• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.869-877
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• 2016

This study looks into the dyeing properties and functionality of cotton fabrics dyed in both the Spirodela polyrhiza extract and the extract resulting from the mixture of Salvia plebeia R. Br. and Spirodela polyrhiza. Since the UV-Vis Spectrum of the methanol extract of Spirodela polyrhiza shows absorption peaks at 256, 268nm, and 345nm, it can be inferred that the compound that Spirodela polyrhiza contains is a flavonoid. In addition, it can also be presumed that, by analyzing the infrared absorption spectrum of Spirodela polyrhiza, the plant contains flavonoid compounds, just like Salvia plebeia R. Br.. The UV protection factors of the cotton fabrics dyed in both the Spirodela polyrhiza extract and the extract from the mixture of Salvia plebeia R. Br. and Spirodela polyrhiza were 50+, presenting outstanding UV protection factors. The deodorization rate of the cotton dyed in the Spirodela polyrhiza extract was between 30 and 120 minutes, and the rate rose from 92% to 97% as time passed. The deodorization rate of the cotton dyed in the extract from the mixture of Salvia plebeia R. Br. and Spirodela polyrhiza increased from 88% to more than 91%. The result also revealed that overall the fastness of color, including color fastness to washing related to change in color, as well as the color fastness to light of the fabric dyed in the extract from the mixture of the two plants improved, compared to the cloth dyed only in Spirodela polyrhiza extract. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity was also strengthened.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.141-146
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• 1985

Colonization ability was studied with Lemna paucicostata and Spirodela polyrhiza. Colonization ability of each species was defind as its ability to; (1) tolerate to desiccation, (2) multiplicate and spread in the new habitat, (3) inhibit the other species competitively. Lemna paucicostata was inferior to Spirodela polyrhiza in ability (1), but superior to Spirodela polyrhiza in abilities (2) and (3). Whenever lemna paucicostata and Spirodela polyrhiza are colonized recently, only these three abilities can not explain which species is better colonist. Even short unsuitable periods would eliminate a species, with time lag occurring before recolonization. This would result in a discontinuous of the species concerned.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.253-260
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• 1991

Spirodela polyrhiza and Lemna aequinoctialis often occurred at the sites of high ammonium concentration and at the sites of high nitrate concentration, respectively. We investigated the different distribution between two species in relation to the type of nitrogen sources and their concentrations. Our experiments showed that L. aequinoctialis grew faster than S. polyrhiza in nitrate media with lower than 15 mM concentration. The nitrate uptake was also faster in L. aequinoctialis than in S. polyrhiza. However, neither differences in growth nor in uptake patterns between these two species were observed in ammonium media. Glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and glutamate synthetase (GOGAT) activities were higher in L. aequinoctialis. In particular, nitrate reductase activity (NRA) in L. aequinoctialis was 12.1 times as high as that in S. polyrhiza. These results showed that the two species responded varyingly to the types of nitrogen sources and their concentrations. Therefore, the difference in geographic distribution between the two species appeared to reflect the interspecific differences in enzyme activities and, subsequently, nitrogen absorption abilities.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.919-923
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• 2004

Spirodela polyrhiza(L.) Schleid (Lemnaceae) have been used as a traditional drug in treating urticaria and itching. However, the exact role of Spirodela polyrhiza in allergic reaction has not been clarified yet. Type 1 hypersensitivity (immediate hypersensitivity), popularly known as allergy, is a major clinical problem in humans. It has been found that the histamine release from mast cells is an essential step in the pathological process of immediate hypersensitivity. In the present study, the effect of aqueous extract of Spirodela polyrhiza (AESP) on immediate hypersensitivity was investigated. AESP inhibited the antigen-induced passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA). AESP in vitro exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition of degranulation in RPMC stimulated by compound 48/80. AESP also suppressed the morphological changes and the increase of intracellular free calcium level induced by compound 48/80. These results suggest that inhibitory effect of AESP on immediate hypersensitivity may be mediated through the decrease of intracellular free calcium levels, and AESP importantly contributes to the treatment of anaphylaxis and may be useful for other allergic disease.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.103-111
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• 2004

수생식물 개구리밥(Spirodela polyrhiza)의 식물체 발달 과정에서 나타나는 미생물과의 상호관계를 주사전자현미경 및 세포학적으로 추적하여 연구하였다. 개구리밥은 부유성 식물로 분화 발달 초기부터 잠수부위에 여러 종류의 박테리아, 남조류, 규조류 등이 서식하였다. 미분화된 어린 식물체에는 성숙 발달한 식물체에 비해 미생물들이 낮은 빈도로 출현하였고, 성숙한 식물체에서는 특히 엽상체 하피에 가장 많은 미생물들이 서식하였으며, 그 다음으로는 점액성 물질이 층을 이루는 근관에 많이 관찰되었다. 반면, 신장 발달 중의 뿌리에는 일반적인 분포를 보였으며, 상피에는 미생물이 거의 분포하지 않는 양상을 보였다. 이들 미생물이 개구리밥 조직 내에 침입하여 식물체에 어떠한 영향을 미치는가를 조사하기 위해 엽상체, 연결사, 뿌리, 근관, 무성생식낭 등의 구조를 세포학적으로 추적한 결과, 어느 부위에서도 조직 내로 미생물이 침입하여 세포를 괴사시키거나 감염시키는 일은 거의 관찰되지 않았다. 그러므로, 개구리밥 식물체의 발달과정에 있어 미생물들은 어떠한 해를 주지 않는 것으로 추정된다. 이후 개구리밥에 서식하는 미생물의 질소고정치를 측정하여 그 기능을 식물체의 세포학적 측면과 접목시켜 연구하면 개구리밥과 미생물과의 상호관계가 공생적인지를 더 확실하게 밝힐 수 있을 것이다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.215-224
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• 1990

