• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.24-39
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• 2018

Introduction The purpose of this study was to systematically review previous studies on Sasang type-specific pathophysiological symptoms in urination and defecation. Methods Peer-reviewed articles on type-specific pathophysiological symptoms of urination and defecation published until September 2016 were extracted from domestic and international six databases. Clinical characteristics from thirteen extracted articles were categorized into three urination domains of appearance of urine, capacity of bladder and urinary discomfort, and three defecation domains of irritability of bowel movement, functional constipation and discomfort from irregularity. Results As for the urination, Tae-Eum type showed dark color with foam, however So-Eum type had frequent urination and sensitivity to dysuria but no nocturia and residual urine sense. As for the defecation, So-Yang type showed frequent urgency and constipation, however So-Eum type reported loose stool. So-Yang type showed varied level of health status depending on defecation irregularity. There were disparities with rectal tenesmus among Sasang types. Discussion Six domains of urination and defecation related type-specific pathophysiological clinical symptoms were provided in this study. This study would contribute to the standardized clinical measures of Sasang typology in the near future.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.359-364
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to validate the Sasang Digestive function Inventory (SDFI) and Sasang Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) which measures the pathophysiolgoical symptoms and temperament of each Sasang types. The SDFI, SPQ along with Questionnaire for Sasang Constitution Classification II (QSCCII) were measured with 191 College students. The correlation coefficient was measured with Pearson correlation between SDFI and SPQ. The SDFI and SPQ subscale score of each Sasang constitution groups based on QSCCII were compared using analysis of variance and profile analysis. The SDFI and SPQ total score of So-Eum Sasang type were significantly (p<0.001) different compared to those of Tae-Eum and So-Yang type, respectively. The SDFI and SPQ profile of each Sasang type group was significantly (p<0.001) different each other in profile analysis. There were no significant correlation (r=.126, p>0.05) between SDFI and SPQ total score, however the SDFI-Digestion scale showed significant correlation with SPQ subscales. We found that the SDFI and SPQ can measure the Sasang type-specific pathophysiological symptoms and temperaments, and it would be useful for the clinical application and interdisciplinary research when combined together.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.16-28
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• 2021

