• The Journal of Churna Manual Medicine for Spine and Nerves
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.39-52
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• 2012

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between lumbar lordotic angle and the power of trunk flexors, extensors in normal adults Methods : 34 normal participants participated in this study. Their lumbar lordotic angle(L1-S1 Cobb's angle and L1-L5 cobb's angle) was measured by x-ray taken on lateral direction, erect cross-arm position. And muscle power of trunk flexors and extensors of each participant measured using Cybex HUMAC NORM. Results : 1. The average of L1-S1 Cobb's angle was $47.21{\pm}8.88^{\circ}$ and the average of L1-L5 Cobb's angle was $36.32{\pm}9.62^{\circ}$(Table IV). 2. The average ratio of trunk flexors/extensors was $6.44{\pm}19.31%$(Table V). The average power of the trunk flexors was $165.18{\pm}55.05$(Newton-Meter/kg), and the power of trunk extensors was $257.18{\pm}85.53$ (Newton-Meter/kg)(Table VI). 3. Lumbar lordotic angle has no relation to the ratio of trunk flexors/extensors(Table VII, Fig. 4). 4. Lumbar lordotic angle has no relation to both the power of the trunk flexors and extensors(Table VIII, Fig. 5, Fig. 6). Conclusions : These results suggest that the lumbar lordotic angle measured by radiograph could not evaluate the power and ratio of trunk flexors, extensors.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.81-98
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• 1998

Isokinetic evaluation of trunk flexors and trunk extensors was performed at $60^{\circ}/sec\;and\;120^{\circ}/sec$ of angular velocity by using cybex 6000TEF Unit on 31 healthy male white workers and 15 post-operative HILD patients with no significant difference in mean age and mean body weight between two groups, and compared each other. The purpose of this study is to obtain the isokinetic normative strength values and endurance latins for Dunk extensors and trunk flexors, and is to provide a guideline for rehabilitation program of post-operative HILD patients. The collected data were analyzed by ANOVA, Duncan's Nyktuoke Range Test, and Pearson correlation coefficiency in PC-SAS program, The results obtained were as follow ; 1. Post-operative subjects has lower isokinetic values than normal subjects in peak torque, peak torque $\%$ by body weight, total work, total work $\%$ by body weight, average power, average power $\%$ by body weight, TAAE of trunk flexors and trunk extensors, and there are significant differences with statistic value in trunk extensors at $60^{\circ}/sec$ and in trunk flexors and trunk extensors at $120^{\circ}/sec$ between two groups(p<0.05). 2. Pest-ooperative subjects has lower values for angle of peak torque than normal subjects in trunk extensors, and there are significant differences with statistic value at $60^{\circ}/sec$ and $120^{\circ}/sec$ between two groups. 3. Post-operative subjects has higher values for endurance ratios than normal subjects in trunk extensors and flexors, but there are no significant differences with statistic value between two groups. 4. Post-operative subjects has higher values than normal subjects in peak torque ratios, total work ratios, average power ratios of trunk flexors to trunk extensors, and there are significant differences with statistic value between two groups(p<0.01). 5. There is significant positive-correlation with statistic valve between peak torque and height and body weight in normal subjects(p<0.05), but Thjere is significant negative-correlation between peak torque of trunk extensor at $120^{\circ}/sec$ and age (p<0.05). 6. There is significant positive-correlation with statistic value between peak torque of trunk flexors and body weight in post-operative subjects (p<0.05), but There is significant negative-correlation between peak torque of trunk extensor add age (p<0.05). In conclusion, post-operative subjects have greater weakness in trunk musculature than normal subjects, especially there is more significant weakness in trunk extensors than in trunk flexors

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.557-565
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of acupuncture on trunk flexors compared with trunk extensors in patients with chronic low back pain. The experimental group was treated with acupuncture on trunk flexors. The control group was treated with acupuncture on trunk extensors. Acupuncture treatment was performed 12 sessions over the course of 6 weeks. Volunteers who satisfied the requirements were enrolled in the study. Chronic low back pain was evaluated based on the VAS for bothersomeness, VAS for pain intensity at every treatment and 8, 12 and 24 weeks after starting the treatments, and ODI, SF-36 and BDI before and after treatments and 8, 12 and 24 weeks after starting the treatments. The VAS score for bothersomeness significantly decreased after treatment for up to 24 weeks after starting the treatments in both group (p<0.05). The VAS score for bothersomeness in the experimental group decreased more rapidly than that of the control group with statistical significance (p<0.05). The VAS score for pain intensity, ODI, SF-36 and BDI significantly improved after treatment for up to 24 weeks after starting the treatments in both group (p<0.05). The VAS score for pain intensity, ODI, SF-36 and BDI in the experimental group showed more rapid improvement than those of the control group. But, there were no statistical significances. Treating trunk flexors using acupuncture was more effective in decreasing the degree of bothersomeness caused by chronic low back pain than treating trunk extensors with acupuncture. There is a need to perform further studies.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.951-961
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• 1996