The distribution of Spirodela polyrhiza and Lemna aequinoctialis was investigated and the limiting factors on the distribution were analyzed. At 66 sites in Korea, the presense or absense of duckweed were recorded and the water was sampled. The temperature, hardness, pH and contents of N, , , Na, K, Ca, Cu, Mg, Zn, Fe, Ni, Mn and Cd of water sampled were analyzed. The results were as follows; It seemed that the limiting factors influencing on the distribution was water temperature and concentration of . The critical temperature of the distribution of Spirodela and Lemna was presented 19.5$^{\circ}C$ and concentration of was limiting factor only in the distribution of S. polyrhiza. L. aequinoctialis was distributed in lower temperature than S. polyrhiza and it seemed that the distribution of L. aequinoctialis was not be influenced by the concentration of .

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.83-88
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• 2016

Structural differentiation of the connective stalk in giant duckweed, Spirodela polyrhiza, was examined to reveal the anatomical and ultrastructural characteristics within reduced shoot. The study focuses primarily on structural features of the connective stalk (CT), which connect offspring to their mother fronds. Photoautotrophic offspring fronds remained connected by stalks to mother fronds in the reproductive pockets until separation. The CT originated from the meristematic region of the abaxial frond and joined the fronds laterally with two abscission layers. The most notable features of the CT were polymorphic mitochondria, random occurrences of fibrillar structures in intercellular spaces, and great variability in cell wall thickness. Vascular tissues in CTs were highly reduced, demonstrating only a central vascular strand. Grana with 2 to 4 thylakoids and starch grains were found in the chloroplasts. A chlorophyll assay indicated high chlorophyll concentrations in daughter fronds and low concentrations in CTs. The frond and CT, while physically connected to each other, functioned independently. Despite great reduction in S. polyrhiza, the CT has proven to be very efficient for separating offspring from the mother frond, which lends to its capacity for rapid vegetative reproduction. The ultrastructural aspects of CTs in S. polyrhiza were characterized for the first time in this study.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.156-164
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• 2021

Spirodela polyrhiza, from the Lemnaceae family, are small aquatic plants that offer an alternative plant-based system for the expression of recombinant proteins. However, no turion transformation protocol has been established in this species. In this study, we exploited a pB7YWG2 vector harboring the eYFP gene that encodes enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (eYFP), which has been extensively used as a reporter and marker to visualize recombinant protein localization in plants. We adopted Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated turion transformation via vacuum infiltration to deliver the eYFP gene to turions, special vegetative forms produced by duckweeds to endure harsh conditions. Transgenic turions regenerated several duckweed fronds that exhibited yellow fluorescent emissions under a fluorescence microscope. Western blotting verified the expression of the eYFP protein. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of an efficient protocol for generating transgenic S. polyrhiza expressing eYFP via Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated turion transformation. The ability of turions to withstand harsh conditions increases the portability and versatility of transgenic duckweeds, favoring their use in the further development of therapeutic compounds in plants.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.233-240
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• 2000

미분화된 엽상체 및 연결사와 뿌리로만 구성되어 있는 개구리밥(Spiroela polyrhiza)식물체의 구조분화 양상이 연구되었다. 엽상체는 엽육세포 내에 발달하여 있는 다수의 엽록체와 않은 막으로 구획화된 기실이 잘 발달되어 있어 광합성 및 부유에 중요한 역할을 하고, 측부로 발달하는 연결사에는 기실이 형성되어 있지 많으며 탈리층을 형성하여 모엽상체와 자엽상체를 분리시킨다. 뿌리는 흡수 및 식물체의 중심을 잡는데 중요한 역할을 하며, 근단부위에는 액포화된 근관세포층이 뚜렷히 발달하여 있다. 뿌리의 피층에는 원주형 기실이 형성되어 있으며 피층세포 내에는 잘 발달된 골지체, 미토콘드리아, rER등의 세포소기관들이 치밀하게 분포하였다. 엽상체, 연결사, 뿌리세포에는 엽록체가 발달하며 다수의 원형질 연락사가 분포하였다. 개구리밥은 10mm내외의 매우 축소된 식물체를 구성하나 효율적으로 잘 발달된 구조 분화체계를 이룬다. 이러한 구조는 수표면에 부유하여 빠르게 생장 및 증식하는 작은 식물체 크기와 이들의 괌은 생활환과 밀접한 관계가 있는 것으로 추정된다.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.140-145
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• 2013

Structural aspects of highly reduced vegetative organs in the aquatic Spirodela polyrhiza were examined using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The study focused mainly on young and mature fronds with turions and their cellular features were compared. Mature fronds were composed of thin-walled chlorenchyma with highly vacuolated cells; most of which were frequently occupied by either tanniferous deposits or various crystals. Fronds of photoautotrophic offspring were produced from the meristematic region of the reproductive pockets within mother fronds, where they remained until separation. Moderate degrees of wall ingrowth and plasmalemma proliferation were detected briefly in the epidermis of daughter fronds during early development. Vascular tissues were generally much reduced, but air chambers were well-established in fronds. Chloroplasts having grana with several thylakoids were distributed throughout the plant, but starch grains were encountered frequently in the mesophyll chloroplasts of younger fronds and initial stage of the turion. Their cytoplasm was dense with small vacuoles in most cases. Further, big starch grains, up to several microns, occupying most of the plastid volume were formed in the turion prior to sink for overwintering. Plasmodesmata were numerous in the examined tissues, except mature turions, suggesting a symplastic pathway of the metabolites within body.