• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.57-63
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• 2003

Background: Rehmanniae radix preparata is a medicinal herb widely used in Asian countries, to replenish Yin and Vital Essence through strengthen the kidney function. In Oriental Medicine the brain has physiological relationship with the Vital Essence. And central nerve system (CNS) is also refered to as 'Sea of the Vital Essence'. So if the Vital Essence is strong it will nourish the brain and memory will all be keen. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 7 to 14 days treatment with Rehmanniae radix preparata (3.4 g /100 g, per os) on retention performance of rats in a passive avoidance situation. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained on a one-trial passive avoidance task using a two-way shuttle box by giving a foot shock. They were tested for retention of 6h, 24h, 72h, 168h, and 336h after training. Results: Rehmanniae radix preparata treated rats showed a increased performance in retention test as compared to saline at 6hr (P<0.05) and 24hr (P<0.05). Conclusion: These data suggest that Rehmanniae radix preparata treatment can improve memory in the rat.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 1988년도 학술대회지
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• pp.92-98
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• 1988

본 연구는 중앙대서전에 인삼의 주 효과중 건망증 방지작용이라고 수록되어 있는 것을 확인하기 위하여 행하여졌다. Step through 시험에서 $GRb_1$과 $GRg_1$은 기억력 획득을 용이하게 하였으며 전기충격 쇼크에 의해 야기되는 기억상실 효과를 억제하였다. 게대가 $Rg_1$은 에타놀 야기 기억재생 저해작용을 방지하였다. Stepdown test에 있어서 $Rb_1,\;Rb_2,\;Rg_1$은 전기충격쇼크에 의해 야기되는 기억보지 저해효과를 방지하였다. 또한 $Rg_1$은 에타놀에 의해 야기되는 기억재생 저해효과를 방지하였으며 단기적 기억력 획득을 용이케 하였다. Shuttle box와 lever press 시험에서도 $Rb_1$을 제외하고 나머지는 기억획득과 재생에 효과를 미치지 못했다. $Rb_1$은 shuttle box 시험에서 조건회피반응의 재생 (retrieval)을 억제하였다. 이와 같은 4가지 시험이 끝난후에 인삼의 구강투여가 진정, 진통, 해열, 진경효과와 자발 및 탐색활동에 미치는 영향을 500 mg/kg 투여 범위내에서 조사하였으나 아무런 반응도 관찰되지 않았다. 현재까지 연구결과는 $Rg_1$이 기억의 재생 및 학습반응의 획득과정에 대하여 효과가 있다는 것을 의미한다. 최근의 신경성장인자(NGF)가 성숙동물에 있어 뇌신경세포의 생존, 재생 및 조절에 미치는 작용에 관한 연구결과는 지능장해와 건망증에 대한 신경성장인자의 중요성을 시사했다. NGF에 의해 야기된 신경세포돌기 성장의 특이성에 관한 연구결과를 병아리 배배근 신경절에 있어서 NGF의 영향은 $Rh_1$에 의해 증가되었다. 다음으로 $Rb_1$은 병아리 배의 감각 및 교감신경단위에 있어서 NGF-관련 신경섬유 증가를 강화시켰다. NGF와 $Rb_1$을 함께 했을 때도 역시 쥐 대뇌피질의 신경세포 생존수를 증가시키는 경향을 보였다. NGF는 쥐의 배격부 부근의 신경세포를 배양했을 때 cholineacetyl transferase 활성을 증가시키지 않았다. 이러한 결과로 $Rb_1$은 뇌에 있어서 신경세포의 생존이나 재생에 중요한 역활을 한다는 것은 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.312-320
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• 2000

