• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.59-65
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• 2015

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to observe the effects of Polygalae Radix(PR) on 4-HNE-induced apoptosis in PC-12 cell. Methods : A MTT assay was conducted to observe the cytotoxicity of Polygalae Radix on the cell viability and the cytoprotective effect of Polygalae Radix against 4-HNE that causes oxidative stress-induced cytotoxicity, and then a western blot was conducted to observe the expression of $TNF-{\alpha}$, caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2 protein that are important factors involved with apoptosis signaling pathway. Results : The Polygalae Radix water extract $25{\mu}g$, $50{\mu}g$, $100{\mu}g$ and $200{\mu}g/mL$ had no cytotoxicity on the PC-12 cell. The Polygalae Radix water extract $25{\mu}g$, $50{\mu}g$ and $100{\mu}g/mL$ had the cytoprotective effect against 4-HNE that causes cytotoxicity on the PC-12 cell. The Polygalae Radix water extract $50{\mu}g/mL$ significantly suppressed the increase in $TNF-{\alpha}$ protein expression in PC-12 cell. The Polygalae Radix water extract $25{\mu}g$ and $50{\mu}g/mL$ significantly suppressed the increase in caspase-3 protein expression in PC-12 cell. The Polygalae Radix water extract $25{\mu}g$, $50{\mu}g$ and $100{\mu}g/mL$ suppressed the increase in Bax protein expression in PC-12 cell but had no significance. The Polygalae Radix water extract $25{\mu}g$ and $100{\mu}g/mL$ significantly prevented the decrease in Bcl-2 protein expression in PC-12 cell, Conclusions : These results suggest that the Polygalae Radix water extract is effective in inhibiting apoptosis.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.371-377
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• 2000

In order to investigate the pharmacological properties of fractions of Astragali Radix and Polygalae Radix, the effects of the fractions on cerebral ischemia and subsequent reperfusion were studied. Brain ischemia was induced by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion in mongolian gerbil. Brains were recirculated for 30 mins after the 20 min occlusion. Methanol and butanol fractions of Astragali Radix and Polygalae Radix were administered orally 2 hrs before common carotid artery occlusion. Histological observations showed that brain ischemia induced severe brain damage evidenced by the presence of necrotic foci, edema and hemorrhage. This injury was prevented by the methanol fraction and butanol fraction of Polygalae Radix. The level of ATP in brain tissue significantly decreased in ischemic gerbils. This decrease was prevented by the pretreatment with butanol fraction of Polygalae Radix. In contrast, the levels of lactate and lipid peroxide were both elevated in ischemic gerbils. This elevation was inhibited by the pretreatments with methanol fraction and butanol fraction of Polygalae Radix. Our findings suggest that the Polygalae Radix improves ischemia-induced brain damage.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.231-238
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• 2006

In oriental medicine, Polygalae Radix & Acori Graminei Rhizoma are frequently used materials for the cardiac disorder(palpitaion), brain disorder(sleep disorder, forgetfulness, confused mind, dizziness). Bang-Yak-Hap-Pyun(方藥合編) is widely used for clinical herbal prescription book. In Bang-Yak-Hap-Pyun(方藥合編), Polygalae Radix is usually used 1don(錢)(4g) and Acori Graminei Rhizoma is used 1don(錢)(4g). The most important fact is that, in contrast to most people know that Polygalae Radix & Acori Graminei Rhizoma are used most prescription at the same time, the prescription used Polygalae Radix & Acori Graminei Rhizoma at the same time is merely 3. (Bang-Yak-Hap-Pyun percentage of Polygalae Radix & Acori Graminei Rhizoma is 0.64%). The number of prescription Polygalae Radix & Acori Graminei Rhizoma in Bang-Yak-Hap-Pyun is total 16. 10 in sang-tong(上統), 4 in jung-tong(中統), 2 in ha-tong(下統). The ratio of Polygalae Radix in Bang-Yak-Hap-Pyun is 0.41%~14.28%. And the ratio of Acori Graminei Rhizoma is 4%~16.66%. The mostly quoted medical literature what prescription included Polygalae Radix & Acori Graminei Rhizoma in Bang-Yak-Hap-Pyun is Tae-Pypng-Ha-Jae-Guk-Bang.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.47-52
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• 1996

