• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.299-308
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• 2020

This study aims to carry out the experimental and numerical investigation on the flexural behavior of sandwich honeycomb composite (SHC) beams reinforced with novel triaxially woven fabric composite skins. Different stacking sequences of the carbon fiber reinforcement polymer (CFRP) laminate; i.e., 0°-direction of TW (TW0), 0°-direction of UD (UD0), and 90°-direction of UD (UD90) were studied, from which the flexural behavior of SHC beam behaviors reinforced with TW0/UD0 or TW0/UD90 novel laminated skins were compared with those reinforced with UD0/90 conventional laminated skins under four-point loading. Generally, TW0/UD0 SHC beams displayed the same flexural stiffness as UD0/90 SHC beams in terms of load-deflection relationships. In contrast, TW0/UD90 SHC beams showed a 70% lower efficiency than those of UD0/90 SHC. Hence, the TW0/UD0 laminate arrangement is more effective with a mass reduction of 39% compared with UD0/90 for SHC beams, although their stiffness and shear strength are practically identical.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.863-876
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• 2017

Objectives: The aim of this experimental study was to evaluate the anti-neoplastic and anti-inflammatory effects of single and mixed extracts of Ulmus davidiana (UD) and Oldenlandia diffusa (OD) on azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate (AOM/DSS)-induced colonic neoplasms in mice. Methods: AOM/DSS induces colitis-associated colonic neoplasms in mice. Mice were divided into seven groups: normal-no inducement and no treatment; control-colonic neoplasms with no treatment; UD-colonic neoplasms and treatment with UD; OD-colonic neoplasms and treatment with OD; UD1+OD1-colonic neoplasms and treatment with UD1 and OD1. UD1+OD2-colonic neoplasms and treatment with UD1 and OD2; UD2+OD1-colonic neoplasms and treatment with UD2 and OD1. Single and mixed preparations of UD and OD were applied to mice for six weeks. The colon length and weight and histopathologic changes of colon tissue were observed. Serum pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha ($TNF-{\alpha}$) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The mRNA expression levels of Bax, Bcl-2, and interferon-gamma ($INF-{\gamma}$) were measured by RT-PCR. Results: The colon length was significantly increased in OD, UD1+OD2, and UD2+OD1 mice, and the colon weight was significantly decreased in OD and UD1+OD2 mice. The morphological change of colon epithelial cells was more suppressed in complex-treatment groups than in single-treatment groups. The inhibitory effect on inflammatory cell invasion was especially shown in UD1+OD2 mice. The serum level of the pro-inflammatory $TNF-{\alpha}$ was decreased in all complex-treatment groups, and the IL-6 level was decreased in UD1+OD1 mice. Single-treatment groups had an increase in the mRNA expression of the pro-apoptosis regulator Bax, and UD2+OD1 decreased the mRNA expression of the anti-apoptosis regulator Bcl-2. The mRNA expression of $INF-{\gamma}$ associated with inflammation was decreased in OD and UD1+OD2 mice. Conclusions: This study suggests that single and mixed extracts of Ulmus davidiana and Oldenlandia diffusa have anti-neoplastic and anti-inflammatory effects on AOM/DSS-induced colonic neoplasms in mice. Therefore, we conclude that UD, OD, and a mixture of UD and OD are potential therapeutic agents for colitis-associated colonic neoplasms.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.60-69
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• 2012

The project on Geonjisan Universal Design Forest Trail in Jeonju City was designed and constructed by an NGO called 'Jeonbuk Forest for Life' which was a winner for the '2008 Open Competition by the 'Committee for Greening Society' established in Korea Land Corporation. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the design satisfaction of UD forest trail. Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE) method was applied to measure the user satisfaction and the total number of users. The main result of the study were as follows: the major users of the Geonjisan UD forest trail were people aged over 60 years old(37%) and the main purpose of trail usage were to 'walk and rest'(51.5%) and to 'exercise and rehabilitation' (40.6%). Furthermore, the overall user rating for the UD forest trail design was "satisfied"(3.91 point in 5-point Likert Scale). The three most influencing factors of the overall user satisfaction were facility management, user conflict, and trail width and slope. About forty-five people were found to be End-user in the UD forest trail while six people were found as End-user in non-UD trails. Most importantly, the number of End-user observed on the UD forest trail was greater than the number found in non-UD forest trail. The result implies that the UD forest trail attracts more End-users and provides opportunity for gathering and interaction with the other users. Moreover, the satisfaction rate for the UD forest trail landscape is found to be high in Likert scale, which we can assume that the well-grown existing trees and topographic features as well as appropriately designed wood-paths influence the high satisfaction rate of the users. The POE of UD forest trail revealed the importance of universal design concept due to its convenient uses of the handicapped, old, weak, pregnant woman or children.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.297-301
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• 2016

ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29WG11 MPEG has been standardizing UD(user description) to give a user personalized recommendation services. Besides, CD(context description), service description(SD), and recommendation description(RD) are recently being standardized by UD Adhoc Group in MPEG with an advanced UD to cope with needs of current and upcoming services such as augmented reality and social network. The descriptions was reflected to MPEG-UD WD(Working Draft) at MPEG $107^{th}$ meeting and the document was finally approved as international standard by national bodies with standard number(ISO/IEC IS 21000-22 UD) at $114^{th}$ MPEG meeting. In addition, reference software WD to validate conformance of UD standard was approved at $113^{th}$ MPEG meeting. In this paper, we developed a demo program for visual communication according to guideline defined in reference software WD to validate the reference software as well as UD standard.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.55-70
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• 2005

Objective: Ulmus davidiana Planch (Ulmaceae) has long been known to have anti-inflammnatory in the traditional Korean medicine. UD has been reported as a good enhancer for bone healing. Methods : In this experiment, we investigate the Inhibitory effects of UD on bone resorption using the bone cells culture. Different concentrations of crude extract of UD were added to mouse bone cells culture. The mitochondria activity of the bone cells after exposure was determined by colorimetric MIT assay. It was demonstrated that UD has potential effects on bone cells culture without any cytotoxicity. The most effective concentration of UD on bone cells were $100\;{\mu}g/ml$. Cathepsin K (Cat K) is the major cysteine protease expressed in osteoclasts and is thought to play a key role in matrix degradation during bone resorption. Results : When mouse long bone cells including osteoclasts and osteoblast were treated with the PI3-Kinase inhibitor, wortmannin (WT), WT prevented the osteoclast-mediated intracellular processing of Cat K. Similarly, treatment of osteoclasts-containing long bone cells with UD extracts prevented the intracellular maturation of Cat K, suggesting that UD may disrupt the intracellular trafficking of pro Cat K. This is similar to that of WT. Since secreted proenzymes have the potential to reenter the cell via mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) receptor, to prevent this possibility, we tested WT and UD in the absence or presence of M6P. Inhibition of Cat K processing by WT or UD was observed in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the addition of M6P resulted in enhanced potency of WT and UD. Conclusion : UD dose-dependently inhibited in vitro bone resorption with a potency similar to that observed for inhibition of Cat K processing.

• Annual Conference on Human and Language Technology
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• 2018.10a
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• pp.323-328
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• 2018

한국어는 교착어적 특성으로 인하여 어미와 조사가 매우 발달되어 있다. 그러므로 영어와 같은 굴절어를 중심으로 설계된 UD를 한국어에 적용하는 것에는 많은 어려움이 있다. 이를 해결하기 위해서 형태통사적 특성이 유사한 일본의 UD 적용 사례를 살펴보고 한국어의 UD 적용 양상과의 비교 분석을 통해서 한국어의 UD 적용 및 개선 방안을 고찰해 보고자 한다. 한국어와 일본어는 동일한 교착어로서 비슷한 특성을 지니고 있으나, 주석의 기본 단위 설정에서 차이를 보이면서 UD를 적용하는 양상이 달라졌음을 확인하였다. 일본어의 UD 주석에서 형태 분석 기본 단위인 단단위(Short unit word, 長單位)를 기본 구문 주석 단위로 하되 장단위(Long unit word, 短單位)와 문절 정보를 이용하는 것처럼, 한국어에서도 형태 분석 단위를 기준으로 의존 관계를 주석하는 방안에 대해서도 고려할 필요가 있다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.339-344
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• 2011