Abstract The full sequence of the plasmid pKJ36, which was derived from Bifidobacterium longum KJ, was determined and analyzed to construct shuttle vectors between E. coli and Bifidobacterium. The plasmid pKJ36 was composed of 3,625 base pairs with a 65.1% G+C content. The structural organization of pKJ36 was highly similar to that of pKJ50, and the three major ORFs on pKJ36 showed high amino acid sequence homologies with those of pKJ50. The putative proteins coded by these three ORFs were designated as RepB (32.0 kDa, pI=9.25), MembB (29.0 kDa, pI=12.25), and MobB (39.0 kDa, pI=IO.66), respectively. The amino acid sequence of RepB showed a 57% identity and 70% similarity with that of the RepA protein of pKJ50. Upstream of the repB gene, the so-called iteron sequence was directly repeated four-and-ahalf times and a conserved dnaA box was identified. An amino acid sequence comparison between the MobB and MobA of pKJ50 revealed a 48% identity and 61 % similarity. A conserved oriT sequence with an inverted repeat identical to that of pKJ50 was also found upstream of the mobB gene. A hydropathy analysis of MembB revealed four possible transmembrane regions. The expressions of the repB and membB genes were confirmed by RT-PCR. The in vitro translation reaction of pKJ36 showed protein bands with anticipated sizes with respect to each putative gene product. S 1 endonuclease treatment and Southern hybridization suggested that pKJ36 replicates by a rolling circle mechanism via a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) intermediate. A shuttle vector between E. coli and Bifidobacterium sp. was constructed using the pKJ36, pBR322, and staphylococcal chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) gene. The successful transformation of the Bifidobacterium strains was shown by Southern hybridization and PCR. The transformation efficiency differed from strain to strain and, depending on the electroporation conditions, with a range between $1.2{\times}10^1-2.6{\times}10^2{\;}cfu/\mu\textrm{g}$ DNA.X> DNA.

• 한국응용약물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국응용약물학회 1993년도 제2회 신약개발 연구발표회 초록집
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• pp.161-161
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• 1993

중추 Cholinergic성 신경계 작용약의 유발한 치매동물 모델의 타당성 여부를 확인하기 위해 흰쥐에 Scopolamine, Physostigmine 및 생약을 반복 투여하였을 때의 active avoidance에 미치는 영향을 단회 투여하여 가역적인 작용을 가질때의 영향과 비교하고 이때 대뇌피질에서의 Cholinergic성 신경계의 활성 변화를 측정하여 중추 Cholinergic성 신경계의 학습, 기억 과정에서의 역할 및 나아가 치매의 발생 원인 및 발병 져로 규명에 접근하고자 하였다. 6 주된 Wistar계 웅성 래트에 Cholinergic성 신경계 작용약인 Scopolamine(1 mg/kg), Posostigmine (0.1mg/kg)과 생약인 Ginseng Total Saponine(100 mg/kg), 오미자 추출물 (150 mg/kg)등을 단독 혹은 병용으로 피하와 복강내로 7 일간 반복 투여하면서 Shuttle Box를 이용하여 Active Avoidance 의 습득율을 측정하고 이후 실험동물을 단두치사하여 대뇌피질 영역에서의 Acetylcholine 농도와 Acetylcholinesterase 활성 변화를 Chemi luminosence 법을 이용하여 측정하였다.

• 약학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.53-63
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• 1971

A water-soluble basic extract was obtained from Zizyphi spinosi semen and tested on its sedative and psychotropic activities. In a 2.2m $\times$ 2.2m $\times$ 0.8m open-field, the effect of the extract on unlearned emotional responses of mice was determined. Intraperitoneal injection of 5mg/kg, 10mg/kg, and 20mg/kg of the extract caused to show less often the frequency of ambulation, rearing and exploration and more the frequency of lying and sleeping than that of placebo control, meprobamate and chlordiazepoxide treated groups. In a standard shuttle box, the effect of the extract on learned emotional responses was determined. Intraperitoneal injection of 10mg/kg of the extract caused to show less conditioned response, secondary conditioned response and defecation than either placebo control or pre- and post-treated sessions with the extract throughout the acquisition and extinction of conditioned avoidance response. Intraperitoneal injection of 10mg/kg of the extract showed similar sedative actions with that of 1.25mg/kg of chlorpromazine. The extract shows major tranquilizer-like effect as chlorpromazine.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.715-724
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• 2003