The renal toxicity of the extract of Polygalae Radix was investigated in rats. Rats were treated with 3.5 mg/Kg of the extract, i.p., for 7 days. Changes in consumatory behavior, 24 hour-urine and the activities of urinary enzymes were determined during the administration of the extract. Significant decrease in body weight and food consumption and increase in 24 hour-urine volume were observed during the administration. However, the quantity of total creatinine in urine was decreased significantly. Those indicate that subacute treatment with the extract might induce diuresis and the ditiresis might be due to the decrease in water reabsorption. In the activities of urinary enzymes, the activities of alanine aminopejotidase (AAP) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) were increased 4.3 and 3.5 times and then returned to the control. The activity of N-acetyl-${\beta}$-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) was increased 7.2 times and then decreased slowly. But, it was significantly higher than that of the control evea after the last administration. The activity of factate dehydrogenase (LDH) was increased continuozlsly during the treatment. It showed 32 times higher than the control. These results suggested that the extract of Polygalae Radix had toxic effect on kidney. Furthermore, the result suggested that the subacute administration of the extract induced resistance against the toxicity of Polygalae Radix.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.77-82
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• 2016

Objectives : The study was designed to observe the effect of Polygalae Radix Preparata Cum Glycyrrhizae Radix on 4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE)-induced apoptosis in PC-12 cell.Methods : A cytotoxic test on Polygalae Radix Preparata Cum Glycyrrhizae Radix (PG) was conducted and another MTT assay was conducted to observe the cytoprotective effect against 4-HNE that cause oxidative stress. In addition, in order to observe the expression of Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3 and TNF-α protein involved with apoptosis, western blot was conducted.Results : The groups treated with 25 ㎍, 50 ㎍ and 100 ㎍ of PG water extract had no toxicity for PC-12 cell. The groups treated with 25 ㎍, 50 ㎍ and 100 ㎍ of PG water extract showed a significant increase of cell survival rate in comparison with the control group injected by only 4-HNE. The groups treated with 25 ㎍ and 50 ㎍ of PG water extract showed a significant supression on increase of Bax protein expression in the control group. The group treated with 100 ㎍ of PG water extract showed a significant promotion on decrease of Bcl-2 protein expression in the control group. The group treated with 50 ㎍ of PG water extract showed a significant supression on increase of Caspase-3 protein expression in the control group. The group treated with 25 ㎍ of PG water extract showed a significant supression on increase of TNF-α protein expression in the control group.Conclusions : These results suggest that Polygalae Radix Preparata Cum Glycyrrhizae Radix is effective in reducing apoptosis by 4-HNE-dameged cell.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.608-620
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• 2008

Objectives : This study investigated the protective effects of the water extracts of Chongmyung-tang, Polygalae Radix, and Acori Graminei Rhizoma in an in vivo Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse model. Methods : Memory impairment was induced by an intraventricular injection of $A{\beta}25-35$ peptides and subsequently Chongmyung-tang, Polygalae Radix, or Acori Graminei Rhizoma extract were administered orally for 14days. Results : In the water maze task, Chongmyung-tang, Polygalae Radix, and Acori Graminei Rhizoma extracts improved learning ability during the acquisition period and significantly increased memory scores during the retention period versus $A{\beta}-injected$ controls. Furthermore, the toxicity of $A{\beta}25-35$ on hippocampus was assessed immunohistochemically (Tau, MAP2, TUNEL, Bax) and by in vitro study. Chongmyung-tang, Polygalae Radix, and Acori Graminei Rhizoma demonstrated significant neuroprotective effects against oxidative damage and apoptotic cell death of hippocampal neurons damaged by $A{\beta}25-35$. Conclusions : These results suggested that Chongmyung-tang, Polygalae Radix and Acori Graminei Rhizoma extract improve memory impairment and reduce Alzheimer's dementia via anti-apoptotic effects and by modulating the expressions of Tau and MAP2 protein in the hippocampus.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.57-61
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• 1995