Isokinetic exercise is dynamic, but the spped of movement must be regulated so that the resistance is in ratio to the force applied at each point throughout the full range of motion. The purpose of this study is to comparise with trunk flexors & extensors of isokinetic evaluation of pre-exercise and post-exercise in operated laminectomy & disectomy patients. 7 subjects were examined at $120^{\circ}$/sec and $60^{\circ}$/sec each 15 days. The results were as follows; 1. Peak torque of extensors on $60^{\circ}$/sec showed significant difference statistically(p<0.05), but peak torque of flexors on $60^{\circ}$/sec showed no significant difference statistically. 2. Trunk flexors/extensors ratio of peak torque of $60^{\circ}$/sec showed no significant difference ststistically. 3. Peak torque % B.W of extensors on $60^{\circ}$/sec showed significant difference statistically(p<0.05), but peak torque % B.W of flexors on $60^{\circ}$/sec showed no significant difference statistically. 4. TAE of extensors on $60^{\circ}$/sec showed significant difference statistically (p<0.05), but TAE of flexors on $60^{\circ}$/sec showed no significant difference. 5. Total work of flexors & extensors on $60^{\circ}$/sec showed significant difference statistically (p<0.05). 6. Average power of flexors & extensors on $120^{\circ}$/sec showed significant difference statistically(p<0.05). 7. Endurance ratio of flexors & extensors on $120^{\circ}$/sec showed no significant difference statistically. 8. Set total work of flexors & extensors on $120^{\circ}$/sec showed significant difference statistically(p<0.05). 9. TAE of extensors on $120^{\circ}$/sec showed significant difference statistically(p<0.05), TAE of flexors on $120^{\circ}$/sec showed no significant difference statistically. 10. Total work of flexors & extensors on $120^{\circ}$/sec showed significant difference statistically (p<0.05).

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.57-69
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• 1998

The role of eccentric muscle activities in functional everyday activities and sport is important and equally significant to concentric conditions. Eccentric and concentric exercise and evaluation are, therefore, very important. The purposes of this study were to measure eccentric md concentric peak torgue, percentage of peak torque, average power and percentage of average power of trunk flexors and extensors by using the Cybex NORM isokinetic dynamometer, and to standardize the value obtained. Thirty four young volunteers were tested, 17 females and 17 males, who had no history of back pain or abnormality. Each subjects were tested on three repetitions for isokinetic concentric and eccentric contraction at 5 velocities. The results were as follows; 1) Peak torque percent body weight of eccentric contraction were significantly greater than concentric contraction at each angular velocity and in trunk flexors and extensors(p<0.01). 2) Peak torque percent body weight of concentric contraction were significantly decreased as the angular velocity increased both male and female(p<0.01). 3) Peak torque percent body weight of eccentric contraction were not significantly changed as the angular velocity increased both male and female(p<0.05), 4) Peak torque percent body weight of male were significantly greater than female at each angular velocity and in concentric and eccentric contraction of trunk flexors and extensors(p<0.01)

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.245-252
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• 2023

Background: Various functional tests such as upper quarter Y-balance test (UQYBT) are used to evaluate shoulder stability and mobility in clinical or sports fields. Previous studies have been conducted to determine the correlation between the scapular or trunk muscle and UQYBT. However, the correlation between UQYBT and hip flexor, which can be considered as a core muscle, has not been confirmed. Objects: To verify the relationship between the UQYBT and scapular muscle (scapular protractor and lower trapezius [LT]), trunk muscle, and hip flexor strengths in healthy male participants. Methods: A total of 37 healthy male participants were recruited and underwent UQYBT in the push-up posture. The isometric strength of the scapular protractor, LT, trunk flexor and extensor, and hip flexors were measured using a smart KEMA strength sensor (KOREATECH Inc.). Results: The superolateral direction of the UQYBT was moderately to strongly related to trunk extensor (r = 0.443, p < 0.01), scapular protractor (r = 0.412, p < 0.05), LT (r = 0.436, p < 0.01), and both sides of the hip flexors (supporting-side: r = 0.669, p < 0.01; non-supporting-side: r = 0.641, p < 0.01). The inferolateral direction of the UQYBT was moderately related to the scapular protractor (r = 0.429, p < 0.01), LT (r = 0.511, p < 0.01), and both sides of hip flexors (supporting-side: r = 0.481, p < 0.01; non-supporting-side: r = 0.521, p < 0.01). The medial direction of the UQYBT was moderately to strongly related with the scapular protractor (r = 0.522, p < 0.01), LT (r = 0.541, p < 0.01), and both sides of hip flexors (supporting-side: r = 0.605, p < 0.01; non-supporting-side: r = 0.561, p < 0.01). Conclusion: This study showed that the strength of the scapular muscles, trunk muscles, and hip flexor muscles correlated to the UQYBT. Therefore, the strength of not only the scapular and trunk muscles but also the hip flexor muscles should be considered to improve the UQYBT.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.377-396
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• 2000