Introduction The Sasang Urination Defecation Inventory was developed to analyze Sasang-type specific pathophysiological clinical symptoms, and its revised Sasang Urination Inventory (SUI) illustrated its clinical usefulness in Sasang type differentiation. However, the correlation with established clinical measures for its concurrent validity were not provided yet. Methods Total of 48 healthy university students were recruited to response Urogenital Distress Inventory-6 (UDI-6) and Overactive Bladder Symptom Score (OABSS) of Western medicine along with the SUI of traditional Korean medicine. The correlation coefficients between UDI-6 and OABSS and SUI were acquired with Pearson's correlation, and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Profile Analysis were used to analyze significant differences in SUI subscale profiles of each Sasang types. Results The SUI-HSS of urogenital hypersensitivity correlated positively with OABSS (r=0.442, p<0.01), and the SUI-DIS of urinary discomfort positively with UDI-6 (r=0.289, p<0.05). Interestingly, the SUI-total was correlated positively with age (r=0.326), height (r=0.318) and weight (r=0.304). The SUI-DIS for urinary discomfort of So-Yang (9.48±2.11) type was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of Tae-Eum (7.2±2.90) type. And SUI subscale profiles of each Sasang type were significantly (Wilks' Lambda=0.792, F=2.723, p=0.034) distinctive to each other. Discussion The acceptable convergent validity of SUI was shown using established measures of urogenital symptoms. The SUI might be used as an objective traditional Korean clinical measure for Sasang type differentiation and urological patients.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.337-348
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to review previous clinical studies on underlying mechanisms of sleep-related type-specific pathophysiological symptoms among the Sasang types. Methods and Procedure: We reviewed seven research databases from December 2003 to August 2015 with the keywords Sasang typology, constitution and sleep. The Sasang type-specific sleep-related symptoms were analyzed based on seven categories, including subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, use of sleep medications and daytime dysfunction. Results: Total of twelve studies were included in the analysis. The Tae-Yang type showed low subjective sleep quality, long sleep latency and frequent awakening, and the So-Yang type showed long sleep latency. The Tae-Eum type presented high subjective sleep quality, short sleep duration, frequent snore, toss and turn during the sleep, and insomnia and low frequency of dream. The So-Eum type showed long sleep latency in male and high frequency of dream. The Eum type combining Tae-Eum and So-Eum types had higher subjective sleep quality, longer sleep duration and higher frequency of dream than the Yang type combining Tae-Yang and So-Yang types.Conclusions This study reviewed type-specific sleep-related characteristics and discussed possible pathophysiological mechanisms involved. Differences in sleep characteristics among the Sasang types might stem from type-specific temperaments and require further study.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.417-424
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to analyze the psychobiological traits of each Sasang typology based on the Sasang Digestive function Inventory (SDFI) which measures the Sasang type-specific pathophysiological digestive symptom. The SDFI, Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and NEO-Personality Inventory (NEOPI) were measured with 199 College students. The correlation coefficient was measured with Pearson correlation among SDFI, TCI, and NEOPI. The influence of TCI, sex and age on SDFI and its subscales were analyzed with regression analysis. We also compared the psychobiological features between high and low SDFI score groups to elucidate its psychobiological profiles. There was significant correlation between SDFI and TCI Harm-Avoidance (r=-0.192, p<0.001). The SDFI subscales were showed to have significant correlations with subscales of NEOPI and TCI. The regression model with TCI can explain 8-16% of type-specific pathophysiological digestive symptoms. The low SDFI score group ($39{\pm}9.3$) has significantly (p=0.007) higher than the high SDFI group ($33.6{\pm}12.2$) in TCI Harm-Avoidance which is considered important for the gastrointestinal dysfunction and So-Eum type differentiation. We found that the TCI may explain the mechanism underneath the Sasang type-specific pathophysiological symptom. It was suggested that the TCI Reward-Dependence would be useful for the study on Tae-Eum Sasang type, and its clinical meanings were discussed in the pathophysiological perspectives.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.1-15
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• 2021

Introduction The clinical usefulness of Sasang Digestive Function Inventory (SDFI) for analyzing Sasang type-specific pathophysiological symptom was illustrated repeatedly. It was revised to enhance its validity, reliability and clinical usefulness, however its clinical studies supporting these were not sufficient yet. Methods 193 healthy university students responded once to Nepean Dyspepsia Index-Korean (NDIK), Functional Dyspepsia-Related Quality of Life (FDQOL), and Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ), and twice to SDFI with four weeks of interval. The Body Mass Index (BMI) and Ponderal Index (PI) were also calculated. The 4-week test-retest reliability and correlation coefficients between NDIK, FDQOL, DEBQ, and SDFI were examined using Pearson's correlation. The significant differences between Sasang types in SDFI and its subscales were examined using ANCOVA with the age as covariate. Results The range of test-retest reliability for SDFI and its subscales was from 0.801 to 0.887. The SDFI-total correlated positively with BMI (r=0.323) and DEBQ-External Eating (r=0.433), while the SDFI-Digestion negatively with NDIK (r=-0.472) and FDQOL-total (r=-0.364). The SDFI-Habit correlated positively with BMI (r=0.310) and DEBQ-total (r=0.481), and the SDFI-Appetite with DEBQ-total (r=0.322). The SDFI-total, SDFI-Digestion, and SDFI-Habit scores of Tae-Eum type (35.6±6.25, 12.38±3.24 and 9.89±3.38, respectively) were significantly bigger than those of So-Eum type (29.84±8.31, 9.93±4.28 and 7.66±3.96). Discussion The SDFI was found to be an objective clinical measure with sufficient concurrent validity for measuring eating behavior and quality of life related to overeating and dyspepsia, and illustrated distinctive differences between Sasang types. It might be useful for the effective medical education and integrative medical practice.