The Korean clothing culture has shown rapid changes along with influences of western cultures, with social changes due to the liberation from Japan, the Korean War, and the economic growth concentrated on export since the westernization of Korea had begun. Also clothing materials, as a phase of such culture, have been changed. Among silk fabrics, "Dan (단: damask of satin texture with Korean traditional patterns are inwoven)", which has been concerned one of the most beautiful and precious fabrics due to its complexity and difficulty of processing. Since the beginning of the Era of Enlightenment(Kae-hwa-gi), Dan fabric materials and weaving methods have changed. It seems that the figured texture using the Jacquard loom began in 1936. when the Jacquard machine began to be imported from Japan into Korea. From that time on, new fabric materials, such as yangdan (양단), and popdan (법단), hobakdan (호박단), silk and rayon mixed Dan(교직양단) began to be produced. Before 1950's there were some restrictions about the Number of wefts, so the production of the one colored dan(단색단) was more common than that of the multi colored dan(다색단). But with the spread of 4$\times$4 shuttle box loom (양사정직기), various kinds of the multi colored dan have been produced after 1960's. Around the end of 1980's, automatic shuttle change loom have been generalized and 7 color dan(칠색단), 9 color gumsadan (구색금사단) have been current in multi colored dan. In terms of materials, synthetic and chemical textiles had been used widely and alter 1980's most fabrics, of which the ground weave is not being woven with satin-weave but being woven with plain or twill-weave, are named Dan in general.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.63-67
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• 1976

본 연구는 인삼 extract가 동물의 조건회피반응에 양호한 영향을 미친다는 petkov 및 홍사악등(洪思岳等)의 이전 연구 결과를 재확인하기 위해 인삼 extract 대신 화학적으로 더욱 정 선된 saponin으로 바꾸고 또 인삼 투여량도 다양하게 했을 때 그 결과가 어떻게 되는가를 알아 보고자 하였다. 60마리의 흰쥐 숫컷을 피험동물로 삼아 매일 실험 25분전에 인삼을 복강으로 투여하고 왕복회피형 shuttle box에서 하루 30시행씩 조건반응을 6일간 계속하였다. 총 180시행중 전기충격을 받지않고 성공적으로 회피한 조건반응수(CR)를 성적의 지표로 삼아 투여량에 따른 각 무리간의 CR수를 식염수 통제군의 CR수와 비교하였다. 모든 인삼 saponin을 투여한 집단들은 식염수 통제집단에 비해 조건회피반응 수가 많은 경향을 보여주나 통계적으로 유의미한 차이는 아니었다. 조건회피반응 중 동물들이 나타낸 배변수는 두 대량 인삼군 (50mg 및 100mg/kg)에서 통제군에 비해 유의미하게 적었다. 이 결과는 인삼이 학습에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지에 대해 확실한 증거를 제시치 못하는 것이나 대량의 인삼이 배변수를 줄이는 것으로 보아 대량의 인삼은 중추신경 안정작용이 있을 것으로 추측되게 한다.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.77-104
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• 2001

The effects of the oriental herbal medicine Saenghyetang(SHT, 生慧湯), which consists of Rehmanniae Radix (熟地黃 九蒸: was made by 9th steam) 40g, Corni Fructus(山茱黃) 16g, Polygalae Radix(遠志) 8g, Zizyphi Spinosae Semen(酸棗仁) 2g, Biotae Semen(柏子仁 去油: oil ingredient was removed) 20g, Poria Cocos(茯笭) 12g, Ginseng Radix(人蔘) 12g, Acori Graminei Rhizoma(石菖蒲) 2g, Sinapis Semen(白芥子) 8g, on learning ability and memory were investigated. Hot water extract(HWE) and ethanol extract(EE) from SHT were used for the studies. Learning ability and memory are related to modifications of synaptic strength among neurons that interactive. Enhanced synaptic coincidence detection leads to improved learning ability and memory. If the NMDA receptor, a synaptic coincidence detector, acts as a graded switch for memory formations, enhanced signal detection by NMDA receptors should enhance learning ability and memory. It was shown that NR2B was increased in the forebrains of oriental medicine-administrated mice, leading to enhanced activation of NMDA receptors and facilitating synaptic potentiation in response to stimulation at 10-100 Hz. These HWE-SHT treated mice exhibited that superior ability in learning and memory when performing various behavioral tasks, showing that NR2B is enhanced by HWE-SHT treatment and also is critical in gating the age-dependent threshold for plasticity and memory formation. NMDA receptor-dependent modifications, which were mediated in part by HWE administration, of synaptic efficacy, therefore, represent a mechanism for associative learning ability and memory. Results suggest that oriental medical enhancement of NR2B contributes to increase intelligence and memory in mammals On the other hand, to examine the effects of EE-SHT on the learning ability and memory in experimental mice, EE-SHT was tested on passive and active avoidance responses. The EE-SHT ameliorated the memory retrieval deficit induced by ethanol in mice, but not other memory impairments. EE-SHT(10, 20mg/100 g, p.o.) did not affect the passive avoidance responses of normal mice in the step through and step down tests, the conditioned and unconditioned avoidance responses of normal mice in the shuttle box, lever press performance tests and the ambulatory activity of normal mice in a normal condition. However, EE-SHT at 20 mg/kg significantly decrease the spontaneous motor activity during the shuttle box test, and also to extend the sleeping time induced by pentobarbital in mice. These results suggest that SHT has an ameliorating effect on memory retrieval impairments and a weak tranquilizing action.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.33-50
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• 1976