After warming-up exercise for 20 minutes, Isokinetic measurement of trunk strength for flexor and extensor was done by using Cybex 6000 TEF Unit on 91 healthy male white workers from 22years old to 49 years old, and compared each other. 20 repetitions of trunk extension-flexion were done at $120^{\circ}$/sec angular velocity. After resting for 1 minutes, Four repetitions at two different angular velocities($60^{\circ}$/sec, $120^{\circ}$/sec) were done with 30 seconds of resting interval between each angular velocity. The purpose of this study is to obtain the isokinetic normative strength values for trunk extensors and flexors, and is to know the correlation between age, height, weight of subjects and data from isokinetic trunk strength measurement, and is to provide a guideline for exercise program of male white collar workers The collected data were analyzed by ANOVA, Duncan's Multiple Range Test, and Pearson correlation coefficiency in PC-SAS program. The results obtained were as follow; 1. There is significant positive-correlation with the statistic value between weight and peak torque of trunk muscles at two different angular velocities($60^{\circ}$/sec, $120^{\circ}$/sec)(p<01), between height and peak torque of trunk muscles at two different angular velocities($60^{\circ}$/sec, $120^{\circ}$/sec) except peak torque of trunk flexor at $60^{\circ}$/sec(p<01). 2. There is nagitive-correlation between age and peak torque of trunk muscles at two different angular velocities($60^{\circ}$/sec, $120^{\circ}$/sec), there is significant differences with statistic value between age and peak torque of trunk extensor at $120^{\circ}$/sec(p<.01). 3. Mean peak torque and mean peak torque % by body weight of trunk extensor is 1.1 times higher values than trunk flexor at $60^{\circ}$/sec. 4. There is the increase in peak torque angle of trunk flexor with increasing of age, and the decrease in peak torque angle of trunk flexor with increasing of age at two different angular velocities($60^{\circ}$/sec, $120^{\circ}$/sec). there is significant differences with statistic value in peak torque angle of trunk flexor at $120^{\circ}$/sec(p<.01). 5. There is significant decrease in endurance ratio of trunk extensor with increasing of age at $120^{\circ}$/sec(p<.01). In conclusion, peak torque of trunk extensor is 1.1 times higher values than trunk flexor in healthy male white collar workers.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.413-421
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• 2012

Few studies address the use of manual muscle stretching to improve spinal active range of motion(AROM). There is evidence that' Hold-Relax'(HR) is effective for increasing ROM in the extremities, which leads the researchers to anticipate similar benefits in the spine. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of HR(trunk flexors) and active thoracic flexion and extension on thoracic mobility, specifically flexion and extension in healthy individuals. A convenience sample of 30 physical therapy students(22-38 years) were randomly assigned to intervention sequence 'A-B' or 'B-A', with at least 7 days between interventions. Intervention' A' consisted of HR of the ventral trunk musculature while 'B' consisted of thoracic flexion-extension AROM. Thoracic flexion and extension AROM were measured before and after each intervention using the double inclinometer method. Paired t-tests were used to compare AROM pre and post-intervention for both groups, and to test for carry-over and learning effects. There was a statistically significant increase(mean=$3^{\circ}$ ; p=0.006) in thoracic extension following HR of the trunk flexors. There were no significant changes in thoracic flexion following HR, or in flexion or extension following the AROM intervention. No carryover or learning effects were identified. HR may be an effective tool for improving AROM in the thoracic spine in pain free individuals. Further investigation is warranted with symptomatic populations and to define the minimal clinical difference(MCD) for thoracic spine mobility.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.11-19
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine effect of trunk control using pelvic movements upon the foot pressure in patients with hemiplegia. Methods: Twelve males with hemiplegia were the procedure executed turnk control using pelvic movements. The foot pressure were measured using Parotec-system. Results: The data were analysed with paired t-test. First, there was a significant increase in external and internal sensors of dynamic foot pressure change of the hindfoot before and after therapy. Also there was significant increase in hallux (p<0.05). Second, there was a significant increase of affected side in support phase(p<0.05) and decreased of affected side in overlapping phase(p<0.05). Third, there was a significant increase in foot floor contact time and impulse pressure rate between affected and non affected side(p<0.05). Conclusion: The trunk control with pelvic movement had an significant effect on the legs by increase activities of hip flexors and abductors. Also had an effect on ankle dorsiflexion and plantar flexor by biomechanical movement.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.21-25
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• 2008

Purpose : The purpose of this study was conducted to find out observation at gait analysis of the stroke patient with proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation(PNF) concept. Methods : This is a literature study with books, seminar note and international PNF course book. Results : Stroke patient gait was poor initial contact by weakness of tibialis anterior or weakness of contralateral plantar flexor, poor loading response by loss of deep sensation, poor mid stance by loss of deep sensation, weakness of tibialis anterior and weakness of plantar flexors eccentric control, poor terminal stance, pre-swing, initial swing by loss of deep sensation and stiffness fo deep toe flexors. Conclusion : Stroke patient gait determine on loss of mobility, pain, fear, trunk muscle weakness, loss of coordination, loss of deep sensation, neglect and apraxia. Therefore observational gait analysis of the stroke patient focus on gait cycle and take out hypotheses from the gait cycle. These hypotheses have to define accept or not by parameters. Treatment plan made with the hypotheses.