate the damage of RBC caused by shear. To a small magnitude of pre-shear, there is little difference, but to a large magnitude of pre-shear, cell damage occurs and the effect of shear becomes significant depending on both the magnitude and imposed time of shearing. The threshold stress for cell damage was found to be approximately 30 Pa, which is much less than the threshold of mechanical hemolysis but is large enough to occur in vitro as in the extra corporeal circulation during open-heart surgery or artificial heart. In conclusion, it was found and suggested that the decrease of deformability can be used as an early indication of cell damage, in contrast to measuring plasma hemoglobin. As cell damage always occurs during flow in artificial organs, the results as well as the approach adopted here will be helpful in the design and operation of artificial organs.