Ulmus davidiana var. japonica Rehder (Urticales: Ulmaceae) (UD) is a tree widespread in northeast Asia. It is traditionally used for anticancer and anti-inflammatory therapy. The present study investigated the effect of an ethanol extract of UD on vascular tension and its underlying mechanism in rats. The dried root bark of UD was ground and extracted with 80% ethanol. The prepared UD extract was used in further analysis. The effect of UD on the cell viability, vasoreactivity and hemodynamics were investigated using propidium iodide staining in cultured cells, isometric tension recording and blood pressure analysis, respectively. Low dose of UD ($10{\sim}100{\mu}g/ml)$ did not affect endothelial cell viability, but high dose of UD reduced cell viability. UD induced vasorelaxation in the range of $0.1{\sim}10{\mu}g/ml$ with an $ED_{50}$ value of $2{\mu}g/ml$. UD-induced vasorelaxation was completely abolished by removal of the endothelium or by pre-treatment with L-NAME, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. UD inhibited calcium influx induced by phenylephrine and high $K^+$ and also completely abolished the effect of L-NAME. Intravenous injection of UD extracts (10~100 mg/kg) decreased arterial and ventricular pressure in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, UD extracts reduced the ventricular contractility (+dP/dt) in anesthetized rats. However, UD-induced hypotensive actions were minimized in L-NAME-treated rats. Taken together, out results showed that UD induced vasorelaxation and has antihypertensive properties, which may be due the activation of nitric oxide synthase in endothelium.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.53-58
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• 2019

In this paper, we propose a new definition for the Private interface communication protocol structures order to improve the performance of LDAP-based Ud interface. Performance tests were separated by LDAP-based interface method and Private based interface method and analyzed the results of the performance test. As a result, it was confirmed the amount of processing of the received message and the response message to the result of the performance test that the Private based Ud interface method is 1.7 times(avg.) higher than the LDAP based Ud interface method.

• Journal of recreation and landscape
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.35-44
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• 2018

The purpose of this research is to evaluate Seoullo 7017 based on Universal Design (UD) principles and guidelines. To derive UD principles applicable to the site context, we used the 2017 Seoul Universal Design Guideline and assessment index provided by the Universal Design Research Center and established 11 evaluation criteria. With respect to research methods, a literature review and on-site field survey were applied, through which we derived UD principles and evaluation criteria to identify UD problems. The 11 evaluation criteria consist of pedestrian space, facilities, access, main entrance, parking lots, trails, restrooms, convenience facilities, information facilities, rest areas, and playgrounds, and these were associated with UD principles for evaluation. As a result, the main entrance had the highest UD score, while parking lots had the lowest in terms of equity, safety, simplicity, and accessibility. Restrooms received a lower UD score because of poor conditions of security and alert systems. Rest areas were found to be uncomfortable for disabled people. With respect to the internal trails, we found the lack of braille block and irregular placement of planting pots made blind people uncomfortable when walking. In terms of UD principles, flexibility received the highest score, followed by amenity, equity, simplicity, tolerance, accessibility, and safety. Flexibility received the highest score, owing to the provision of proper information about convenience facilities and trails, while safety received the lowest, based on poor access to parking lots, inadequate paving materials and colors, and a lack of 24-hour security systems. We hope this research contributes to improving the universal design, so that people are not discriminated against in the use of the park in terms of age, sex, or physical disability. We expect the study to help facilitate empirical studies to verify UD principles and provide improved quality of UD for Seoullo 7017.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.62-68
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• 2015

The MPEG user description (MPEG-UD) which is a standard under exploration to ensure interoperability among customized recommendation services has been contributed since MPEG $104^{th}$ meeting at 2013. Twenty-two use cases that were divided into different applications have been proposed in the MEPG meetings. Most of use cases were referred to specific and restricted regarding to applications, it appears to miss an overall and explicit infra-structure. In this paper we describe a reference model, namely methodology to overcome aforementioned problems. Thereafter, we have applied reference model to context-based recommendation system to demonstrate the methodology and MPEG-UD schemas. In addition, we propose a development process of recommendation system in compliance with MPEG-UD.