MeOH extracts of eight herbal medicines were investigated for the effects on catecholamine biosynthesis and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity in PC12 cells. Among them, the MeOH extracts of Polygalae Radix and Rehmaniae Radix showed 32 and 22% inhibition on the dopamine biosynthesis, respectively at a concentration of $40{\mu}g/ml$ medium. But, the TH activity was reduced by the treatment of Polygalae Radix. These results suggest that Polygalae Radix has an inhibitory effect on the catecholamine biosynthesis by the reduction of TH activity in PC12 cells.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.179-185
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• 2013

Polygalae radix (PR) has traditionally been used as a sedative and anti-stress agent in oriental countries for a long time. PR which contains many ingredients is especially rich in saponins. This study was performed to investigate whether ethanol extract of PR enhances pentobarbital-induced sleep behaviors. In addition, possible mechanisms also were investigated. PR inhibited locomotor activity in mice. PR increased sleep rate and sleep time by concomitant administration with sub-hypnotic dose of pentobarbital (28 mg/kg). PR prolonged total sleeping time, and shortened sleep latency induced by pentobarbital (42 mg/kg). In addition, PR increased intracellular chloride concentration in primary cultured neuronal cells. The expression level of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) were increased, and ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid $(GABA)_A$ receptors subunits were modulated by PR, especially increasing ${\gamma}$-subunit expression. In conclusion, PR augments penobarbital-induced sleep behaviors through activation of $GABA_A$ receptors and chloride channel complex.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.598-604
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• 1995

The contents in large intestine of Sprague Dawley rats fed polygalae radix(Polygala tennuifolia), onion(Allium cepa) and mugwort(Artemisia asiatica)-supplemented diets for 14 days were analysed for changes of major intestinal microflora, activities of ${\beta}-glucosidase\;and\;{\beta}-glucuronidase$ and amounts of putrefactive products such as indole and volatile basic nitrogen. The rats having ingested $5%{\sim}10%$ mugwort water or ethanol extract-supplemented diets showed a significant increase in intestinal bifido-bacteria and a decrease in clostridia and E. coli (p<0.05). And 10% onion juice group also showed a similar beneficial microflora change. In 5% mugwort powder-supplemented group, ${\beta}-glucosidase\;and\;{\beta}-glucuronidase$ activities in the intestinal contents were lowered, but the changes were not significant. Indole contents and pH in this group were significantly low compared with that of control (p<0.05). However, the activities of ${\beta}-glucosidase$ in 5% polygalae radix water extract and 10% onion juice-supplemented group and ${\beta}-glucuronidase\;in\;5%{\sim}10%$ mugwort water and ethanol extract-supplemented group were significantly higher than those of control (p<0.05). The intestinal indole contents of rats were significantly increased by feeding diet with water extract of polygalae radix and ethanol extract of mugwort which had brought comparatively large amount of protein in intestine (p<0.05). However, polygalae radix, onion, and mugwort-supplemented group had no effect on volatile basic nitrogen.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.95-105
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• 2003

Alzheimer's disease(AD) is a geriatric dementia that is widespread in old age. In the future AD will be the largest problem in public health service. From old times, Much medicines have been used for treatment of dementia, but there is no medicine having obvious effect. AD is one of brain retrogression disease. So We studied on herbal medicine that have a relation of brain retrogression. From old times, In Oriental Medicine, Radix Polygalae and Rhizoma Acori Graminei have been used for disease in relation to brain retrogression. We studied of anti-Alzheimer effect on CT105-induced neuroblastoma cell lines by Radix Polygalae(RP) and Rhizoma Acori Graminei(RAG) water extract. As the result of this study, In RP and RAG group, the apoptosis in the nervous system is inhibited, the repair against the degeneration of Neuroblastoma cells by CT105 expression is induced. These results indicate that In RP and RAG, RAG possess the strongest in inhibitory effect of apoptosis in the nervous system and repair effect against the degeneration of Neuroblastoma cells by CT105 expression.