인삼이 중추신경계에 대한 작용을 검토하기 위한 일련의 연구로 본 연구에서는 전하 와 마우스를 사용하여 다음과 같은 몇 가지 행동연구를 행하였다. 1) 수면과 일반행동 분석 흰쥐를 사용하여 음식물이 충분한 정상상태와 96∼120시간 굶주린 절식상태에서 나타내는 일반행동을 분석하였다. 정상상태에서 100mg/kg 인삼투여 군은 대조 군에 비해 음식 먹는 회수가 유의성 있게 증가하였고, 반면 몸치장활동이 유의성 있게 감소 되었다, 96∼120시간의 절식상황에서는 두 인삼투여를 모두 대조 군에 비해 이동행동, 탐색행동과 같은 활동성이 유의성 있게 많고 장자기와 같은 무 활동성은 유의성 있게 감소되었다. 2) 조건 회피 반응 흰쥐를 사용하여 왕복 회피형 shuttle box에서 전기충격(VS)을 받지 않고 불빛(CS)에 의해 회피한 조건반응(CR)의 수를 학습의 지표로 삼아, 인삼 사포닌 2.5, 5.0, 50, 및 100mg/kg 투여 군과 식염수 군간에 성적을 비교하였다. 모든 인삼 사포닌투여 군의 성적이 식염수 대조 군에 비해 앞서는 경향이 뚜렷하지만 통계적으로 유의성 있는 경우는 2.5mg/kg경우 뿐이었다. 3) 공격적 정서반응 전기충격을 마우스의 발바닥에 가해 일어난 싸움에 인삼 사포닌이 어떠한 영향을 미치는가를 알아 보았다. 인삼 사포닌을 400 mg/kg로 투여 하면 chlorpromazine 2 mg/kg로 투여한 동물처럼 공격적 행동이 유의성 있게 감소되었다. 그러나 100mg/kg의 경우에는 이렇다 할 변화를 초래하지 못하였다.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.275-281
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• 2009

The effects of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), a GABA receptor antagonist, were studied on passive avoidance learning and expression of heat shock protein 70 (hsp70), neuroglobin, and fatty acid binding protein-7 (fabp-7) genes. Zebrafish were trained to stay in a dark compartment to avoid a weight dropping in an acryl shuttle box with a central sliding door. In two training sessions of 2 h interval, each consisting of 3 trials, the crossing time was significantly increased from $43.2{\pm}14.4s$ to $149.3{\pm}38.5s$ in the first training session and remained $116.1{\pm}36.0s$ s in the first trial of the second training session in the control. In zebrafish treated with PTZ before the first training session, the crossing time was significantly increased neither in the first nor in the second training session. However, the increased crossing time was maintained in the second training session when 10 mM PTZ was treated three times for 10 min at 30 min intervals between the first and second training session. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that expression level of hsp70 mRNA increased two to eight fold over that of control in the brain at 0-24 h after termination of PTZ treatment. No change in expression of neuroglobin and fabp-7 mRNA was shown in PTZ-treated zebrafish. Our studies suggest that PTZ impairs learning ability in avoidance response and also modifies expression of genes related to the neuroprotection.